Expeimemt-1

Deteminatton the SWSBLEV

ustng Ohm's aue

Aim
T determmine esisttviry s4 t u e
e e SAB by plotting a goaph po
potOntlal ditfennce ersus ISUnt
pe wnt lemgth a glen LuTA by
pottlng a gaaph L potemttal di n
CuoHOMmt.

APaAatus amd mateoiak aLaiad-

A u ofwkneisn ALSLBtande (102
eltminatsa ea an acumulato
bauttery
te 3V) A tusA dIy cells (j.5 V
each)
(o 500
Otmatea (o-5 V), milliammetea (0 -

LSEtat, plhug kay, Cennetn19

mA), 8nd page
u19l8 arda piece ef

Ponlnc ple 3tates that at

constant
Ohm's laus
the electie a W L n t
tempisakue,
 ouetng thoough a conducto
dincty pMspOtiDnal to the potenteal
dfane acno8 ils ends, p°Lovtded the
phystcal 8tale ep the conducte emairs
wnchamaed.

FOmula
ROststam e Be givem wAPL R =VI,
whene V potential dpence acAOss
the u s e
CuNWmt {louslng through the usie
I P
The 8peci4c Asistante o u&lgttvty
the gisen uetIL is
t h e matertal sf
ffthe
P (R
ID
4L

B 9LSiztamte the wi2

L lemgth of the usine
usiHR.
D diameten s the

P O ceduge uwtes=
conectirg
C l e a n t h e emds ef e
ider to
uoh be help 5andpapOI In
 move amy insulatng
Coatie on the
2 Cmmet vaisus COmpENlmz
908stamce, alL8tat, battlry, Roy
Oltmeten amd aumeten a3 shGUSn n
ciIcult diagram.
8.NOte ushette pelnteors tn ammete
amd oltmeter Cotnclde cth he zene
matk om the measUIing 8cale. If not
89, adfust the pointe te coincide usth
the zne mavk by adfustirg the 8cAA
pLoided nean the base &ta needle
using a 8coadriven.
4NO the namge amd least cont f the
ofvem Veltmitn Umd ammeten
5 Inset the ky K amd slzde the Phesstat
Contact to ome O Cls exteeme mds, 80
cusWnt pesstng thouph the
that
MLBLBtamca iwee minimm.
6eNet t h ammeten a d voltmute nladigs
RemNe the ky K amd alls the uw29i te
T
Cool, 4heated. Agatn, nsent the kiy.
8ghty t
SALt the nheestat contact
Tabulatten l492d w EnDON_USt8t
S.n9. Votrre Ammet 07Ressto.
adirgs V eadirgs I R v/T
in valts tn mARA (ohmn )

12 O.
2 2. o.
3 2.3 2.
4 3.6 2
5 4.2

0.2 5
2 O.
3 3 0.6
0.8
5
Neam R
= 5 J2
Cal culatHms.
 tnoease te applted vettage. Nste tte
anmit0n amd voltmRten
8. Repat atep
Wading9s.
740 4ouo ditfeent
8 ebtings Hhe uheostat Recond youa
.

eb8eowaktons tn a tabilar fovm. Repeat

the game so Ot matialL.

PMecattoms
lCemnecttons Bhould be made neat and
clean amd as tn he cLNult diagnam.
2The wAe uied shold hae unijom
aRa CALRS-8ectlon.
BThe Oltmten 8hold be connected n
panallel amd the ammeten in 8 e s
wslth the cncult. I & Should he ensuE
that cuWnt emters at the p082te
te9minal amd laases at the negatte
teominal.

.Cemectns may net be cønAect

2. h e Í A USed may net be u *
 wntpom anea of ooS 82cL on.
3
3. The ammeter 0 voltmetn may hae
zne eLOI.

ReSult
lThe potental di#eane auos the
gven u l vasuEes inearly stth the
Cu mt.
2. The e&lstamce of he qien wtws

a) Mat0ital I = 3
6) Matealal I - 5 -
the gluem usis
B The LSLBttvtty of
a) Matuial I =- 2m
b) MatRPLal I
=
2m
 EXpoinment -2
Met Btdge - DeAOminaton_G
e3L8tane
Afm
Te deteImne t e MOststU GL a gloo»
L P uSing metA boldo.

