Karnatak Law Society's

Vishw anathrao Deshpande Institute of Technology,Haliyal- 581 329

De Ao.: VDIT AC \D/AR/OSb Rev.No.:01
Rev. Dt 25/03/2021
Solution and Schemefor award ol marks
T AY: 2021-22 (ODD)
Department: Clhemistry QP 2022 odd sem
Subjectwith Süb.(dde:Engg Chemistry: 1p\ CHEIS"
Name of IFaculty. Sneha S Kulkemi
Q.No. Solution and Scheme L Marks
, Module
a Lshadt an. Reaean ce electvodes"? Explad 7M
the constauc hon ane woskag,calbtmal
elecdrode A
pu 200

The elecdrode oth kooon pokenhal

Usedto dtemine tHe fotenhal oi unknoon aM
test electrode s knoonl ás i g n e

electrode
Constauckon and wookihq oh, Calomel
electrode
oudes tube t AP KC
-Ioner ube .1N JO
Ptwt
M
HgiC, fo Hg paste,
SasKCA ) )

Small'hole
Porous plug Csalt lpaiclge
Calomef electodetseconda'ajuinee
electrode

Electrode Supaesentatpr' 'pio.a

iM
Ptcsp HguD.Hg.Chcs) lBClaoSa
Q.No. Solution and Scheme Marks
Constouttion
Calomel eleciarode conSigis o two concertnc
tubes namely foner tuuoe oter twoe
Tones tube ConBakos Pt wige coated oith
m e r a u o u s chlo de fo Hg. Sall' Köle
at the bottom o, nner tube estabih Hhe
Contast loetuoee entesrmal ke Soln and
Ha to Hg pastde. gastusatedl KCI& hole
Outes tube Contaîns
at the cales as
botBom o Oudus tube
is

uouch estableh the Contat MM

osous plug
behoeer drtenal anate solupo oith
Begotioo
hatoh otenal stusated
There.is a poovisto). os adlollng mae
bCI
Woakiug9:
Deperselt nqon the, elecode to,uoseh
+the calomel electrode Con0eeJed, ?t octs as
Cinode on Ccutthode.
The elechrode e oeessible to chlogio LM
ons and B depenole on he Concentooi oo
o KCI solutton
electoode Reachon
|M
AO
FortoOA d Teachon Yndiccdes eathodic
cduchhon &baekuoae,aachon ndicades
an odtc oidatton
As he KCr Concentaion iooreaseg, H
elecrode poteptial déore0ses. At o48 h
Sal, KC Solohe, elecdrode.potental
obsenued is 624V, Obuys Nunnst
quation.
E E O.0591 Log Lçr oue M1,s13 iM
C , 11,co
Q.No. Solution and Scheme Marks
b. Detne. Smqle élecBrode potenthal,Dertve
Nexnsd, equadion or Smale electrode poterhal 7M
Single electrode pbtental
Its the poteshál developedlcd the
interiace o Substarpce an d ils,Solution
act untt achvity oy 1onic Species, 208 k
and ot adm gas pgessusi +Rs a gas
electrode
Nenst equahoo, depenols upon 'aquantitie
a) System tempesdtune
b)Electrode potenhialii ,
cMolas concentsatton o1 ionte gpecies
Nens equadion was dvecd byKenst
în188.
Let the Teversible Teduchon eleitrode
Teach on be
M4 ne M
The cuoove ReactoS spoptanepus
hen these ts decsease în oee energ
and is equa +o cmanimum ensy
aNaflable hdom sutem.
- A Omaa
-A oFE
co here v is number o moles o electrors
traneyuNeL dEnatreüch on. F.is one
Fouaday O eleciotCty,& is elecdrode potennal
Ais ehange hTee enug DF" is number
o Coumbs ednge: 4hodt e tranóLaaLd
duing the hachon. LM
6t ree enesgy Change S given by
A OFe,; - )
4ohere e- S ee enerehang
lochode olenti
 Solution and Scheme Marks
Q.No. sotherm, change
By Va Ho Teaoton equilibum
enersy/S equated to
o ATee by
Constantund i/ ss gen
f+AG=-RTldkeaRTId ) LM
euohunln
where sthe eaooi
TS/me lai gas 'Constant, Tig syalem t
R &tot. hange
tempesotune inuKelvan; Also
tS gfeo 6By
in Tee enegy

A-T lo hegi
ofy2
Faom equaion (3) &G
( M
A Ae RT In MU
+

By dtoion [MJ=1
Substtute +he value o A&A * s
euahon G ) | , o l i u ) s
-DFe -DFE + RT1o
nM

S ide ohole equatfon 'by-nF

) 952H
EE RT Ao. M -O) hgiM

DF
r9

E 302%8314 23om r

X6560: Y , i M

ohere R 8:314 Tmol T298H

F 96500 cmo
Equatten 849 du called as Ness
equato0
Q.No. Solution and Scheme Marks
Ic. Explanhe onstruchon and WOAkîng
6M
Li-Ton battery. Menion its app.cudions 6 M
Construtton
l t 's seconda Teahasqeable: bedttesy
Schemat'eally sepreersted. á s d g

LyCeL-solt miud orq solvedtDIEC6G9 am

Howeve,achual constouchors rers
Cu,C.LtPF,. LeBF4,CiC1Oete|./ . , ) vn
u io Ok. Solvent suichLi Coal A
CLS ehes

1seche
C |iM

). i

|Anode mademial +Higliy oriiallieedrt

Speerayeqalopn
Cathodte modesal:LiCo t
Electrolyte. L? PFe,LiBFA,LiCOmixd îo 2M
Oaganic solvent Such,as she
Seposados Mitroporous polyppopylene

At anode C¢LixS 47XLi+%elort )olo

At icathode: LtcCO+XLI HYGLiC9 aM
Reactons i h e backiood direcHoni
octun dung echatgebbvito i7A
Cell potenta Y ttitouil
Appdications
Useto caltulattas,cameros,éellulciaxphones
mecica tosdrunhents, teeigion sets
Loptop computers,camcoaders ec.
9.No. Solution and Scheme Marks
Eplatn bimoy, Second ay ond Reserve
a
batteies uoith an ample M
Primasy botlemess
The batkehés aue 'îoevursibte ane i

Canaot be 7echasgudl again on tti

dischasged Acts as,gawanio cell.kuoks le
daschasqing ohexe ctemical enkgy is n t
Conveled ito elecdncal erneat71,1
E LiMno 2n4MnOvhi
Secondlasy batteies
The batkenies aL rechargealole
an d oesUs sible seachons CUL obeervee.
While dischas.qe batteay aéls as gawanic
rechage battery ads ås
cell and
elecolue cell oy eurersible polastg.2
EaNiMH,battusy

