cx) aaa = SAN once from|tengty AR~L | len gh Untroun ‘1 t Cem) | Be = Ciap-b) | Westone « K= RCIA) (Cry) | | iq (one > t a Bhar, 44 ais 6.63 = ie €3 3} 664 | > 4 sg 4) sis | i Sa oo Siva Lie | = & ane | Meno = 6«9i66tac Beal | 4qol = = 4 | 3> iTable fos diarmeter (4). of the wie et SaANoi} M-$-R 1605.2.) TR |CRE TR crroa . t co QS.) 2S 6.5 mm 2 so 0. S33 eee SSM 3 Foe pes LET | a-Si omm = tetas L.c =_iom = oot 100 ya Eum = 20% bc 20x 6.01 = FyOC.O2 tm| experiment: | ox | t SxpHtT> CA | OBSECTIVE :- ssp © “Jo find anistawee 4 a given site atsing mets | diidge € perce dekerming she Apuixic serdtan mee j leh ito waterial , ie APPARATDS |- ! A_ metic _bbdee cas de wie Midge) a leadnche cel (Battery elimina Ivoumre Acoinhay | Boe a Jockey, aan way “as A sewiatamee wipe | A sche sage Q wmeise pal a 38 squaee Conneck, LR wires apiece ot rond paper. I _THEDRY ?- ty she unknnon Acrigtance x js given by + x = @oo-£) R T whee, R to bnown seastoucs placed to sthe Jeph he Aiswk sap Loh mabe 8 ~ Lom is the fangth ch etic bidge _ Twine} dom 2210 ed upto halonce point = oe | Cp> ES the material oh J 2 i P sbine aexistonee RE te, tS at an ty | pSAmre r et ohne. } do the Jength ££ A iy the diameter L giver wae. wine.vive '- mre erilpe De bend mnlonce glen hence detourmine the medic 4 WIA, THEORY ®D Veerren a> 8 GB) apesige usrstonce C@) of material giver bY R = x0% 41 . Unensn Repsborce PIRGRAM'- we Remstonee Me a N— EE y YEE =f, 2 4 Ga) A Galvororeter “[4~ w leclonthe ce (bation eliminator) 4 Gh is mabetiol . s| EXPERIMENT: es a | bare { e) phthe wise Cie sehen ae cen ag eee Note poxttron dy Powe A Cacith the help oh a ser ear QuUare) tp knoe denath AD = 1. iM Dake at 4 seb ations im phe asada by chomging the value of R | Jin _sbeepa. : Reeord Yow. Oksewakon given tb table 2) Fox Specie Resistance '- Vid Gut the ccsiatarnce. wine gt the, pein’. aghere. dt eave the temnindle, stretch ik ¢ Aine) Us lengthy by using 4 meter acale GivtY! Meanure the diameler. op the wire feast ome. x ak four places, on tusp perpendicwlor, Aireetions ak each place wilh 2 help oh ARLEN. Fag e can 2 ation PEED LT 2- 4.| she value oh umbnmnn _2erisbonce x= 6:80 x thts bance, Be gwen whe =229%10% Om 3, Percentage PRO = 01099 = ss ECAUTIONS!- ight til mhe connections should se be meat clean 4 Sp. ai AU the plugs in the serirtances bow ahould Aight, ae Simdaraiay : Teacher's Sign..qxye = 1338 x02 ye + + e me = 16-9400", = h214x16 “A. xn a =| experiment: [N° frem[on Ot : eel tT | I PROCEDURE }- t ray fea ling ib the arorgement diagiann. Commeck fhe Asriakawce wire, whore roritamce is bo | be. deberwnined tn ithe sigk gap bel” og 6. Make 028 Ahab no part oh the wire, yen a Loop Cowmect rerixtomce bow dovs_Aamge. jw. the. : and Aekuseen | Wl Make aut the ther, omnections ad zhown Im phe | dixcuit diagram, v)| > Aone Apristanrer. say 22.) _proyn athe Acxibtance box , plo. th. . Vi] Youth the f dst ak | end By ok Aight ond G the bridge, wire | Vi) Wote the oleflections im the _galvemomneler b the golwanemeber chown deflections Jm__opporite dideckions,| whe _oommnatumn me comet th the deblectton in | ane side only, then phere Jo acme host im the hh 9 ud er viii the ie = a Ci A ty py ang Bes pm fake 25 aig HNL gdlvanomeler giver zern deflection : she pot avhae the jnckey to touching the wine wo wall wit pont bd. Chose an appanpaiake value oh (20m the Agribtonet x> jt bor. auch shat there, do no_depleckion Zn ae meter, when the jockey ia ie© Ora eh Lo +10 Hos 04n Vv FO= ae CALC ULATION: - A> fpr Rk, | Y= O-UV, 4 = 29 MH 5 i a = oe 8 2 = O28 a. : = mS 2 208 @ 0! «10 = ft iEXPERIMENT : [owe Tea | Sx pK OBSECTIVe | ad a | —S Yo : 5 ae ci ‘ | net _pletiing a gach of, potoubial dibhermoe Nv AUS convent . | APPARADS!- A revintmce wire, a vollmelers CO-3) V $ on | Guan eben (0-3) Ach appespriate range, a allergy botlery eliminator), a Rheostab, A mebre +b Scale ene _vsay hey connechivs vines fd place 4 sand popes. THEORY = According dp the ohms Jaw ‘tthe gurrouk flown ng thaoligh a sonduche.. da dial prop — the pluyical eendibion Chempera ture wclimeuaton aemams the ame 2 a be. Dre _currevt glowing throvah a ‘iy wither according bo ols Lam EdAVv VAR Ob VERE where . 2 Jo the comstons oh prcporkionality. . th knewn a pexigkance Gf the comducter » oe Sees xe I =o oon woking pormula . aro) extt@ nae Ohm's | aul rg S oRIEcTIVE’- Sideldiinime _apaternte. pele. S30 Ohs2 Biv orewias by Bong a seoph gh potential idipiemence vesue cunent. THEORY *, Ohrss dows LAK Vv Va O VERE x SB tie usoahans, powmua . OBSERVATZ 4. length » - length of aecistmee wie = __ 200 _ cm 2. Range us) komge fh giver ammeter. = fomge oh given wollmeter = _ _O-E_ iy 3. Least Count leoot count th ammeter =__ _©:5 __ mf least count of vollmeter = __ 0:2 __y 3 4 7ew eror a8 Zero esr im ammeber e, = 7 Zen eae im Yollreter |e, S. Jew conection foa ammeken; C, = - @, = moe Pee A for ammeter, C= es 1 OyEXPERIMENT: () aaert -£ fmccne log) eel TJ @ 3.