Appaatus amd matoria PtapuirLd

MAten hotdge, a usR about Im leng
(0 matental he82 90sis tama e to be
detevmined),a Pisistance bex, q rhisstat
galnamometen,a ockey, mi -uray ky.
a cell an battioy ellninato, théck
Cmmictng wirds , 8/nd papo.

Femulai-
Unkmeuon ASIStae x e4 thi u s A
- X = Rl100-A) R eSLStame nhe
eRE8tama bex
I balandng length
PocRduoL -
HA

m
 l D1aw the ciAcult diagLam gluem abeu
amd make tthe C9mectims acoLding to
the cicult diagam.
2 Remewe he in8 ulattons oem te mds
o the cermlcting oRAOS with the help
e, 3amdmpen amd make neat, cliam
amd tght commectiOns.
B Make suu that the me3t3tante n he
9 3L8 tane box 8 f the same cndeer of
magnitude as unknouon isls tamMa X.
4 T check Uhethen the cennectipns of
the dcult asLe COLLE touch tte jockeg
gemtly 4ln8t at the legt amd them at
the uight end f the meta boidge u a
Ithe detlectisns 2n the galanmemeter
a e n oppe8te d2LLoM8, thR COrmdttors
a e CoGct.
50 N&LE chossl am appropPlale nasistame R
Boern the LSStama bex, sltde te jocke
em the natoe boridge Lwine gently by
touching amd jtng t again and again
RLL the galvamenmtten eads zeG naRry
 (14
Ob3nvatioma
T9ind 9zt&tom2

S,n9 R3l3tono R B2loraLg2

D =100-R(100-1)
ngth
(m) AD m
Cr

27, 52

35.2 L 55
D.2 59.2

5, 5u.6 6.0
5
u.8 50.2 6.04
5 b
s l3t om!o X E.73

Calculatig
Alnacky, nd i r u poir+
, 1DD-i , R enon
X R(1oD
-D-> hon mula
 en the mlddle GL the uo1l.
b ReCod the langths both pasts ef
the ustue tn the hseewatfon takle.
7. Repeat the aboe steps t e tinms
mooR by lectng the 8ultakle valuue8
R 402 getttng ull point hetueen
30 Cm amd 10cm
8. NOuO cut tthe Ust8iamte ustre x at
tthe peenls uhere 2t leanes binding
+21mênals. Storaighten t by Btuechig
amd nemeE 3 kink8.
BIAO Gauge, meBu2 the
.USEng
dlamete the wiR at sou dizgerrent
n a mtualy
places by keeping
pOpemdtulan dirnation.

ROsult
the
The meslstama ethe materlal ay
glvem uwtnL l3 6.73 hm

PLCaut9s
lTACkey 3hould be gevty meuld onee the
 meteet boild ge ua2e.
22 NUll Retnts ghould be en the medde
the uet (3 Cnm te 70 cm)

Suce8 e D
lCemmctaPns may net he COAACA
2. The key moy n t be plugged tn properl
3 the Scus the tnstumnt might
 Expetment -3
VeLlcatlon lauos 8oles
Cembina£fon of esistamces ushg
metoe Ltdge

Alm 3
Te veriy the laue8 combinatio o
HAB tamce8 n 8enfes uLSng a mt e
boldges
Appanat Us matenials eguised-
A metre boidge, d 8m8ttise galvansmets
tuss di0wnt 9108Btances (canbon
uSA- Aend 9eSR3 LOPS), a MLELBtana
bex a ockey, a hlsstat ,a plug key.
a coll o batty elLmbnotoa, thlck
cennecttng uores aMd a preco of sand popa

PaBnple
Rg R t Ra

Phoceduee
as shouon n he
Set u the clsucult
 2

Cfacuit dfag%am
-

100-L
I T
70 80 9o
10 20 30 50

A
 CRcult dlagmam
2. Remeul t i tnsulattons e m the ends
the cPnnetng w'us uolt the help o
8amdpape and makl neat, clean Qnd
tlgt connetioms
3. Make 8ue that the Pesistnce n the
Peststante bex o Bame ordon of
magnitude as the wnknesen sistaro ,.
4. T check uøhethen the cemnictors & he
ctncult a9a coRCt, tguch the jecke
gertly, s t t tha last amd then at
the ight end y the metnl bocedge u&e.
I the detlectiens n the galnnemeteen
aoe tn eppeste daLtiONS, the cennektos
ae CoLt.
5 NgU chese an agpopra resistana R
m the OLLstama box. SLede the2
9ckoy Om the metne boridge usra genty
y touching and IHttng tt agaln and
agaln tl the galvanemeten HOads zere
nealy tn thi middle of th2 usne.
bo Recohd the lengthe both pads af the
N

A
S
 29

S a tn the ob8watfom table.