Li-on sattery il71:hlossl3

Reseve battury
One o he mpotant batery componu
Ps
Ps kept tsoleded. say elecrolyte soliudiomi
ohenewer here is oeceeeeyO e n r g i
elechoyte solution ' adcdsd a
Based on te elettrolufe soluhon ubed i
battenyts eldcdLdinta 31apesoihil
Acid cctivateel EPbl,80,Pbo,
Aels activadecd eilN'abHlcál
Oodes achvodeol MalseqgodasIMg9
Suh yfet ebadtuniesiobaluen
ealluod os eseve bathemes eo
Q.No. Solution and Scheme Marks
2b &oplato he
eperimental det esminaion oy
pH by using alass electsode M
A cell is cons tructed by
Coupltnq
alass elecrode dindl a ejerende aledtde
Such as calomel eleclode siwer dhloida
electrode as shouon below

Pogot unkno uwn Eb-e¬

He

L M

Glass mernbrarne electobde

Cell potenhial is calaidaded as t
Ecell&p-EL
EeE Rght sice elecBrode.potential)
1)i
E-.o511 pH at a1s'k
cobere EConsfand
Let side elettrode potentha EERus | iM
ELEee =Ese
Cell potental iEcell E-o-0591pH-ésce AM

pHeEsce-Ece M
O6591
pH Eceli a4s LM

Ks callecl glass elecdaode membsane

a ssembluy eonstant. Ln this way th
pH othe tesd soludiomis dedusmid
Q.No. Solution and Scheme Marks
2c cell consists o copPY dod dppedl 'n 5M
Cu So Souti on Tron 7od de pped in O: 0M M

FeSog Soludton. Goen tO34 Ep=0«L4v

Wtehe cel pepoeentaio0, cell,eachone
and alodate EMF ph hejcelnslay
E Efe
(O34N) 0Lu4VD
as binode
.Fe acts ulacds/as cathode
ee epveentation

Anodic Oddatio0 Fe
Cadhodic veduchón C/e /Cu D 2
Cell Reacton Fe + Cu Fe4
Ecell ER-EL
EuEFe
O.34-644
= O34+ O44 )
t
0.18 V

EEe 2:203 RT log Ccub

= 018 + a303 x83)4*248, SM)

9LSM)

2 96S00
r

0.72+ o.02155 log loo)

O 18 + 0.0591

E
Eclt0.82v
9.No. Solution and Scheme
Mduule 2 Marks

3a Deyne Corosion Deseibe Electroch.emacal

heoy o Covrosión/by taking Iron as an TM
example
Coasosion
Destucton o digideq.ati on d etals iohun
epose e to the sussounding CoirosBve statirg
at thes S»ja.ce by either chemica a
electhochemi cal means is metallic córao@ion.
Elecrochemical heory o ConTos on,by
takinq roo as an ezample
This Con3osion ts charactesi2ed by
he amation.Smal gawanic cell s due
to herogeneathes. Past o metalactas .
Ono de cLnd another
peut act as cathoide.
Anodic Past o +the metal undlerqoes
destucton by o>udation.Steetnon)
undengoes Co7aos ton by 1oWooing9 reachon.
.1
Anodicreachon Fe Fet2e 1

Recuchon depends on tbe Contents in the

meeum. Some mpo»janB reacions cte
H ewoltion type,
2H+2e H, Loheo the mecium is
aude
2HO+2e H+ 20H When the medium
is nural slialtly alkalne)
Hydsogen ewoubon types
Chavactei zed by he preunce o asge
Cunodic area anda SmcLl cadhodic cpua
Coss.octom is' unio%mle ss
aggive.
|Higher the aud Fy Laaheris coostoo Dode.
 Solution and Scheme Marks
Q.No.
O obsopthion type
0+Ho+2-
20Thohentha nmeium
alkaltoe
is nudral o sJagdiy
o+2H+2e H,O[wheo the mecium is.
drseovecd , No
accdc & în,preen ce o
Jygen. absbaption tupe 9
ehanactesi2ed by the preuence o
smaM
anodic asLa &asge eahodic ana ,
Coryosion
is ocaise el and vey aqaesive, Highi
s the' oygun contained otho midum,
hiaher is he cosso[ion dde. Fenr6us
yedu oude is toamedd as cos9.0stos paoduct
|Excese O Can od dtze ?t kuuthè to allots
ust black.augt!
Fe20H
Fe CoH+Ho+%0 FeCoHu
,) )
3Fe (oH)+ Fa0430
Bb.lhadis cathodtc pootechon ?Eaplain.
SaCiCalañodrc method 2 tmpsAed
CusLOt muthod o Cuhodre.protechon
Coctthodic protechon
Metals undergo COTTOSon by.
Oudaa'on on anodte O dlahon.
Thy do not undergo Cosogio by
9duchon Cuthodie Suduch on
Potechon o metal by toTCe h
making to act'as Cathode i9 egered
as eaho dtc profecion
 Solution and Scheme Marks
Q.No.
protechon mehod.
a
SaoiCal anodic
Sotl SuT Hace
hrd1hzzd2zZhrad
Tneuladel Cu uoa.e
,

MaMaey
bleck
l lCsacitcial anode)
Busased sleel plpe'lne
Conad +6 del as'cathode
Olbtecd mital ts. connectédl toa block
o an anodic metol such as Z A1,Mg,
07 thu7 allóys n
Wheneven theve ts demand ot ele
the Cos8,osivesO He medum ,anodic metd
oilga onically nderqo óudaton dnd
release he elechons.Thus , he obticta
metal i pootecdec.
As long as anodre metal block is eistent
paotechon is achieved. b e n it disappeasS
resh bleck iseplaced.
Apphcations' Emploud 1or busje d pipeknes
used o vOater or ol,usoter tonks
Ocean going shtpspiers etc1i
b. mps.essed Cusant Caodcpplechlon
D Sounce
method.
Soil suee
Lns uletedl Cu

|Back
Bused
Stee
Contarng
coke breèze
Ppe lIne
Psum
Q.No. Solution and Scheme Marks
Object metal is connectedl to the -ve
Dc sousoe doith
temina o a n ertesnal
htgher pobenhal,
|An înet anode Such as. g8aphite o
PETomersecd in a backl Contaloing
eze,24psum etc, is connectedl toth
Coke bre
We teminal. Bock ll is uued to inurease
the eonduchvty
Elecrons, ohen demanced by
Conr0stves

he medium at he objec Sustace,a

Supplieel 7om the exdenal battesyanoi
obecd metal is pootectec. As and ohan 17
decreasesytis f
battery potenhal
echagee.
Applca ons: Employud JorbuNedl p'pe
oes ued fo9 uoete, o ofl, uOateL,
etc,
tanks, 8hips,pierS
Bc. What is medal ioshinaMenthonc.is,60m
technoloaical imp0otance ph mtab,Rnsh'yg
Meta Finishing initil4t
rocess o Susmace modthicahon byu
way e deposihon o anothu metdl.o
Ceami¢ oide
alloy polyme
layer +o boing about intenduel sSujae
as metal hnahig
chasacleshes. s knouon
Technological fmpoatance
Better Corrosioo eistande
1f Better hadness, Strength,uoea o
abrasst on TESIstance, mpact reListance
Q.No. Solution and Scheme Marks