| Move the jockey ver the b¥idge wire ig do not Aub ib se £, moe Jon key kk should be __ainabrbed owly when chsewakien art to be Laken . SH at paint shoud be brousut between gsom ¢ So em 6\| Act ogquare could be sed to vote ull paiuk de aveid enor __parallae 4+) At ane place , diary up dese wuntwodby should Je mennures B.|_ he wire d not b wake a hoop a4RESULT + : aston ta de The value oh, Unknown sesishon cs x $682.0 § Biase oh mated of the BINED 2. the Specibi c wes stance wire = 4.24 %10% MN 2 percentage eedA-= 0100 2 > < so glade. a i ‘ ene ee4) por Re Ve 208%, Tq = LOms H Rov Io ® Eo | | Td for We SAY, Te = 109A | i | | | * ti Qa) = Lib oath RO i i i aot Voox ioe 1 ~ 129 O> por Res Ve = MRV Te = 120 mA Ag = 1d shane 2208 stom 146 ¥10"> 120 V2, @ |@ Remrance per cra f the wire 40 SAD oe of i ema top RES ULT-.- \) Rewictomnce per em of the. wire a od uns 1) phe. proph between v pTnra throdg ve Love , = _1K10" = 1096 = 102 sExp ~ 1 con (SP OS | R depends upon the nature EX material Aempeaks me 6 diameusions oh the con +a | Zp _§.2- nity the © potewtbal difference Vdd measured tn volt § the eiteutt F carremt 2 im ampere | the Aresistamce p42 _mesoured nahn No ertatlish rhe Hin to _ be shew> that the aatio VIZ Awmatns ecowotant kor 4 givem Avratance anherekore a 3p gop between the potential dienes, Cy) 6 phe curret CI) must be a straight me . 2) Dhe _comstant Aahio gived Unknown wv silanes = Ry “= a PROCEDURE )- Aron the choutt diagram Ke sdvonye the apparcdtiy iin the come manner, 0 2} given in the arromgement diagram. al Clean the 2nd ve_comeching wikes sity amd | paper do e the dmswabiore th arnt » Make neat, cleom ¢ Aight “covmectiond axcoading | the choutt diagram, while waking cownectons eusure that +Ve miguel) Lerminals oh albmeter. & ammeker are joined towards the 4ve tovninals | 4, the batts Sy Kebermine the Jeant count oh vothmeter § ammeter. Ld dlso ntle the zen error, ih are pared 4ey -@ Exet -@ i S9aGky “Gia dul’ “4j- caminaion comien F recall) 4 ho Arrisleamcee uatng wmalte badge. Cotrdad DIAGRAM + = 2) iene ete Aighs tories ombiralion sfacsderce 4 yon ster Hpi. Parade) combinahonExpt ez) @ / EXPERIMENT : pen 24) TEneerk the key k, Aide the aheostart sronbact § ace that ammeter f_volbmeter are yworu'og ° y properly | Adjust the Aiding coback of the arhesstat auch thak a wearable urreut passes thapugh the aomskance evil om, the Agriatance wire cho be | Wote down the valve cf _poteubial dibhaonce y prem vi eo" cure ts mv eher. ay] shibt the abd onytat @ contact aligitly no thak beth ammeter & vottmeter shaw jul divirlow I avading gf not #n 3 eco, e in: the vol amm uy rake dt feast Dive ath J Seodeprdent _shrewakion Cut the seriaterce wine Gb dhe points here je _deaven phe terminals, Ahretoh ik 6 bind. P| Record ow chsewabio-n RESDLT ae a2 ;, cm le Wee's esi D|vhe graph bebscon Y 6 Zio a straight line PRE CAV TIONS!- Dl whe _conmections showd neat, clean ¢ Aigih. | BYiD : : Geaph _colculahon RAY. : Br ' =. 0:8=0-4 BO -40 mA cael pil pele ayesha apalsap = ot aomh = be ao XIS> A 7 = Oo4yv10" + ao 2 = O4¥ 1000 we 40 e = aod ie Fo XE ee os = at £ Eye -2jer (Beet) Lth-e obsowabions ane to be balan «| Nath point «howd de peought betw Sogn. +} Set square shou awolds emo oh par allare Ak one place, diamete don to eouknaly Mhe ole shold be Teacher's Sign cutee ||chr Re Satya z Tiaa/cp Kas = SB = : 4 Mean joe eas toe ME” baz 6d (et 264) = 23.46) a wher £2 bow, Ai 4 4253 x10 aL Mean fpa argh 1m porael SHAL 86/2 = 62/2, CMeonaeary= Ro || calewation | ~ 7 (QD) Tn senses Ox yee Re = 15,00 iThes 4 bos apRes ithe i| TRS OS i| [ate | Dipywerae Gy anyy= 2 Bunk. vale Ret BSS The. Vode % Ro = 2AyAr/arar SRO REKOS/LE GER ALOT SE. 24.e° = eo. Wey t || ExPt -@ pas NT | EXPERIMI No.) mate @ i ENT Be | lose 2. el = L : 4 _| Peocepper ey ark Hie too ronistorce coils ab aa 6 aa Mo bind ay € x procecd 2IME Away ar rn expe- Ud. | Coomeched the two nih 2», fi 2, im rerien, os Um | He right gap fiver sInidge $ tind the || Aerdstom ce Ais comb Inahion. nake ak Jeant Annee Iatls of obseratiom, Cormeth the coils tn parallel in the aight gap. oF [bind the acristanee of the combthakion Dake | at lest three veh oh ebsewakiong SI Record your chsewabions i H Ss i- 1) within firth of experamenkal, Orr, eaeperimental Lf thenretical values af Rs are name, Hence, Pow leh, senstemeen im rerien sr verikied . 2D within Limib of experimental err experimen? al Ig thevrelical yalues of Rp oe ame . Hence , Law Gh rsmstemee Jn pangel do veriiied. | 0 | PRE CAL TIONS:~ . t] the connechiom should be net clean £ sisht . 2) AU the plugs wn the seaistomee oe should be | Buk. ail Move the jockey gently ave, the bridge phe £ do inet Aub it. ee @ she plug tn key k should be imacrted only shenRiel, Re 966 An} Btn | ae eae nie atthe Be nti for Aconly, R= 90-00) F4l) be oh Hf TSR xo = see = its aoe) Ki "OE: 62XKO = eS 2 16.3 % a CALCULATIANS' - - | Residence = E yyy a | tts Bork )s i Ry ie A ee epox R= Cou, b= 32, Nigam