7 Repeaat the aboue steps tuso tEmes
moee by 8elkct?ng the 8ulable valuls
R $0a getting nill pelnt hetueen
30 om amd 70 cm.
8. Note Stgtance Rand levMgths AD and
n the PbsewaRon table.
Repeat the 8ecnd expeiment do
8eCOmg uetAO AP 92Elstan .

the value n, amd 2

IDa Apto HErding
COnhect the ttu09 tn Be9ie3 as Bheusn n
thelaurR,
Take at least theee 8el5 P! keations
e balano potnt lying hétuween 30cm
amd 70 Cm.
12. Calculate fectta2 NLGLBtaMas
tn
ustng the eqnuaton Rs =R, +R2
Compare the measUCd valus e eCtise
1S the
90Lztance8 Ustng metr boidae usith
calcukated values.
he expolmontal vale ef tho
14 Calculate
r2st8tae ) e ths
eaulvalemt 80es
 Comb&natten cf s0ststamce3.
15 Repeat the exLimemt dost ho m B
valios moslstamces R bbtah the
mean value door wnknoen USistane.

RR6ult:
The value unknguon nlslstamces
-J2 amd X2 -2
The valu e dectE sstame
Betes 1) By calculation Xs =
f) By expoimont Xs

PLCautigns
. The metne bsldge una uB2d 8hould
haue wnthom aua e 3-82cHign
2JOckey 8heuld he meud gevmtly ever he
metse baedge uot.
3 NAURI pOtnls 3huld be n the cenoal
0gion the uwAR (3o m to 70 cm).

1. Chections may net be colct

 ExpeEnmemt ne -4
Galvanpmete Fiaune Menlt and
ReststaMca by hall deslctton methed.
Atm -
Te dete9mine the ne&L3tama th a2
galvamomete by hal! -detecttgn methed
amd to t d ts 4eue mlrlt.

Appanatus meauteed :-
MOVng Coll galuamsmeter, a battey
Ot a batty eltminato (0-8 V), one
FOLtstama bex (RBOx) e4 namge 0-1D
ne 0828tamu bex. (RBOX,) B PLang
0-200 w, tues eme -{0ay keys, ULLtrnete,
Cenrecting u g I anol a Atoce Band
ape.

Evmula2
R&stanR eh galwansmeten G hy halu
dostection mothed G RS/R -S)
R lgh uststama n the PUBistana box
S - 8hunt rsistana thlch Pudues the
Ce i diagnam :
bOX
Ppn
G

Rgox 2 (
I-T
LOU KÍstama
b9

Ob3nvaiiens-
Emh tbe batteu E
Numben of divt3tenms en ulScale
galvanemet
S. Htgh DeHtacti Shuhtb G K =

n9 28Ts in t h ug istadle k | RS/ (E/R6)

tan galvan9 -nce tn galv. Vo in
CR-S)
in 2
CR)Un met S2 2 visio1 A/div
O(div) (d

5
 2

deblecttom te e/2.
Flgu 4 mtt, K =(E/(R+6 Yo

e-dallecti9n In Be galvamgmiten

PLcedusee
le Cleam the Cennelting us?res ustth Sand
papo amd maka neat amd ttght
CennectHons as pen the cincult diagram
2. FLom the hlgh 90ststama box (Rpox1)
-10 RR), Wmowe 52 kay and then
clos the kay 1. AdfuBt tre OET8tama R
em this P3a hex to get hul
8cole de4lecti@y n the gawamemot et dol
Recood tha valuas 90sistana, R amd
dotectRom D.
3 Inst the kly Ka and keep R {exed. Adjia=
th valu o shuunt Pasistamce 3 lo get tha
uohich
dolloceton En the gal vauemetea
S. Remsve
exactly haly of e. Note doen
pluug K2 qJter nottng deun tiha valu
Shunt wslstanu, S.
44 Take 5 8ets of obsewattpns by peatiny
8t2ps 2 ard 3 39that o eeN nunmbla
de8fms md 92cod the ohsewatens
OR, 3, e and En tabula yom.
5 Calcaulata the galvamemete2 9eslstama
G andlguou of mest k ef galvamect
9OSpectEsely.