3 Betler thermaul concluctance o Tesicance

Or relectan ce
NBlte ophcal electance
nsulahon
VBete eleciatcal copouctance .
ox

ViElecrrOjoAminq ióamiiq oi catheles

iManuuactuaing Paihtec cCtreult bo 0os
Capaa foTS, Contocs etc ) ,1
viuElecaobypîng
lecochermt cal machinma,electrp6shiuq
i
Gnd elecdrochemical etchfng. 1.
4a. Eaplain the actors othechngthe co9gsio
rate
KKaoOOnodtc to cathodic d L a s i i
Coss,0ston0duR N
N u e oth
r pH tocf|
Racto ohanodre to cathodré aLa t
Lasge anode and siall cathode
Tode o Cossosion decreades, Adode
releases moae number oh elecvons but1|
Cathode is small.tence CoAS.o 951on is
esa 090Asive kuato9m,
ew. Stel tank ,bras taP
11
7:u 9
ohu steel, taok.act, as cunode
s

oraa tap Cathode. anode Cethode

A
Small anode an Lasge cothode
ateO Co9s0gton aoOreaseS, Hence
. .A

cO%oson,i9,,moA 0g9sesie 4
Loialesec,
e Brass tank steèl tap
Hexea'< Calhode
Q.No.
Solution and Scheme Marks
NotuL h e CoTToston produ6t sl
Some medals and alloys ctbrd
A
an fnherend poopeta dh omna a
Protechve coaiq oheir compounds
ohen/eposed to dians
meda. Jhep
he eotoston poo duci hilm oves object
mtal Suja te S 2

1 Conminuous Cnon posous)

T Adherent to theimatal S a c e t
8tats achug as ,a basder betuoeen the
metal & medlum, Fisther Corsostonv o h
Tmetal is prevented. This is knoon as
passivation oy mtals. Sonme oi mdal &
medium Combinations aa knoon to give
poote chive CoautiaS)
l dgteel-Cone S04
A Kumang HN )13 h
PH
Louoes pH Suggeals thdt 4 i acide"l,s
medium and many o e 'ak'unded
swe Co9sosio0 except thoge oihtia
ucion elecirode 'potenhals. +tihu H 2
pAnts allealeoity andhanymkels
enatotTeislance. HoweveLooigk
allkaleritH may leod to' eossoston o
meal3sron ehibits "lower Tate o, co0oostoo
ina medium o PH25.0 tó abéenclo O
At pBt,with diiowedo
the same
eliots delah vey ghu oate. At pH valuug
oulouo 4+5,?texubits agsive Cososton abgne
Q.No. Solution and Scheme Marks
4b lhat is he comosion penetrodhorn ote
A prece o Covroded pladle coas lound în *he
Submerqed ocebo vesas, Tt'was estimaked
that odtqinal aea on plade was lo fncband

thod appToumasdely 6khad coaodad

a
auocy dugi ua the SubmerSio 1or peod
o TM
OLo ass Calaate CpR,n,texms ropy
Cund mmpy Gin denstt CP) o i ron F7 49ldm"
99Py k= 534
m m p y s K = $1:G

Covrosion penetrahton:Tate
The ol cosch a
speeol metal
chemical r electro -

deterioTates due to
reaction oher t s expose to
chemical
he Corosive. 6peedlat ustsch
The
i o n e poatons
Covrosto0 spveadls, tp the,A

Oha material.
eR io mpy
To calculate
Given CPRo mp
S24
2.6 kg 26xlooXI006w
o Joss)
PD 1.glcm* 1.9 gldm3
3
10 n c b 2
1o och
A . Ox6S xO4AL
T 40 asS
cPR
,

2
CPR Ku
DAT si
l06ð
534-X 26 X loOOx
A

7.x10x 1O X366 24

20062.P
Q.No. Solution and Scheme Marks
To calaulodte C'PR n mmpy
Gtven CPR îo mmpy
86

o t los) 26kg 2-6xlo00 X(00 o Ma

19ldm3 71gldm
A lonch2 1Ox 2.54 X054-Cm
T 10eads o x 365 X 24
CPR
CPR o
DAT
86x 26 %tOO0 XtOO0
4xioK254X2-54X10X36524|
2217600 Oo
44,64169264 )S

AC lha is electroplating? Witehe ceeote 7M

between electroplaking,& 1elechpoless plafiug
The pdocess o deposi tioo o a tsn

uMi LO9m
Cuncd layero mital on mutal clloy|
On to tthe electtcally
conduchug eobtec& IM
is kmouon'as" ctso-
Sw hace eleciaolySiS
plading.
an
BrKerenee petuoeen electroplah'ug
electrole9s plehing.
Paopeaty Electropabing Elecbolesplatig
Drivna OAce Pouw Supply Autocatalyhc
redoz reachon
Sibe o oid-Seposake anode obrect
-ochon reacho Sugace to beplatec
Q.No.
Solution and Scheme
Propaty Elecd roplahua Electrolessplat Marks
3 StLe o
cucon opsec susja.ce Suwa.ce achvaded
Reachon to be plated objecd
4 OnickatHon
ahon ohen anodeis R + ne
acHve ohere R=
M M+oe Suclucng 90e
uohen anode, is O- Oxidrsed

+De

s Recuchon
Reach on M ne M M+neM6M
6 Time taken |Shost
o deposition Long 1uh

1 Tbrouoing
Power ouo
s Plating Cost Los Higkii
Natu 9hPus medad oi sullyymeta
deposb deinite alloy, Contaminated
had dupostt
deri ye
Specres hasder
depostt
to Featues o |Ma be pooqus,Non
depostt less CToSió
posous,
Tesistant
Telati re
|aadand
MOcosOsion
Sstant
L.No. Solution and Scheme
Module-3 Marks
Sa lhad cae Conduchiug Poymere
the me.chanicm o Conduchon
Explatn
ioPoyan:toe
Conduchng Polymers
LPneas 0%ganIC polymess oiHh
Coniugate single anol doulole, bondsiwi th
Ssuttable doptng by odabon o teduchon
proton etc, uoith delocaised seluekaon
System, exhsbitmg Condisckiuity equivalsnts
o metals a jeud to as/con cluctiug
poymerS.
Mechanis m o,coneuchon ro PolyasilME
has been demonstroted tthat the
Poly aniline chaso can be oameduby vasous
Combinodions o two Tepeahng units.OLomg
to this, PANI has many unquue popetes,
Cene electaonic eCon duchon meehantsmg
that drstoqush ft om he es othe
Conduchug poumers, For erample, the
Conduchivity o PANI.vaies 0ith tie édit|
O 0Ndah on