4dr | = 404 142 4.22 {} te aS Ee | = | = 2 {| > o i Mean = 1.60)EXPERIMENT bad Epp ee the poleukiemeber, ©.) Conn the por Fye negative poles te the termina a $b G the bo y key . 6.1 Connect He commen ftevunal 6 d the amo key thaouah 4 shlvonomde: C6) $ o Asszictornce pox LCRB) to the jody 67 Fe Nake maximum cunrert jae the batten, woking Aheovbak Acristance zerp ~ @ Ansexk the plug in the ene = 2o4 key ey in crenit $ ako ny feth the formal ao 6 Sees key 9.) yake “cuk a 2000 chry plug len the Jsoe CRB) AO.) Pres the jockey at te zen g note the direcl ch debledion _in_the splvona meter. Wy pres He jody ab the oder end the obeakiom waite CZh the di ion leckion | ip im the same direction then elthe, conneckion. — “az wr ‘wp em, £. ad the dstlary Aadtsey i a stom. = de jockey gen even He paten Homeber = Ee ee i ah omomet. ghows no defledion. | put the 2000 chm plug both in the sssisiangrce — (Je bew § cblamn the null point position accmabely i during a sek square TaOBSE RVAT TONS. - §. Romge oly volimeber = 220 _V Least rount. ch voltmeter =~ 2th -V \| \ | Picea | EME. d battery Cov bathe elicr soaker) q | EME ab Leclanche €etl FM f daniel ec) 2.) beast count of Mre ammeter, he ame) ee Zend VOL. J. he _Teble for lenghhs 9 <2. |are of |2fodie sg) the cixcort | drauth ta. cl Balance point when jedan pintwhen & |- feos te Jormme}en! Er¢ Leclanche cell) “m] C Brn el cat inthe Jobs ie 1 Cem) Gem) | | | 4 2 [Mont | 2 J2 [Peon Lax i] 3117 ao a | (an Ic csc) [tam |e rapa ty C5) | . | tromal sor | 46 | S42.5[243]243-teae, 5 2-40 | 2 zonmA| sae 146 |igg Wer |ser jaes.c 4.420 3 &, 1.88 250 mA] 293 [20+ 203.¢ 149/148 jigs, Calewation *- accord im column 3¢ $ €e, RY Find Ei/En for each act by by mean bi ‘ D> Dud. meas afer aly 4) foe each sbcowalion bind acase wean Lyf mean bi £EXPERIMENT : Teacher's Sign:Hg Trtecha) remivtonce cheer Obs owalinn- % Barge sah, bho a ni DE BBY B lewt CON gf yollmeter = Pe ene a & ay = +4 | SMP op ced FS kayra" EXPERIMENT : (Erect 4 cer ae PRECUVAT TONS: - phe comection should be neat, clean & pighh. The plug should be mer oduced sn the ey only When cbeervakions are 12 be Laken pata Md asec tates a ———Ithowd al — nnected to the 4 fe ero oh the risen. yhe jockey key thop)d not _be Avbbed along the wire dt vhotild touch she tWwike gembh “wher. $s. othe battery should be snebfer. eb&an the emmy. h the either aidePj -@) Expt & 1 Reet + The 42H 4 BNUb a: a —Pa : Nai is EXPERIMENT : _£ pt 4 lowe | a4 Mole the fength 1, oh Hhe wire 461 the colt F Ble note the current an Indicated Joy. the a asl Hincormeck he cet) Fr by Acemnateiva g the plug, JA2YO $0 according 42 Awo - wayr ker g comeck | cou insert! ung at e tod - ways key. eval 46. Dake out gq 2900 ohm plug from Aerigtomte bre Rb. G ide the jockey along potentiamet-e, wire. 20. an +0 clobelns no deflection pogo at Put the 000 ohm plug back in the avétthomee — pox § obtain atecunake eppoaj Hon. 4 null pone por _aecond cell Ez tel] alole He fenghh 42 of Leite tn this pemition por the cou_eE Anmeven. make gure Yat ammeler adding Xs same ao An shep AG 13|| Repeats the obserwation olden atl or €ach rel _ascim hos the same value “oy coremb 20 (Aes the cwrent adjusting. he Zhensbonk g chtained at teact thee Bet oh observation Im do Hvesbar way —— ail @ecord your akon aa _given RESOLT!~ 4:40. 1c The 2aH oO g EMF. ; Lek J Feacher's Sian(rscene | Se EXPERIMENT: Ne e ES Sheek Check the aah oh cetigs | ee thak em}. oh, the botery dork tham shat _ S,_ihe given cell othermige null « balonce pete _ MSU be ehiained CE>E) eee Se a theertat Arorsistonce ew) D0 doke the ee oh iD comnecbons, [4ncerk the plus inthe key G note the ommeber reading Nadee. Cb 2000 mes an plug {aor $b. Auxstomnco hone. Place the jockey firme _ak the evd _p d, the nine & them at “the end 4. 