Pecauttons
lo Em! f tha battoy 8hould he n3tant.
2 U1Be hgh values s R pAactically as
poss thle. Ths en8 uILS COOCt vaue o G
3. ALl the COmmecttons and plugs tn the
nOsts tamu box Bhould be tght.

JCemnectibvs may net be CosRct

20 The
em f the batttry may nst be Corta
3. The keys may not he plugged tn

pspely.
RLBuAt-
l o Resistano galuamemete by half
dohlectin mathbd, G1 -

2. FLguL E melt of galvanemite,

-ampoe/dl ves to9n
 Expeniment nO.5
Cencawe mêroor - Focal leng th bly
plotting gmaphs bltuseen Uand_v
Aim-
Teind the value o 'v'on diyferet
values e} 'u' n case e comcae miPIA
amd te tnd he 4ecal length.

Appanahus amd matertal PUautlod

An opttcal bench, tuse Bharp -edges
nedles iptns), cencaR minne 0f les
than 20 cm 4ocal longth, thnee uplghte
Lulth camps), index needle (may he e
Rnlttng n2dle), metne Bcale amd 8piriE

F m u l a-

ushoe t the tocal length the

gVem Cencane m£ImOA v 3 the
dis tounc o the tmage amd u 3 he
distona fthe chieck.
 P19ceduoe :-
Hous te 8 t -up the expertment
Fix am uprlght at zeo cm mark On
the eptical bench and e put mlw
holdr bn t.
2 holdtrg
Place the othen tuoe up°lghts holdlrg
plns n the optical bench at diporont
pesttons.
3. Lenelthe ophtcal bonch uot%, the helpp
8plnit lovel and & lvlllna B .
4 Fix the mln In mlrn- hslden and
adsust the tips ej the plns 89 that they
ase tn the Bame horizontal line as the
Pele o the mirne.

Heus lo phom the expANlment

a) Detemlnatien e appLOxmale gocal
ngth a the miO
1. Take the mion and held tt tn
8uch
a wway Be that a cleaz dis tnct ima ge
ea dlstant ohject is sbtalned on the
Sall
 2 MeaBUL the distamce betuoeen the
mlo and the Oall uoth the dmelp
a metne 8cale. Thls qlnes the
appnoxinmate hocal lemg tA, et the
mlro
b) Det 0mbnatton t jo2 diheront
values ef u.
1. Fx the m2 n the mlrni-helder.
220 Fex tthe ckject - pin A at a point betuseon
and 2f 89 that by looklng tnto the
mlvca, yoL uL s0 a clea, Heal
and Enueonted and heghly nlasnged
tmage o, A.
8 Po8ttn the tmage- pin B beyond 24,
80 Hat ttere lBno panallax hetuoen
the tp e 8 amd the ttp of lmage ofA
4 Flx pin B.
5 Repeat the pecedure (1) and (i)b
dehnnt peBltigns , n A betugesn
and 2 amd 8eofng that t e enloaged.
66. Recod the ehseswatlgns n tabulatas
 2F A

Model yMaph
h aph betugean u and v
Sca
axib : Icm _cm u
-Cm e v
ICm
yaxtb : .

AY
u(Cm)
2B
45
v (Cm)
Fhem
uaph (21,
2
2

y
 om as 8houn tn table.
FEnd the values af 4/u and 1/V go
each obsewation, by taking u and v
En mitnes.
88Plota gaph z-arls and
ustth 1/u en
1/v on y-axls, taking 8ame scale an
both axeg amd Start poom zens O9n
eheor axes
9 Read tha intecept on y- axis. RectphLal
o tt geves tha hocal ungth.

Pecautt9me s-
4 Pagnalax 3hould be semeved
2 Optical bonch 8heuld be Leneled.
3. The apontusl mlOA should be
8mall othenusise the tmage med uL
nat he dlzttnct

4 The uprights may not be vertical.

2 Panallar emoval may nat he plrfpct.
8 The CoNcaue miIn housd be Lont-
 nut iona
Fec al enath
S.ns Cofect Ima
aitance ista1e cm uvc
[u vem
1

2
3

5
m
MCan

Calculotigrs :-
C9ated, othesusl0 multtple naflocHitve
ustu comme oem the nasloctktng 8unfon
the nmlsnon
RAsult-
The focal length t h e given comcawe
mion,f x I0mn
method
By V =
u -

Frem u -v gaph m
x 10m
 Expeolment no,b
CemNex Lens- Focal lengt by pioUing
Qaphs bltusecn U amd v.