- NH
-N N NH

Polyemerollne
pootonddios

NH
Q.No. Solution and Schemec Marks
Dresocadion o btpoloioro
Bolonpo)
o 9 m tuoo

1 polaso hos6

Dlocal2aion o polakons
i DiiAr

Resonance joTms O
delocai sepolauor
attice

bdolation100
Among he vaious
PANI can eistro,4he
lohehad
States that state
be doped to a' higaly'Conduchie
can 2cl emeraldkre,
s the modeataly 0dr
base LEB J.ThiS Jovm o PANI has a
stouctue
wich consists o equalpiopoatfon.ogsttesTough
airmne CNH) and tmine (-N=
moe sites asa
protonic acid dopiMg,
by acdes. HA (HCI, HNO3, HSO eke)
pootonaded,
s-cahoo'sált) Kos
4o the bpolason auth
The brpotoson. tnen/undlera oes
reasangement to tonm he
delo cali24dd|
polaon latttce w uch is a polygemiqulnone
Q.No. Solution and Scheme Marks
radutl caton'salt. as ghbwn above, The
recuutin ermeraldtoe salt bas ConducHdty
Con emConcluctor lerel oh Ordles o LO0Sc
Uohth is khany orders, on/magnitude sgha
that common poymers (416 sc but
|louoen than that o typrdal meal s (16 Scr)
Only 1oohasgel.ccisuerS cooch o e
ONailable to ES salt actually eontaibute,
Lthebe suding Concluchty ad room temp
woud be S cno uoach is compáaable
A
to that oCopp.

Sb
Expldto.
potylacic
hisPropdies &applicati
acdno1, ASapplkcation
GM

Polulocethe acid, alco bnoon os pely lagho

1
athmoplastic polyater uaidtsbadkbone
Hebmadly obta?qe by condlentatiEho

Looterhence Snúne)
SunthesSpn 1A(N
The diec:Eynthesis) Condupsetton'ov
Carn also be J
lachieacje monomers
Usec to ptoduce PLATo6 mafn Y
ionomews Co e d lacSE actd.;
and the
Cycsc dteater,lachd. This' pocess'.needs
to be. eassued out at 1esgthan.D00c
Ths, reacion aenetates 6oe equivalant
ooatuN OA Vyondinsat'ond
Cestesi codiod) sBep. 20,1 le)1
.No. Solution and Seheme Marks

Ol

Ho

PLA polymes ange 1oom amoophous

PLA poymess AKelaydp F
ardp
glasey poymeto semiry4UEKel
ugy nolline pame coit &gtasg
spesaduue
tounsttroy 66F6Sc, a muthiig
130486ds sba:hi ooe 2
&PLA Can e uohsiand teopesaluues
|
3 Lotroduerkq onbseink,stauctuses ha
to enhaince /the mechantcal
been ued
opties ö PLA polymeds
Polyloé bc addCan be psoceueo JEkemocl
n

thesmoplasbies nto ber and m. t

s PLA 'soluble in aang 0genic
Solyents
6PLA Obicdts
,Af
eds'be abrthotect by 3T
potng Castiuaigiedhoomouldtug
ehcesuston, machining Sowent weeaua

fAppc.oons s
Q.No. SolutlonandScheme Marks
PLA s uced o a lasgvaaitu o, Conumul

paoducds sulch osposab, tols e u g a .

as

utlery, housmgs os kitche app.andes

and electrorcs 8uch as aptopé &
bandhld deusces, an d moronwavadole
rays
t i s wedto Compost bags hood
packagiq and l0se-H pockagtg

33Hswed jo/mornolamed tishina tne

d
and mettimg pr Negekato wee

PoeenHon.
iSugc dspocalole gsments{Eine

pote'"il
5Lt i s e d joa sándbags.planin
bmdina tapes and oopes.
e
6Useas medical mplastsrte 0 o
oeds and oresh
apchops Serreus, plaes,pins,
7Tt isud in bone enaiesthg a haca
votume enbancer d 1osmeas)nA
J oatropki bf+he'éheeksi o} h) (d
Sc lhat co narnomdieals Ehpletoithe
eol-ael' M
SyotesC O a o m a t e n a l s ,by
pooceSS.

TRe So geliproceSs s jetber oe

a'
techoique thad usep
chemical paNdes
c h m c a s o l i h o n C Colloidal
t e Aate.d oeho6s!k /1 1|
o paoiee an
o . 1ule /yii
Mtal alkonudks and mtal chlorides
Cia tptcal precuusoas,They undugo
Q.No. Solution and Scheme Marks

cbolysig, Conglensuion and polycondemadt

reachtons tob9m a e
3 tethe dautma proeess , the ato
phases removed om thhe 9e,beama
treodmehd 1cuos.SMuthher polydonelencosHo
Candhosmaton onasomatestals:, i
ehrent steps in solal hod cad|
The

Pomation o d ein 8teble s6fons

o solivated metal se u
a k o t de uliyat l
Deccpa.| L thldHod, M
aGelbo resung we
Polycondensationseachon oteeKrregáis
bY Vtscosio thesoludhon
o tooxeased
3Agg ° the/9 dung s9ch.theunhl
reochons Contnue
sold mas,
Poycondenscun)oo

tranciosms ioto a
+He gel nelwo
Cootrachon o Ql
a e c o m p a o e d py
Solvent hTom aulpores
o,
and pulston els s cbcal to
PTocecso
h e agtug cracks g
the poéwenhon o
3 ohun wate dsd ohe
LThe dyiug emoued hromthe
volatle iqucs ou
is conmprcade.
ThEs Proces$
q ntuoosk changes the
Handamntal
dus to theamal
stoucduses o gel. 1 1solated by
evapoahon, the
oesulttng monoth
+he Solvent rs
tesmec a xeroge
cOndtons.
dracded unde super cmhedl
H produe ts Caled aeroge
 ****
*

Q.No. Solution and Scheme Marks

s Rehyds odron, dws0g toueh 'suhace bound
M-OH 9soups h a imovO, LD
Stabizing 4he gu agafns vyebouhton
Ths's'hosmall acieved by Calciningi
e monod th rettempemod unes upiojsodc
6DensiCathon cincd ele ompospn, PL he
high termperaduines CT>s66c)"
aels d netusook deleollabedo
The, poves e
the Cl
CUnc e m a r n A
()ityete'
Nolaiy ,)A)/hyi,
tu ,i ll
steps inyove.d
Hdsolysis MOR+O MOH 4ROH
Conlendodion MoH 4HoM>MoM+ HOH
Wator SMoM+ROH
HcohoV CordenscudHon. moH+ROM
2M
A
1886
ao'l
P%euSO Jeel
.)