74 the gaonometen thowss delleckion im cppoxite direction dourth, wire oh potentiometer eae ae mis oa mun aerivvtomnce bere 6 by bj lightly adjusting the Jockey hear ale provioubby obtained portion null petab pont zie athe Sypl) point position accel [usig a aed : conse ths elec Jongh In eb” hits peaint the end po} the wine yake oud the. ono _ehy's plus again fanyn he _aseiston ed __ bee 2B. ee eae ee eee fan sim Ker Ky. Dake ou? a amalh aultsnres i= $0) jpom the s co sh i ae ER a ee ee eeefo @ Expt GS) LATIONS | (ks Fon each set oh er ieon find _ mean ti and/ Bn ihe EE neous | } Antena ~peris once v=. Cede) & ate z | “> 2x | S24 | Cr = c6si 0D '@ ty = C 28-290) KTS ¥ 1] . 24B il ay ES {! 278 ty | (= 30.24— jd Po -18 a erly \ exeenment: [AC] Expy 6 ee JOR Ta rye ya ~ tn debeamine_acristentce oh, 0 galvanometersy hath cepleck on “method te pind ith figure -merit. _____llaemiatomce bores, two = one 7a keys , o Aheottak APPARATUS |- a A wertan type ale aatvemameter. a _valkined a battery or battery el’mimaker two (io, 000-0. gq daew gauge, a waeler acale_, aan _ammeter._dh given aange, _commecting wires ff apiece oh amd _ paper —— - THEORY *- A whe acratance ah the giver galwanometer, ad daund by Se method . | R-s ashore 2 to the amistance connected in series ith a) Hhe_galvannmeter, 6 @ s Ao the ahunt acstomce. hn t merit, RE ie a RIS where Blo the EME of the cel $ 6 is the yi debledton pacduced uyith aosatemce RK. = in) he maximum cemrent that can pars thaough the galvomomeber + cue atte of > ee wher io the gotal Wumber _ Teachers Sign.-O eet-© OBJECT EV ned + ae ns deeming So} deflection reel ¥ [ ti] j= a le L Acichomee ob 2 gal vanomeber by d dito pind Us figure 4 x iki + | —3—©- i me $s soe stg i) k Resis\ eh galvonomeder.EXPERIMENT: (rene . Exp} -5 lore} -|alide the jockey along she golewtiometer whe g obtain wu point. Tnsert 2000 ohms plug back in Lb porition in Re 243 é 4 mneccenay make jurther adjustment fre | sharp uw “point. Meoosure the balancing denata Le pom end_P. 44. Remoave the plug ety at ka 6 ke ait for a ime ¢ for the same value oh rane (as shoo by the ammete). 2epeat Tt do 18 ag. e ‘ dy wv R £6. Record “you. _chserwation . RESULT? phe imbewnal acristance of the giver cell do || ©2246... ohm. \. PRECUATIONS:- aN phe EME oh dhe otters thould be gacater Shan Hak Oh te ce. faa ene Ack oh obserakion the ammeter ar, atomt et should be pansed fe_celnont Aine only wile _fiisting Ae point . Rirecstert Bhould ke adivoled ad that snitial ult oink Dies on art wine of athe peietoni | ceth should ret be disturbeol in o : seed at he nae agama a petioles lsP3-@ Expt -6) = Casa~ agi) x2° 243 Ce, Mean, 8 = | “ 3 _ RESULT [= the tw cl & o146 oh (6= 0.146 rn \ 2.061 + OUT OEE ol aerisbomce ch che. a yenPg-@)— Exrb © ey Fou piguae dy revit using b= & fx Gd° Os ku = 1S fe-000 + 64-249 *29 = 15/406 b- PAK 20 = 1/2248 = 000001846 aca cis Alda} GD Bal = 25/6 00 ¥ Eb. 24) 26 = 2S / 6061-24% 26 = p.00001s 86 Ve. BS/rgpsSaae Ue oF Ces ween A/a?) | Meon, Ke eythane 16H Lee ies 2 Sh eS 3.42% 1/2 | | CK = uae nish fav | | RESULT * ‘ | Renistemee of given galvanometer 5 a aes I[a. gue oh madd of given galy eles, | ae | dn = AK IO Aly.Pi 7 ls ae experiment: {| N Boeke feel sa ZoWonometes ocale on either aides s} FORD » LPROcepyRE!- n 12) Rerstonce ch galvanemeler 04 halk deflectfor method . ©) Draw the icuit diagiam.ee $¢ make phe connect Liens _accorclingl 2) See that ih of the rematomnce pores ore S)\ wake oul the igh atsistenae Caay 2600 2.) orn the scrintonce bee 2 $ imert she get ook. 2 at a. i AS yn ime “Ben tp number 6 withun - acale SD) Alete the deflection. tek ik be € ©) inset the key ks alan ¢ without hanging the yolue of Rs adjust the value ch 5 such that | ree dm the golvano meter aeduces ie _exably | hath value ehtained in Akep 5. ie. © ¥! L. a D,_Note whe = iatonce d i so be ae oh R$ adjurring, TB Figure of merit sy dake one cet} oh battery Chats, stiminates) 4 kind ab EME. a ign: by commedking sve 4 the voltmeter with sve of she pen 6 ve dh Lyolleto with -ve ch the cet) eae | det it be €.P9-@ Expt {9 OBSERVATIONS - jd. Table “for acristance oh galvamorned en ey val} 4 deblecHown method. : : i || Sunol Rerishar ce laeflec ty xn [hunt Halk def Golvememeder, Ge | ‘ | hcks -, B ralvanornel yen hen j c/a {j fonra) ‘i 1} j i | ee) | 20 T 60 | ice ) | 3000 26 60 rs | asco on so. | ou Teble fra Figure of merit esac) poh eu eCe Retistarce aeflect” Fig uar sj walt & he freer ox mA b 3 4 ey ay Oa battery B. RQlohmn nav er. eo. : @> | coe (> € | | | Ls V | 4000 heaxio'aidy | 2 | ee SeSey. i 6200 | 25 _|isexiaT adv ee i f 4. Fon. hall deblectiory method urn are | = \sov00 = 6h.qy ‘ HH 2scD~ 60 Zaco 4 i| Gy =_3000X6O = 1kaDDD = 6L-22 i ZOtmH- 60 2340 1 = 210000 ao Me ar valur GE HHEIESZ Share. 