Afm wnwa
TO find
Te the focal length eha
hotussan u amd
lens hy plotting g1aphs
V.

Appanatus naplncd-
An 9ptical hench, tun 8harp -ldg2d
covwex lems Aess han
nledle (pens),
20 Om ocal lemgtn, theee upright
usith dlampa) ndex needle Cmay be a

nidke), metrl scale amd zptriH

Rmftttng

Fomula-
lens
The 9cal length of Hhe COnvex
8 t ughone uabfect
dLstamce amd v Cmeg! distance
Not: AcCoding to sign -cemwention
u mas negattve
value amd v ha2s
 47

postteevalue hor cevstx lens. Hemas

Comis ptttve
Pecedune
4. Obtatn appmoxtmate aliue of the hocal
length o the thin Pmex kens b
tocustng the lmage a a dstamt
fect.
2 I t can he tound by ohtatning a
Sharp lmage al the distant
Sun a
toa en a sen, 8ay a plane Sall,
a bheet eh pa pen placed on the
Otheo slde of thz lens and measueng
the distamce betuser the lens amd th
mage lsth a scale. This oltstance
a meugh 2bttmat the acal eng te
t h e CPmsex ens.
NO: D net leek at the fmagl ef
Suun dlectly as lt may huUAt yout eyes.
The epttcal banch 2 placed on a nit
table O n a plathom amd using the
Splt lvel to make t horizontal
 Rayd2a

D
obect
ni'2. Image
U

U-Vnoph
naph betuspn n d v

Scale 'axis I cm
= m u

yaxte I Cm = Cm o, v

v(cm)

X
-*u (cm)
 uoet the melp ef leuelleng e s
pulded at the base o4the bonch.
4 The COnNex lens clamped on an
upolaht amd mounts tt vertically
almost nean to he mlddle o e
ptcal hench 8uch that t poircipal
axls t pasalel to the spttcal bench.
In his p08ttion, the leng usud Ale
n a plame porp0ndiulan to the
-ptical hench.
55 Index Coonection 1s 4ound ho both
the pin8.

PLcamttons -
1. The apentuae e the lons should be
8mall, othuutsR the image dmec
uwR not be distinct
2 Eye 8hould he ploced at a distane
moe than 25Cm e m thl imat needlh.

1 The upntghis may not he vestital

 (

<
2 Paallax meval mas not be pekect

Re8ult
The hocal kemg t of the gign
Csenging thln Cmsex ons by:-
i) u -v mihed, t cm
Cm
) e m u-vgnaph,
 6

Expeiment ne.-7
Fecal length a cemcaue Lens uslrg
a ConUSeX An8

Aim
TSend the hocal lemgth f a

COncaue lons ustng a Cenpex long.

Appanatug amd materlals Peanulzad-

spttcal bench MStth uprlghts GO
An
holding the lem8 amd tuss needles, a
thin concave lons, a c9et AOms
ocal lemg ln15 Cm) Bma!lor than that
t h e CENCaNe lens, lndex nedle (may
bea knitting nadle), a mete Bcale and
a 6 p t level

Fowrnda
The Aocal lngth of concaR lons by
Using lenes omula f=_uV ushene
us8ng u - V

u dtstanto btuseern concave dens a

tmage ptn 1.
AV
 V dlstamce hetugeon comaue Rms
amd lmage pin 2.

PoLec edune -
1. T Case the tecal length
4 the
gven thin conwex lons not knoun
tbhem ough value t s hocal length
C4L) 8heuld be esttmated 4C28t t9
emsuww tnat t 4Ocal Aong th o less
tthan hat o he Comcane lems.
2.
2. Place the opttcal bench en a nigid
plathomn amd using the 8plt lerel
make lt horizortal awith the help
bovelling 8CLus pMlded at the base
tthe bench.
a Place the uprights meunted ustth ptn P
ofect pên), COMex lons L, amd amethen
Gn the ptical henh.
pn P2 ltmage pên)
You may put a 3mall piecu A papln en
te dlsheanttate tt e
tmap pin P
the tmagl e ehfect pin P
4 Check the collenealty ef the ttp pin
 67