Cooted Sudbstoote Atroa

POuod,
Dense nin/lmy
Q.No. Solution and Scheme Marks

Nanomadextale dynition
yNangmedermals pu, the, madeials
hauwng nanoscalu dimensa0n D0t Jeas
one deçhón, Madestals contcsning pasiCes
ty an unboung gha an gaa8te,M
Oas Cn aggolmUsdte ohere, 1oa So
moL o the paticle s t6umber st2e
distonbutiod, One mo"enderddldimentors

6a LWhad ae poymer dömpodtesEpla2 W

synthesis. and apcdtrohs o Kevli t
1n) Polymeur co mpostesh h p ei1nt
Hasmonrus cobinationíbste9.2
mose mnatet als, at leas00 R) J M
berna a omeard anohenben9
me Copbate r dfra2n.fo
polym
TP S"gunthes2e eachn
paapalenediamine tbithtphhloy

C61671d totth eltmtnédior.o1,Ts

Gon dlensatho polymefatpo aH0o
9ttilgh s195 9 . 2M

PPD 1 2 4 i t e h r ephthdloieklomd

nin dHerlco6dlertot or
-( j,
Q.No. | Solution and Scheme
Marks
|Appli cautions: rti
Body asmou"Bulit proo yests & hdnts
Ropes cables
Belks andhötes o *odusi al ápplrcostions
Compostes o ai crobod'poats,böad
and spokina,gooclS;, 3M
F i b r e -optic Caloles jo3 Commnicoi on,
deda transmecion&anshon , J l i )9.

>Slog motos ycle odes e u l l

Adhesves & sealarsts1n
Gb Explaio ang too Size depenclant Prophes 6M
GM
Ohnanomatemals,

Optical proputies , bind

Nanonmadenta l8 have, unique optical
Papetres 'as a S u t oLhe,uoaiy Jaut
ioteracts oitb their DcinostuCuSesl
due to otemeren ce,ccakiiNg,Sha.0s
plasmons and quantu%/uros canco
Nanopasticles uol, hare quantizee
enerqy shotes.Eatation, o deze tedon
o eleciaons Toml to these discreke
cetaindeginite
energy stades happens by
oaNelength. uantum ConLinement,Causes

he enesg gap to înréasz heirey09d

more enesg s deedud, Hiaher energy
means ehosterwauvelength o lower
th.This is
energy means onger wareleng
ho Ooe can control tHe si|e.ond shape
the colos.
O nanopaiticleS Contro
Q.No. Solutlon and Scheme Marks

anpcddiel es p ockals ei bt suAce

gid t
pltistsbrnoesonance (sfRD.aben
electrbns on the i
StkesHe rianopdtele/
the,tirt
&wace stast osdINatKd ddbout
hon'a'émall space s dependtng t
posi
oniotusoy'o q[esllaHon;resohahng

elechons abror6 7scaHtes radloti

on hd
hantoawelerg)st nhu ) gt
Subdance Can
Coductor$ génieonduttoasOoo,NOsladoos
p o o m y elecaica Condudiy
penolg

T e erussy aapphueanue yalpce

band ad'co6 dilehooroarsdreid tr
moert o elecugns ithe
pvesenceand
Conoucodard eleaickshe cohduchu
k
othe s o t e r a o a good cbpoucto
a noeta,here SOvelapPAg Ne
pd CB
1 R . a l u n c e o n d and
Conduchvmg bänd.
oatoms.
Lasges the numbrir
b u d k p t a l ondovrslappiva o
pobitals, ses uusOver lappro4
ein nerg Tesloa
oth , o rmekälsiedna inel
eoottpuous ano hemetodscowehaw
CondiletoTSSome
90oc
eoo conouctorsbeaomed Kemicooeuoasi

OTosiedors an the 9T2e/s, Ge dugeod

to pandccale:oheny ahe numbero1 atoms
deovedses Jke toma nanomademmal .
 Solution and Schome Marks
Q.No.
Veyb"oobitals oveslap'arol he dritgy
lbecomecdiscorinuous,
levels sepasate or
mhiss Eometimes. Krouo guantem
Coryinement! Electrong 9.no Ainp
space
fqsteádhy aa
to move Qnóund, Danospade
Conine to veu4CMal Space o
usAHHthe 1ncyeased dgconi duit
Thus, Semicondu-
tencl to become
nanomatura k
ctoTs o ngulatoTs.
also ShatK h
Nanomatkrials

tereatoq tunneliéathst An eluchon

seen o théothem 9du9L,bas
oithout enougb kineic enemag becaue
r3 e uiroare paopaty oathe poadicles
Though, hetotensity s ooesuo o
Some o the nanostauejyeg ednbit
ezceptiohaldectrcad, Conduchityike

Casben dnotulbes OL pphane becauA

ohei roL/Skuchue.1,,!,

6c Wate,ainote oo hulesune ánd hhtoh s i M

ppcatoos /uuni l r o dimedsiodal
lleren s
a
allotaope o CosbónCeotis
Solids L s go
gphorica mole e hotnd oCosbo
a holloo Callecaleihe
Soo4The mólekude is,
geodesic dome
beCailhe tt imesembled, the
Amesi ddn arc.httec
lesgned by the
Backmhi&terFallesFullerene molecules
+ 6 0 casbon otoms ¬otato, nterlockeg
Q.No. Solution and Scheme Marks
pentaao6s and hekagons'etm:les to Sbccey
bolls and
|ball, Thy aalso called oueky
atauctue, i
have tncaded isosahedron
Man other bucky balls o 70,76, 18, 84.
Cu dscovéio. i
Cabon' os oms
Propabes/
I2 PepBaqons an'o
C6o Fullerene conteut ng
aîngs. Icasbon atoms akd
20 hexagpnal is :435 A
C-c ,bond length Diametm
SPhybbiged.
c- bond lenghs I383A
NINand 8
10. bldce tolcolos,and
Fullevenel Cá s
s
sr72alem
htis poden nadua! dend
Reraofve inder 2Cat 6oóKm oasrelengb
+SuBlmes ad
Resistiuits s oi4 ohm
mosL sgimscal moeeada
8o0. I s
THSnsouble in ade odt/spadngly
Solub iD.247ThchloTobekeneceabon

bebéhe/chlokojosm,ccl4
disuds;de, Toluene,
istoughiandKesrhally
eao 1tcan
C Compaessectto 70 ots
yolume. Forms
be exonèdvá deuatives.
endobecloal änol
ei 1tao1i9n 1 92 . h)
Applications
Fullesenes/ass,usec acubacants du to
shape ound slppery ad
thi Sphesical, 1o Terorcng d1eNen3
Fullerenes' lobd wed
stuchuses cohere
essand and' staength
o madesiald s 9ahuisie
as, elecdsophi les.
Pulles eneés 'chn aq
maný osganie 9kachonsi
Thay Catalyse
Q.No. Solution and Scheme Marks