224610 Year ale $a eS ws v2"OQ ent i — — || OBSERVATIONS: - | | The posistomce gen sawanometer = 6f£ 0 | Be Piguet af mexit galvonometer = ati x 205 A] don ! Di) CoACWoon por shunt Acai stenee S | | Rorslonce the galvanometel . G= 6h ~n_ | Agua gy merit kk = be! ¥ 10S 4 | am | | No-of division in golvanometer scale, n= 30 | (wren & butt scale deple chon Tat ne | = Box EMIS = SpKlOD XID MA | = tx 10 mA = OkmA V= O-8V Range of COVVERON, Rexstomce Es be placed Jo seried uni ty gu Vomometber . ReV_-¢ ov 44 7B AXICA R=_s cet SLX ID AIS AR = sxpS = 300000 -¢f Th SK ag) > el 2,38- 6h fake er SORE my, eeEXPERIMENT: ———_} OBJ Ect i1ver- Do convert she gives oh, ken over i =e 8 voltmeker 4, ame . APPARATUS !- A weston dppe galyanomeker , 4 votkmebes ob o3 vott Janse, am amyncker oh 0-3 Amp. aonge a of tosp cells ob batters Climahalor » Heo ¢ 16000 0 0 200-D) Zerigtonce bowen, twp one toca kena, a Ahemtal, conneding Whes ¢ a piece ch sand paper] THEORY dhe shunt seristonce 4equised joi cmmvexxio® . S = Ig.@ tt, where, Zo the Aone sh conv eon BD! vnhe seed -toryistomee aoguiaed for comvexon. | lsat PER 78 wohew Vin the aange. ch convernion PROCEDORE!- a) Convebion oh the gaWwanometer inty ammeter. Gunt the total wumber of divisions an either side oD sh sero 9} the galvannmeter cate tet ik ben. Teacher's Signz 0gaonoredee A keraine | ar orem 4 veuby we agmrs Weotak 1y | | ime en a L+@-—_ 38 a Ta (3 4ai- Giacutt Cliagcarn boa. veti bration fon omereter I We Hemeter,Pg. 20 pct ab) are (Wo) EXPERIMENT: | VE epee) eat ety 429 Mabe conneclions was im cheat dia, | Adjuct the value d, RB tp obtain a certain deble chisn ao divissong) ‘shen the Creu t Jn closed. __ 2) Ate “the valuer of atsintance ed deblection © t $b a3) = —13._Now change the valve of ef mote _ the rer. deplecKian again 1% Repeat the steps Sto 13 with petlh celle cf _the batter with dikherent volte ges Uk | wees, ™ pottery eli mu naked as find Oe bigure oh merit tung athe 0’ RESULT :- 1, Resistonce qh given golvenometer = Ct: 2. rest oh, iver galvanom eber =A dn g = 1.31 0105 Joly a= il = PRECUAT TONS?- 1A the connechions whould be neat, clean plug> sin aeristonce boxes should be 2. Au she L Bight . zg) dhe EME of cel _« Bhowd be constant G| Init ally a high Soastance fla the _xerabern ce (Bore cB showd be antgoduced im the cust,Po -2.3 oreawen fe Expt - cele | Note the _acading on the galvanoyme er cale deo Comenpanding ssadng om he _amméker. Record ynuz obsewation, 5 Conversion Si comnetled im acrie: wlth the the given Aonge v (say avetts) 2 Connect Opera boner Ao BD, —3| Fo, vant} im the ciycutt diagiam . Here ARB io a peer Being used ap a _poteubial di ei the _kie. 4 take oud the plugs ch cal elated saiatance R haar the petatonce bor . Kngert ey ads he wmovalate contact 4, the ahaha” os tak ‘deh\ection | am the m. co in si Note she agzadings vetkmeker pf gahonomeker, Convers Ae ae _galvomometer svadings ante volt 6. a Ab cenypebween the eading of gadvornameter dhe dibbermmes gives the ADO a.| tMove he variable cimstonb Col the abeaslak 4 tohe Gh Renot five obsewakiony cee covering tne whole _ nianNERTEICA TION '- 5 leant Couns of galvanomerer comerted fn 46 volt meso By Mek: =r = O.8Bv 30 WOT LS Table jp veripcation for convededl voltmeter. [9 -NbT Reading converted Senden -) Aipheren ce \"o! galvanommeber io volt | yorematex. | error bbe. ame i Rea ding, ¢ [oe aebietn we? |v -wev3 L 20 eV OV 2 25 )osv atv Oy [3 30 BH Veni] Bd Voih Ov CAKCULATAON! = 1@ Aipherence Va —Ve 2.2V¥- WOVE O.IAV i@ QeFV-O LO V = OLV |®g.aV-g.0v = ova Mean HM hberence = O2VAO2UVt 02V = oav g OBSERVATIONS ‘+ she wastemca 5) gyn Wvamometer = 64. page ON mesit Balvomomerer = 4x loo 4/ Oe vseeel for shurt resistance ¢ Rem donee ay the _ galvonometer 6h Figure aN met f= 1.4 x4 yEXPERIMENT: Bust eke. ie expt ~ “i Calculate the aurent Cx.g) hor bull scale deblection Pes 1s =nR. all calewabe We value of, chunk Amd stOMCR bor CONV aig _imty _ammeker bring, +bhe. _so24mula sum ere Z-J1g = where, EZ to the aon oh _converion . 4. Yoke a wine available Im the labosatory Csay copper uriac) d find ib diameter at Jeast at materi See ad eee sk deeade it Yh uring the fwomula. L J= 72-5 | P 6|| Cob a leng bh ok the wire Can more than the calculated “Yabue 4. mark hwo points on_the wide, one 7 oe ae each emd. Commect tis voiae_p the _te>_devmindle—d_the_galnanoms 2 lok the marked potrt are just subside acres, vhis galvannmeber _urith unt rire. work oy a ammeter 3, Aanye i. 4.| Make the eclectic conde bo ghourh ats totkeut | diagsar . 