P opttcal cente 0 } Cempex ene 4,

amd Hhe ttp image pin P2a aleng aa
hizontal 8toalght lene ushich t
panallelto tha lemgth of the opttcal
bech. n this EndtHon, the plamis
Lons and both te pirs u9OUld be
popemdiuulan to the axes the lens.
5. Fo the detemtnation he index
COosaction, bring a maunted pin cds
to the Oncave Jans L2. Adfust the
Endex ndle (a shap edged knittng
needle us0uld alse 8wA the punpose
alzontaly 3uch hat tb One end
tuches oh the uwtd 3taces Gf
Hhe lems and the teea ed touch8
the tip ef the pin. NATD he poBIEOYs O
the tuse uprlghis en thi scale prEtdad
n the epttcal konche The dighona of
the t u G0uld gese the obsentd length
othe lndex noadle. The actual lengt
hetween the ttp thethe pn and epttca
cemtre 0 the lons La uoould he dengt
 theinder needle (ag meaguHd by
a scale plus
hal! cf to ttknee of tto
e s at tßoptlcal centoe. rhe d n
the tuee lengths o the lndex
COONCHon.(I4 the concaue lerng thin
at the cete ile thicknes3 at the
Cente Cam be lgneld.
6 SepaNate the okject pbn P, 4on the
Ceex lens by a s destome 8llghty
9 ater than thu docal lomgth fl of
the lens8
7. ecate ts teal amd tnvented trmae at
Point I On the other slde o the loma
byg omsving the panallax hotuween the
inn@g2 p and Emage o t s skject p.
Read pesitt9r8 ot e uplghls
helding the okfect ptn P, ,corex lons L,
amd tmage pen P, (e point I,. ReCArd
these ebsuativ8.
Fem nous on, do not hange tie
REs ttom e conuex lene L, and the
pestton et the ckjet pên P,. InErt
the
 Comcane lang L, tn betugeen the wmuex
lons L, md îmage pln Po NDUS the
imge eh ehfect pin uotN 3hist turnth
em the Cmsey love L, to a polnt T
(8auy) Adfust the peeltin of the Concae
Rens so Hhat te pont I, e flelentty
ausay om the potnt I,.
O Incase the trnage tomed by the
Cembin atfgn e cCEnsex amd comcaue
Lenees s not distncty vstble, tuy to
8le it n mevtng the concare los
nlan to the point T. TO lscati the
mage by ueing a pomct! held n hand
k0p th mage pin L at peint I, a8 a
ulde to dectde ehlch uoay to 8hitt the
C9mcave ms L2 Agten hastng sln tha
clean tage at polnt I and ensuoRd
hat t l e usthin t smge t
opttcal bench, moue tmagl pln h ts
Lecot tho tnage (o polnt t,) mee
accuonat-ly ustng the metrod of
pasnall ax. etnce the tnage 4eming at 1
 quto emlanged, tt cam be blued.
14. Noa he postion of a upAglts old
e Cemcae lens amd
inmage pin ,L.e
potnt I2. Noe the 0adtng tn the
obsnnatton table.
12. Chamge tho
posltton of ght hold
the ebfect pEn , and 9upeat
6 te 11. Take
thi steps
5 sets of cbseNatims.

Pcauttons:
1 8inco the tmage hmad at r2 qulk
emkaoiged, tt can 6e blurred. Thesepe
+ uuld be paafrable to UBl a then and
8hap ohfect pin amd shine wz
Aeght etng a iphted electrle bulb.
2 In dex cOoatiDn./ban coogLCtHOn fo4
u amd v 8hould hl made.

T4 tp of ekfect pin amd optal centre

11 T
the lems ase not alignud pooplrly
C rot bought at the 3ame
 honlzental lovel),mage ttP amd
tmage of obfect pln tip uR not
touch each othen. 7thenl may b 89me
gap hotuoeen th tuos o1 thee COuld
he oveNap bet uoean the tuss. Ln Buch
Bttuattons, thaee can be eUOA En
IRmeing panallax and tt usfl lead
to no1G n the eSult.
2 Fen gaaten accunaCy, uG Bhoild use
Bhanoy poEnted oLjeck pin.
ReS uLt-
The tcal length ef the gén comcaue
wns -CM
 Expeniment ne. -8
Fouwad blased P-N Junctton dlode
Atm 3-
TO dnaUe th2 T-V Chanactentst
oes a p-n iuncHon tn touLSAOd
blas amd axese blas.