C6oCon, theorshCaly take,up oo adoms o

csogen! anc can, be usecl aus ucb.cgun
cells and 'some
Storagemotema ,D7
Secondauy batgjes shiconcuetors 1
Alkalt dopecl Aullesunes,
au
igh tempesatuses, Heghis
a modevadey atained oitt lodered
emperodtues qu
cluster si2e to Cae,Cs C t a nll

LWhat s qpeen Chmstay 2Explatn be, y

any S basiPpbaples o Gu Chirst
Teep Chemistas deioedlas
ondapp.lcotione
oNenhion desigo, duvelopoment
OchemCapoooliucts and processeEt6
anl 9
eouce oto elimtnate the use
gesaono/Sudoetanceshazadous to
umap, heth&envopmet

Bitle +6/prerenthanCu 'n

nfotDesign chemca cynhesis/to
Prerenb iAuoask. 1gcure oo YLoas etoeat
O dean up, Oaste poarention is eceskasy
becaue,o/hollootug asoos. itnsth 1
0agte,itgl,
a socess DTodrcestreadrmert/daspaal
1

nvokesthe ned hos ts

omounts to addhonal
osch tusn
epencituu.
Secondau , he doagde: torc
is tóac

hozasdous th*lease ofuoaste into the

enuiT6Omend leads, to itsPoUuson ouch
.No. Solution and Scheme Marks
Kubher nvkes4se peed 1OA tredtmad
Causg additional enpenses. tjle

thema power
8 The bottomash o rao, madeial
Staon cun'be usedaga
brck incu stsy ei l
or cementaha
bbluent comiug bud rom ¢ledoina
be n d as a
ohmachipesy pcuts mdi
Coolantjoaderi Rrma potfenslatiohs,
. Atom econom
that heinal
Design, Syrdhesi2e
So
Co Res heirmerasam,psopoto
Procuc

Oslatioq ltoatnodsi bigA

ETheotoecoomyi oyhe eato9,
given

4 4 t a i g i

ueta2
odegige D
Kelahve w
dactants
ekooo
econom
Relote M b au

1O0
Less'hazáidou's chemrcalisyntse sis
3 toue and erea
Destgn, Syothesî2e
o l t t t e g e no
toucityto
Substances
euthey h u m a n s o h e environment.
Comdesning
Ao impostant emaople:
seeehemicals ts the
»

+he use o
manuakue' o polyshygene "toam sheet
hcwe
madeial whese o chemist
packagtug
Q.No. Solution and Scheme Marks
neplacedd the us haz0sdous cFc bao
as blooming agent. 1 ) t ),, '
uDestnng Saj,e Chemicals,
Y Destgo ahemicau psocueis hd
ehecthve & hawe ttle or ho
Qe 1ully ,1 (T
40tCity. Steohhqmatetal
Behzene is e
Ea
tynthessh adpre aúd Biene/s
o the voc t polltes he
CpsCenogenic &beng
drs."
ons Condihons
S. se Sdie golvents aneagisepasalion
Avoid usng Sokwents,
agens 6ther sppoahina ghemcals;
Cals e
must w e thee chum
L you
S e Ones
gan
Thes Ponaple aPm to use aleneded
Soluents oplaoe o volale
Compourndsandtpossible olyent eeM
SDthesi is poegesd.

7 Desobe thepopeuchoo pydeger M

6M
Muthod. spl
photo catalyhe woter
Hydsogero produchop b phuto
Ccctalutic Teacthon.

Dnput Photocatalihc poushcle$SunJigt 4

i
ooder
r
OutputOugn &ydueaerit dsogen by
Splittng Pnoder t
a phbtocadauyst, & usn solu
Usng pbotocatalyhcat e
eneayiS Calle c i i

spinge
 9.No. Solution and Scheme
MMarks
Surugud H 24,

Recombin
adton

Step
HA2
The gtd energ etesan eledron(e
4the eatalust
Thus p6dutediwhole Ch) i sdact
toith neqhboundug watu molecule.

The H ons eombioe to pooduuce

JAyc egen at the 8usae o the co-codtal
2H+2eVI

The paoduted iydhogen can be

we ag Hul o he yducogun uslcell.
Here Moles a8{dt2g the water
& electrgns arduces Jyohsgen ong to.

Tceplos alSyothasopasagetamol o 7M
Corven honal and Coeen PLte muthod
id s1ti CorvenHoal
&ythesis POgcetamo

mthod
Q.No.
Solution and Schome
Marks
pH
H
HNOB

btoo Ooitophun o
phuno
NHOH
NHRaniy
OH

CHcoo 3:5

CHaCooH1
HCcNH1101
9 Pasatetarmol

s t eNitahon
p reacton ophnol
oBrating miochue thXoj+ Hno
using
10swch saniample ov ele.drophilie
1-nitropkinol, 18 6taJble &
ony i
1 oad
Suhex o syoheshs o
Paraicctamol
Q.No. Solution and Scheme Marks

In dRecuchon
sep lohotzo goup (N to
Dedu.cn9 agehts
amine gtoup (NH) usina,
Soctumbosoycls dle (na8t
Such as
ydoylamine (NHOH),
metals n adrdla
medt um CSpHeD usng RanyN
preunce o aC
M
Inc1lep
l e p p h e adllhc
A
P-Ouminophunol oth a i i c au

otom o e athoo
TaHON
|he o odom. o OH) 8 ence
Ocuus ott+D NHKoupH shod
o d is
The daobbak hhsh 4be
is-tbel
this
Colitec 19
OdomJ&conoAy
ynthests s 6 agsil ib 1
Sunthes/sio1pasáoekarmoldoylannRoke

Phunol 'CH 3:SM

anydhe

4 dyakto

NHOH

HO-N ketorame
Q.No. Solution and Scheme Marks
oH PH
OCF CooH
Bechmand
Rebisangermieht N+2ng t
oN o omo

Atbmetionomy' Caltuloted tp +is,/, r

9eenSuothesa58x J of
8aEaxplato the impac ts, qhOddes 6togen
(NO and oaides, S 6 n e d i y e n m u d 6M
Oxides oN kie NHn dd:
Cno)Nio
HPeS, txOAe onudi
i odeCNo
Sousce o Pzoduct ors H 3)

bsoina64Pooou +he anuiactuainai

49tksp
zers
Shetson humans epyoomentf
potants pev
3M
Form tHhe a Se.condauy
Loetyl oitrate, 2 hitie aud
Oy
SuppaLi o0 o plant Grpeott 2 tosua'
dameg
lo
n o i t c o n to eyesyNiool inechong
Caul