3) Dnsat the & dust #he aheatta 20 that th : | jalvanometer s__nenaly. waaat' mum ee. i ty CEEXPERIMENT : OBS ECT IVE}. Mo bind the value oly y_ fot Aikherenk, values sh uw 4 cane ya _comeave wirorz $ te bind He ee Ee Alia afin 0 Seo ae Gy Vv = APPARATUS*- An optical bemth with Wvee uprights (resp send _upaigh: pireed, too other _upaight with Jakeal movement). COntaye mirror awiyor Aoldez, teo optical needles C one Main sone thick)a kenithes pecdio g a halk mobo scale . | | THEORY 3. i 9 Arp ie foamulg + ah yb v ccs we hety have f= UY wry —_ where £ = focal fength of concave wirroe -dickomce of check needle ror pole _ oh VARROD y= diatornce oh imoage meodle nvm “poech 4 ieee. _ Parts -re__dekexmine Adugh ecal dength ba Mount phe concave HARD xo ewan 2 baldes Go out $ in she ouk & Jace pg oie aro ward: © Baacher’s Stan,EXPERIMENT : ) Epak & - AONE ch the yolkwmete, ie. 0-3 vols, EB) Reward youn chservalions, —< RESULT $:- a OF Ae yy difperence in actual € menoured eo ascoad, in column 4) in yer amall , the conversion LAP _perkect a a, the _dikkerence 2m achual $ measured value of, | pokenbial dippeeence in wens amall th + anv eri on 4a_perhect | | PRECVATZONS!-_ _ 4 AU the connections should be neat , clean ¢ Hight 2 be £.ME cel ox ball Hes Should be constant. | 2, the ammeter used jer Varipication chowld _peperatly | be ch Phe nome ponge , a the ogc af convention, Ci The diameter, gf wire jo be ured for Shunt ocrishance whould be meapured accurately. | S| the length of shunt wise shes red should be netther _ De ie cree 3 = 6+) ohe Aas) harHce bow should be 9 bial Atrtstance on _ 4) whe vellmetel ured po vanigieation should 4 beth tea_aome range, the range of convertor 8.) Walne oh Aeguircd perio ropistomee chould pe calcul: he accurately i A. = seifa ne-@) . Ext @ xleb-o| clivision His gel rae ietes scale, H= 80 Peat joa bt scale sapere 2g = 0K | F d0x aK T= SE KLOOT A Wg Sanioki ima SLIT AA = OSL mA, zs F = O.oRKeL | ae he, ~~ 30-5 k | 7s 30 ore ait SeSls = 40s | [s= 10s | VERIFICATION aD +99 235 heaak count FS ahansmeter comerted tnpo | TPS Basis FIET 4 mh sO 2 T, : able for Vertlsica on 4 converted ovate Sano | Godvanormeten DAehech on Curent m= vovee| | i @ | ve | x. aa | ; = 2 | @ ie Mate anes ij | 16% re | © | 16 a ne Pe | ae ' iesf EXPERIMENT: LS} Pye | distort pare & ov building, ae s sktain the fmage of the tare st the building I “i inte. stice: je the wine aad § backinerd jo act a thaip image on _ the wart . = wre the distence pekween the misror gf the wal (sagen). Yhin wit be equal so the soush focal Jensth — 1G, the misroa. be j We det the wirror. Si i the ticod pee $ the fue other uprights ( with Jateial novernent) Il me = other end x 6) Clone Z Dholder with mirror im the ized upright beeping mnineor face towards other end oh the benth Aunjace perpendicular te Us length i vertical wing Jevelling actos 4 }fhe optical bench Cin final adjustment, the principle the wir i i Note oe position of the indeat mark on she bare of pa L ED abet naedle. : », é tical needle eck needle (0) | mount 2h win pecand upright . sou = 3b Move the objeck uprigit 6 clamp fk ab a distonce ee felt an) nearly 1. 5 ilenen te. ebtaincARVAIIONE Rough gocat Jersth of Adis Leathe, Fea ning " 7 ge need pt 2 image nee SevIcd Aistern ce belween Ke wisp § % 4 y +33 2] shertr resale is glacsd sm pehueer MOTE) Deel i Frage jmo| reece | ple (eg a [comRESULT The, boca) ben Gina orn cence € 4° a} % > bai 0 eleven ne rm @ \orad Jongh calculated fron . } = pv = -'- F82 Cre a+ Je cee, peesFg. : racie EXPERIMENT : So Pbepi itn hd I ee Eve focal) length of, the mirsrer. - Ad uot Deis bt ‘ch the obfeck yeedle +o make ib tipo ie on horizontal Une faough the pole of the WWAR DE ove ith the Jept 242 closed sce sith the Aisle eye biem the ether end of the optical bench. An inv § enlarged image ch the needle will be geen _ 2 minor Ci image, Jo nob seen, move 13] Note the position Objeck need . upright it om she _miarer 7) close mark on ahe base Sitar ack anda acoad mage needle. 14 Mount the Bick optical needle (rmage needle) in thind uprigut $ move the upright near the other ond _, the optical bench 4s Adjuat the height of the mage needle 20 o that dbs on Lk open o 16. Hip image when seem auoith aig open oye __ Move the eye towards Aight. ohe Lips will get separakd, rhe amage ip the Amage needle tip have parallace 14 Remove eh; lae_ao described the paralio# becomes || somo 4H oe 4a nlole the _poxition BN the sndesxe mark on the pare of, the denage needle upright . “ecard alt Aahe positions 4 the imeem. -aTERES = 43 the able against cbservalions. 2 . oe ft —2S eb? eR em Mean fos Fit C46 et fe tie” €2.693-64C68.7)4C149)s Crd ac ges é os £5 bis 94.4 a @.= .st-s! : Sane geeORJECT IVE Ne pind the pocal tenglh gy 7 conver mmberer wre | A conver ens DIAGRAM '-EXPERIMENT : Expt -3 pes “Te dekewmine ander correction. ind inmdee coarectiqn for distance belween _pole 4 _ crivron B kp 4 the object needle § al» gor clistance pelween pole of waeor § Ap oH the image. needle an dercri bed _ MI Kove object needle wprigt fowarda wniaxet im stepr — Gyiicm fo get ocbeewalion 26 1. Repost the ectpt. 