Appaatus amd mateial wginod s-

Ap-n functtom diode ( 0A- 1B092 1N4Om
a Mstst01 value (3 w, 2 W), one
vantable voltage peLn Bupply (0-12 V
0ltmeten lo-12 V), meütaunmeter
(0-200 mA), a puug Rey. Conecttng
usfnos 8and papon amd a minoammto,
(0-200 UA)

Pelnctple
FOuoad bfas
FOuand blagln9 occus uahen the
diode
e Conncted
postttve end of
te the pestttue tumênal of the batteoy,
amd tts negatiue emd COnnected to the
cPncuft diagaam
Fo9 ugad biag

Voltmete
(v

n
Mil
amnetea
(mA
S

Revese bias

R
wwM

MA

+
E
 6
b senwaHHmg
V-T h anatrIstt2
FOusah d
0uoand
FeN ug hfas
S FeVeltage, ( v cURaDmt, I, (L)
NO.

1
2

5
6
7

8
 negatfa tRouninal he battey. He,
mafotty canier8 om beth Btdo8
meve teusqnds amd cnets the unction
and cuILnt fleus theugh the jurction.
Thie CuIUWNt s kmoun a he horuzag.
cweont and 8 the soder of 1AThe
8tze sf the dopletiom laer dece29
tn sousOid biaslng.

Resense bfasing
A pn
A unctton dlode % sald to ke
IANLNSe blased ghen 13 p end
Cmectd to nagatfe teeminal of the
and le n ugon s COvnnet ed
battey
to posttA teIminal o te battery.
chaacteristics D pn
RLse bfas Eml
unctton dipde Shguss that a IUY
micAo ampere
CUInt of the d e r e,
thsLough tha cncuit due to
ouse
casae.
doript e minolty change
 chanaAIUTHC3
Reve3 blas V-I
Reuerse biasReserse2
Sone veltag, vp(v) cunnan
t, Ie

2
3

1
8
9
 Pecedul_ -

Lo Connecttons a l made as pe the

ComecEon diag1am.
2 Inseat the kuy. A99ange the 8ldeng
2.
Covtact e the Puheestat to minimun.
S Nous, gently mve the ahegstat centact
to poLetde a pesttae blas oltage.
4 Note the etmetea and melllanmeten
90ading8. the
bo Repeat the pecess by ncuastng
ousasd cunsont tn equal btes by
the he08tat 8lideae
chamglng
Tne value ef cusoent louing thiough
te dlede guld be negltgtbly SmalL HU
tthe tage acos the dtsde excel ds the
valu of tB cut n n thou8hdd et voltage
7 Atn the cut n voltage, the vanlation
n uoWnt usi be napid. The
cgocspondeng 190itage ep28enls tbe
Rnee oltage o that dtsde.
PLot a gaaph usth hOuvard vltage
alng x-axlz and40usd cuugant alon,
Madol qhaph
I(mA)

00

80
60

20

20 O2 O.

20-
30
I(UA

CalulaHo8:
 Y-axt. The gaaph 3hauss the hoousaad
V-I Chan aterilsts o the given p -n
funCtiom diode.
9. NeL disconnect the cEacult amd make
the comecttons as shem ln WnNBC
blas cËClt dtagam dog the wOIB
blas charact erfstcs.
JD. CenMect p -8fde ef p-n functiDn disdk
E the negattse tesnminal the pouL
Supply amd roplae melllammetn uSTth
a miceammeten.
.Gradually, tncaease tho applied ltage
(n steps) n the cAit and note the
CO spendirg Altmite% and
micoammeten adings.
paot
this of expeLment, uf th the
12 In

gEuen Bupply vgltag you ustN gRt onky

pontton f the teeerse blas
lat
chanactistic C A .

Pgucautigns that th
4. It e lmpetant e take care
 potenttal digferLMA aAEs8 the dIsde
s tncooa3td gnadually, in small step8
20 Keap yoUn yes on the ammeten and
2.
Rot the cuopent ngt excetd the speciped
Llmit.

Sounces e10
CemecEtOns may net be cOMct.
2 The ammetern Voltmeten may h a e
zene eAO.
3. Keepeng he koy tnseted conttnuPusly
Cause xcRssTe pleuo Cumnt and
may lead to damag a disde (ennen
ammetea and votmiten).

Th houSand chagaterBtHcs amd PeRerse

chaonactt8tcs the giren p-n juncto

diode is dnaun
a) The value o cut -En veltage ge
tha
given diode s . - V .
bThe HONOLL 8aturation cuirent dor
bhe given dloke l