Oxides 6sulphu (so,

Tapesi taionide
stphudi ori ce Cso,), salphun
Cse, sulphate Cso4)
 ***

Q.No. Solution and Scheme

Marks
Sousce s paoduchon
Combut'sthion 'o"stlpkla Cbtetong ha
Petoolum edrachon&veyding"
pes manujattutio;muDdpal
focneradion l .lr 1),!)
o'shelting o de lebdociorn
AECop humans ánd &yrod eik BM
So Caue damage to huridny&otb
anima Jungs
to aci d ddio
t S impoptanpoecbs.sos
Cudvepse hhscts imcudecsspostrvio

Caniynelsplants.
Explan he workua o photevoltotc ell
wh a Deat dasam

M
ulective
Cocd
9O hole pot " pplaae
7,.
i stoott

CotocCAa jo
Photovoltaic cellsai thedeuteés thadt M
Convet soleau endg8 îoto eledricalnu9
rom SemeconduLetor dtode ar0)y
Q.No. Solutlon and Scheme Marks
Constructhon:
Photovadaic cels Amada. on geh
coocuctor,do0
The diode hastuoo electnaContoe. A
gicd mtal contact to jadllate d t o
pass ttrough the V cells is eal on top
metdl Cotact on
o, icde and a layes
ayermdal 'uslaly'mbi
stdle,
bottom solerF iin) u )
p oh,silu -5m
-5M
Themedal aad pesmhs +Hegis 46 Ifnes.
aonthe diodebetubeen 4el aA
.
An antipetlecthve coot CSiN To,7
s e d benuoeeo the i a ihes8 Koveae
h bucenay by o gabsirbakee
the hen 0anoy t
enerqycorVerston} k
tWodkma cpninihi
no
l fio
dioton haur
whun ëlectromaqeh coldiotHon hautn
en9 Sth eint t oves come he
M Oassi potatial talle norml to the
junchon,letron-hole
Suja ce othe pn
Daurs CU 10mAd.
Nitnl
The. eldong Move towosols the n-oeatoo
o l e s imoveodwopdlshe, p-reate). 9SM
ohun an applian ce o bcutte s
eobecded. buween tuoo Contacds, aTaul is
CorpAuled. K eledrons adsuven,nto
enderoal Crioutt enabliuahe uncdhoniu
O the applaances nasgngH
battei. Chaagid ottey:s UA
applieido0 Such os gkding and
ele communi Cadh on '
Q.No Solution and Scheme arks
Dpenina on4he"edergy SaatasWraud
P calls EsonedhedePu y sads
'I

peualu pncl destanpd, make

make modulus, panels o asas
8c Desombe wooksing o Mithyl alcohel-poyge
a ce.LMaOH-Oa]ugh
applrcotións."
a nuadtdiagiam.
)11M
Manhon ?ts
Constauchonb

Poous C 2oidus c'

drspesseolpo OH-$o9Aansoetted coith am
PES ili
Eeeess
LL Pun 0

The. cell constetS fenizolo

Anode &cadhode' posous eaabon dis petee

3M
etecsouteAqutbússo di
AcAV comporunts dpo F,,.
Fuel MManol nidiohisulphustc)agd
Supp.lbed ad anode dad..
ondant Puoes supplred at
Cathbde
Q.No. Solution and Schome Marks
ds
tAciacent to Cathode, ooos the elechekle
îosee
Sidea sem? pesme.alble membrane e
clujjuuion o " ons bus dtsallo
allouo Hh muthanól to"alloid methainl
he cdiuyion o

orkid 1

Anodh'e onid COH+6 6e

Ccttiodic.ed 10+6H+6e 350
2 M

Cell reachon COH9a C2.

Cel potenhal DN
)

Appcaksons appcathons asa

Useol an i l t o s
ScalL Pocoerpooduoo

staurmntahorn and appltdio M

aEzplain heo
O Coloimkterl
Ths nmehod 1s to dedesmene
o uoocon Souion.The
4he Conceptrahon
unknoton soludion is detumhed
Concenttodion o
measusing the abson bance o aut
by nstoument
Concentration. he
h Tespect t0
coloalmeden F0) I
narme is
Theoly
Theony o he colooimeter is explaiae
Bees Lambensoo,ohania mionoc booohc
oy3
aus passed thoough a sol a pat o 2M
Taa
alt Nsaosor beb b the sout)on, om
tooeentrath
aosbance deperndehon he
the sotion gne.hepaJength o
4a g t through the sout on
Q.No. Solution and Scheme Marks
Beehlambests u
UDAbstryhance _ directy povpoRhional
Concentrafion angl thickne$s.
h,A ' )

E molas absospivty,constant/ »} .
it
AAbsoabance o iguY7
Tpeth length
C concerntsation o th souo9

2M

ir
Lglutlhaten d Phoe Kecoselen
SoUlde y Nb heasu
t7Tkehayaumetsis,
.
wet6 Keasdu
aSoluoo is call d
e beesbance e
eolovimder, t consisks o
bulb o eamp is ued as /o
Sous.ce! tungsten
a x g d sousce

F t e Tt is a
deuce to poovdl desised
wawelunth onge
'earhple js ,hold inglasecel
Sample celr: erneted ligud aofo
the
photo cel Convets
elecdarcal stanal
the Sample
lheh a t allauoed to al on
Cell ad padhulbs 0direlungth.
,Theblank col
unon t taken.tn the Sample.cell.and
placed
io the Padho ald beam fs absgobone
Q.No. Solution and Scheme
Marks
is aduledto zero. Then he, analte
SoAuhon placed to pah o A nhs
absobance s measud Aplot oy'äbsbance
i
agans standad Concenttadions odalyte
isusel to n d e ugkpptoo concdllredron
o anayte in tde Samples idoivpel/
Appkicodions
Detesroinohor o Compos d Oolaip
Comple O1 Concer son o
.

pipethe out 246 and 8, 1o l o starsdod u

SO4 solution tnto 95ml sid las. Ad >5m
OL ANHa Sodton ioto each oh them ano pake
uptothe hask wltHh distilled uoatér and shake
ubell, Sethe ites to 620om Adiust +he M2M
ioHal uadikg to 20ro by iuiMa blank,
Solution ip the Sample tuke. Medsue Ma
aJosesbape ceo each shahdandiosk soluton
and ploplot agaph o aBtebaDce ls koncentatio
ap 1

5 Lfrnoalo sloi

0D
u
eoncbknooo GsO

e l o uSo4 iyl
3Bnquanietiveanaysis: 1senunmbeho
meal tons, anions asdeat6hs Compouho
Can be dctesmined
2 photomutyie tiBoo'on dlo eided iha
Q.No. Solution and Scheme Marks