24 Move objet needle upright quoay fo 1 mirror (frm. portion o} observation 2) im ateps sf tem. fo get obsewakon 4,5, $6. Repeat +he experiment 231 gecord atl the obserwalions | RESULT 1- dhe focal dong th 4 He given concave mire o> determined jaosn . length calcwaked from f= uy 43. 82 Crm aa / PRECADTIONS- ilprinetple quis of the miaror drould be hozizonial J _Iparatle) fo the central tine ical bench 3 he “wpa ic should bevel cal =3-Q Ext @ OBERVAT IONS: - . Rough focal Jongth of, coves 20s Actual fengty af Ending, veedJe, 2 = obsewed distance behwees) image peaHe XT aod batk SN the conven minto® Vv sedex comecion =EXPERIMENT: | Og Cxpt - 4 ECT. i —no_find the focal length ch ——imiam'ta convex Jens. APPARATUS ?- i An eptical bench with for upright Chsn tored wiphights in needle, bus puber sprigute with Jateral iwmMovement), conven Jens C20¢™ focal length) conve NRO 9 Pens tolder, a wiser holder. tuo opbiroh I Come thi on i aling die. dia bal, metic scale THEORY !- _ - conye; iss = — where R = tadivy of cuwaluie 4 the mirror | PROCEDDRE!- - E 0 delermine +0ugh focal dena oh conver tema. _ 1) Mourk the conver Jeng jm __Jeny Toolder. 2, Go euk 3m the open fi face the Jens sowar Hil measure the distonce petween the Jens becaw csmeen) Mhis will be equal jo Ahe Aor t Leman, sh the lens.> be a Rs = RESULT + he toca Lens of, the given RS AED conve mip(mocne [30 EXPERIMENT : e = 4) pel “Yo ek Une en Ss Clarnp the alder riba fen: up _hived upright gb keep Upaiguk an so crm mark, Gi Adjust the tens auch that perpendicular to the Length Sh te apical Boneh +l keep the aprighk fireecl tm tin Yris pombion Throughout 2 t “Te act the obfect needle 8.1 Yoke the Hin optical needle os ghject needle Co) nou: Ab dm ouber Jatetally movable Mpaight neo ern emd . giiMeve the objec needle diprigid $ clam ik at a idiatornce Cin full cms) nearly 1o times the ebtained ay I ugh focal fength of ne lens 10 Adjust height—vh the object yeedle to make ib Jie on “horizontal Une through the optical conbkge oh the tens wll Note he portion gh the inde mark on aAhe base the abject needle xupalght ae | ~To_aek the conver misnrod zu] Clam Hye holder with conver mirsroi in second kiced Opaight near the dens . wpaig Wk , keeping | Aeblecking, Awekace dh the mirror foward “hen 4 | Adivat, thre “heig kk oh “the MWR fo make ib pole “tie om horizon Line thanugl the optical cenbse qh te JemsMo pind the focal tengih 4 7 . by ploHing groph bebween Ue HY ob behwed L Fig:- foral tengiy eh convex tong.EXPERIMENT : Ee ot 3 = X nee eerie S= - a al Painct ple aezin af the dens showld be horizontal § _ PArabet the in e the opbical bench AU the uprisids should be vertical . - Sil the tip the meedle, cena G the mv, fi contre A tHe fens ghowld be at the same Peigus . i Tip © Hp pargites “thoud be semoyedEXPERIMENT : Ce) Exp}- 4 Pt- 26, Adjust the height eh Hoe ama _imaye needJe 40 Heap ik 22M Jy Vine wilh the hip ot, the _inmaope lnhen S2N WIth 29k Open eye, Move the UL towands “Rigid . the Hs wil seh inno od. the famag, Hp 8 the image needle Lip have pazatlax Remove the ~porallax lip in gio, Alote Phe por! tron G_the index mark on base ths image __hbeece, Ayprrig Wt Record the posibion oh the inder Marks in the table Ag aing} observation 2 eos 7 6 _delormine index coarechion a dind inde cmarection load distance bihween gele conver mine and a Lp 4, the mage needig JeactA bed _ on deaces TO ack more chrervation _ Move obfect needle uprighk towards Jeng by Der g2k obsewaHon 1. Repeat Hese “econ pel — Move Shfeot needle upright away YebYn tens hy Ler 4 Bel_obsewabion a. Repeat the -eeperimenh Recod.d young obserwalton ESOLT -- ch . neEXPERIMENT: Ee ho —LORTECT IVE}- 4 cor en, Ay plotting graphs bekween it _f V 6r bekween Here Me ey tis epiteal: bench pst Vaea, uppiga “Combaals }PAlghE pieed, two ober upright uo ee natee. rene dens “inith fens holden, a eo _oplt al needle cone thin, one Hick) a. keni Hing, ah m PRC : ee tHEORY '- the sclakion belween u,v f £ “é pou oA conve tens ip fo ee ev FS $ v rT F LY abv where f = focal denglh of conve Jen: = AL = dittemce of abject neeclhe bsom optical centre a the Ams. Vo dishence ty Jem age, needle phi cal centre a the Rens. | peoceoverr i —_ — “to. determine 2ough tecal _teng th 5 Mount the —comeave mbxet im minor bade’ dm the open § face the v7 saroky246 Ty ‘EXPERIMENT : Le we OBJECT TVE!