6 ExplaEn A poinople ovoumdit 6M

and quaLmentle Nolamedianalps
Poinaple, stitsimedarid/volurnctaie analgis
ocendraion.
The eagunt of urknocon Co
aocas wthochermieal o/knouor CODetoosion
Othe preunee o anindcatoh to shouo
HHe endpoint ojareachonNolume o e,
9ogeris consune o iS measaLe andu
tcConcehtradjon,o, C yte S Calulcteel ugrq
NV, NV2
cohere N, & N, Os the nomal*oitrant
Qund ttrand respechivey anoN, aL tMe
vbbumes otityan trano rapechi"
Requument o ttramdaie dinalusis,
The analute rougt reogt Compll and
oeugeut in storehwonmds
9apidy o the other
poposio9 a phiusic
Thremust be an aterahon }NK Re
piopaty o the'sudHbn ct theo
chemca beddectaol oy an
eguiyalancepoint psch can
poteutial dhëkane
odhcatob O by measuinha BM
O Cgent etc.
on I
Standoa soluddon A solusionono
Concerptrodion sCallel as s t l s l
u
Pma eandasdi,
Compogunol 0 wch tbtal amout
ny
does not exceed o-01 to olo2
O fmpuihes li
s Constdlesed as poa Sandas.ds
Co ndto0s 09 paîMosy SBandasol
Q.No. Solution and Scheme Marks

Saycy storedl

Easy to detécaempusieS presentii

Shouwd giveieh selahve jmoleruwas yas
Reacly isaluble ya sialole solwent
KequiLentso ormoy Standad souion
Aas &Kigh fevdoypuwy
Has tous Suachiuittn lg'
Has hugh équdvalnt c o u d t m h .
aay to changes
Deduce mast dhumd
WYl Vls dsyenvironmenfs

Becondayandasd:
e sandasdietarelis
Secoaw n d jor zation outer
inding itstxodt coocertodionb odo90
against a sld splo /0Pat tardau
cDuine brolbgrcal bgen demabd akolt
ohum cal opygen demanc 5mL o biaep
wate oq o18omL nd gimo M
OLN FAS, slichon hoample andblask
otton00eeh ulu CalculateCog 8odse
uwkor Sample
Biologica ogen demanok
b
Omugen 90quol by mvOroOsgaeme to
a r d o at er
Oudizethe 09ganic mattur
Saimple over a pestod o, Sdais hdler
aUrobrc ConcHon at 80c.
,
Q.No. Solution and Scheme Marks

Chumcal gpiygn demand

tAshe number o1 mfllgAams o a
&quiLd ov the /Complete ou dlush'on oboth
Osaanid & inoaqapi¢madtter Pre io M
uoátdelocste,ustuq slrong gadizing dgu
ol fh uoutn
Z 25 mL
Mado e val PD/ fal
1s/8
Blank ttre'vdlun S i m Cg) l
p
hi i
Nosmaliy FAS 2ofas y) p
(P-252 -ig.o . lernonih)ahs
0S 2ml
M
1o00

25

Q.166 X 7 1o,loV
ly
1000 lan b
O66u fh
o' m

loaExplaln,9pplcohops
CoradBormdoy HioN
dhaebase'al»l
ggtoya .
Strongaul sl o
Weak aad/yS,stoona bádi'"

Strong aad vs s\aong base

HCi vs NaOH 9 t p o l i otrtodted
the strong deid Ike H¢
agalnct á 'strong base Gueh as NaoH,
4heeonduetanceinst deoveass dueto,
 Solution and Scheme Marks
Q.No.|
has'mouing ons by slouo
replacement o
hoUma Na"1ons.rf

HCI+NdOH
Na C4 H0 h
he oeutrddisdron"poihtj
conduchlt
Aer addihono N&oOH
raptdyises 4uutber
toith
becauue o Coniouous acldhon
o a tmoviyg

OH tonS.
A plot o Conductonce agafps he Nplume
o base added s shoco bloo.The
totersedtior). ouoo usves giye s he
porot q
Dutralsodhon poit
3M

Ea point

Vol.o NadH a a .
vs staong base
Weak actd o aceti c
Consroer the Htranon
The Conductapce o add
awd agalnst NabH.
loto Since acuhe add is
wlM beNa lly
a wea elecdroyte OhenSaUt the NaoH is
ovmLel, is
addad to Ho adid, he
,t
uguly tohized andl #he"conductance
inOreases
On complete quuraltsation g a aop
wdher addiHonb ooue leads o n
incxeale d thesnumbro mobile, OHons
Hence heconduetaunce nereases ghap
.NO.
Solution and Scheme
Marks
CHCooH+NaOH CHCOOa+H n1
hAplot o cogduciançe agafpet th
voume o base addis e shooh io h
gua. The pornt oj todertectio o tuoo
Y Cves aves4he! edroli soon por.

1ob Detoe he oT6toiurs 6 stabtla ds6á,

NondHy Molas ppm
Nomalry
L ts the numbs O 8ameguivelut|
e80ude dissowed pe tve o soludhroo
T s denoled by N.
N No guyallids o So 1 2M
vol o, 4ha soludioo
M o

I s he Qumber o mole s. o Ha
Solude daublvëci pes litres o t soltion.
T 1s denoded by M 2M
M Mass 36ute
INololuhon y a}ses1D/tl|
Q.No. Solution and Scheme Marks|
Ppm ')1/
A paud pes mElliö n TS ore a t o/solude
Solution | +
pex millon pauts b he
i4)1)

DpoNo.opou soponeikvi s
Total number o pauts o al
Componuts o sousion
c 5 cm o hasd coodes cample tradee
c00sumeel
0gainst O.0IMEDTA soUuh ons
8 Cm oEDTA Soluthon. 25 am o same
Sample o Kasal uater uas boiled EDTA
ovoiM
Dtered Htrated ogaisd Koln.Calaudade
Soln Consumed 120 chEDTA
Totd agsdpess, pumanent odness &
tempesohaueo Ph i Cemple.
i

Total hasdnes s Calousodon

25Cm

h 3 ula
Y:O.1M
"Total hadhess D000 P 10

O l X 18 xo.01x 10
Koa 25

20Pom

Teamaneut hcoegs,cdasSeh bn
2 6 um
Q.No. Solution and Scheme Marks
12Co3
Y O.01 M
Pumanunt haadneu - 0 1X Y x 16

25

4 8 X o X10

usoppm
Tempeoy hasdoess Calaulation
Total Pamanut M
Tempeoy ha doe hosdneg hadness
720 ppm-4-&o ppm
246ppmn.

6Hainehage
nha Kulkaont

HOD Chemisn
9
e a n aoadermfcg