- no fimd_zhe focal long oh co conyew len 4 plotting srophe Aekween WU Gf Vi or hekween “Gi APPARATUS | - An optical bench with Yrace upright ( cential: YPAIghE Jieed two ules upright uaith Jobera) Movement } a_covene dems with fens holder xed optical needles cone thin, one Hide) a kn bin needle, § a hath motse scale theory }- _ the _Aclation hehween uy g ¢ d@ hor ot comvese dans in _ dose = Sy = uv f = wy F v wb F wy AR-V oh convex tens object meeclhe prom optical Q the dens —= __necdle oplical centreNo. EXPERIMENT : ° Expt to istom} tree ov Gbiakn the maze gh the Aiee or the buildiog — Syn g white painted ie move the meron forward § batkward to get a rhaup_ienage on the woo | _ Meoaune the distance pekwemn the wmisrot £ the WoO Cyrcreen), thr will be equal te the ssugh pocal tong oh the wasrrier, “To get the lene S| Clamp the holder usithe Jeng ino biwedl uptight 6 keep the uprighk ot SocMm mark. 6.1 Adjunt the fima such taf ibs ahace As yexhira) g Sh Hhe apHical pench 4. LTE fi feed ip thin porition thacugheut “To Set the nbfect needle BI] Make the thin optical needle on object needle (od ut f+ im oufer Lderalty moveable lpaisht near zero end. 9.l| Move the ajeck needle upright § clernp jf ab o diatonn tic timen the obtafned ough focal th Phe Lemr - 40 Adee Sa aight of okject needle to make ib Rp fe om horizontal Sine Mupugh Phe oghical Beek. _ LL Note eaee h the fodeg mark on the base of, the obj ech - meedtle pads Wk, =bg @ Expt -@ OBSERVATIONS !- ie - Roagh poco. fengrh 4 gees conver dem =. Sern Actual dengity oh lending Obsewed didance betwecn olyect x 4 shoo kn ting ner dle 40 piared pehoeen, hen | ire na See Sbsewed dslence petwe2 ima ge nesdle ancl fens Wren kar Hing, meode placed ehoeen Hem LL Stee te rN Indes. correction fpr object Aistence 4, | See | Tedac comection fo lrnge newcn | e-zs CS een OS OBSERVATZON “TARLE!- 3 : cel $2. | Posi Hom oh oeserweol boca No. : dishornce bes deereat ‘lobs bi = : | object | tens Frage | | Oh=wL| Oca V | needle 0 eae / c com) | Com) Com) Eerm> |. Com | = G2 Ga cub> | ucaed. | ya is j | 4 ° aa 46 | 2 ° 82 Ss | + 18.2oy VR t- i ae Sey eee ae ee ee he al att i hee oa ey es. 38h il ariito...| Ebbets qs 3! { B g2 = Bit | =. 33,.¢ 23 ere od ers ae ee | = zs = as 418-9 + AEP (‘$8.35 438-54 8S 3 = 5 &.54 petra C mear = e-22 || £ESULT. U7 The ear focal SAR. Be Cm| | EXPERIMENT: Expt ilo is. “Te set the image needle Wits Jept eye closed, @ dee with fhe Alghy ope _eye brow the other ond of the optical bench. An_inveled 6 enlaged jmage oh the obteck necdle _ Wid be seen. Tip oh the image must bo die jn tas tne. middle oh pe fons _ a Mount rhe Hick optical needle in the fourth “paige near He other end -q, the opti cal tp-en ch 1e | Adjust the height cf the Amage eee eae ais. ipa ade acento line sith he tip oh the Amaze a hens —aseeryy si Hh Aig le ope eye . Le | Adjust the heigl of she ienage needle 20 thak Jp Hp dn seem 49 bine with the A Sh _Hhe toay e. bwhen reer usin aig! 46 | Move the =e Jowordy Aiguk ghe tips woul res bred. the image tip 4 the wage needle have || poraae, ao Lt. || Removes the _parallor xip do tip oo descr bel , _ 1% | Nole the poxition qh, Phe index mark oO base | qq || the image, merdte upaight - 1@ || Recogd she “position Oh the indew mark on the base Sh uprighk—oh the lens. she objec wecdle § th ih 2m the toble against sbsewatien? - “To _dekewnine jindex orrechton 98 || dan He Undex comrechion or distance hebw ee ll epvical ceuby. of tens 8 Bip h the obfect needle dle or distance bekweem orpktcal coutee oh fensCAKCULATIONS |- : Glewlakion ef focal Length by gropriced re eyo alo hyperbola. arc aL Cre MV 9toph) ab Jo perf ornyyd or CA making an omnyle aos? wlth either aed 6 . Lyox'd mmol mecking the cue al pornt A aca ee ch vedy ‘ pepemdioar on y's ana y- aves nef | The values Bud y will be game. pot print. & dro) AB SAC perpemdicar On w= GF yared -rvp. the valor oN adv will be same for pornh A Awd ac. perpendicular on x! of y een The vale ufiy wilt be Lame por poroh A rhe coor HM ng hen 4 poo} A mob be Cag, => | fo a convert lens, when A= ie v raf | Bane, ABT ACTZA On CC FORE 2} = 62 6 b=q | i EXPERIMENT : ~] syph-~ 10. — = oe gs! ahe - e _showd. oh tt | Aphis cg that omhy aedEXPERIMENT : eve _ Exh =o . Hp ol, the image nadie an chewerj bed “To__ger ey a Te ONIN ZL Move object needle upright Veaantty mirhor in steps Sh hem jo got Chsovolion ap Repeat the _ 221 Mote objec nese. upilght Sie te get obser ——_|Repeat eceperim: ek . . 24 Record all the 4 gc ands. —aucay, ese in RESULT: ap oh pea Jength ol the given conver Jon 2. Cu-v) geoph =) oo a. (& EL sgaph. 4. Cu-v) __giaph 1B keeping ab a Aistonce Jeont soem 4 the needle. PRECAUT LONS ‘- = - “ips of the obj dmage needles should be bie at _ a te U 3 cent: Jans — poratlace should be aemoved Aaorm tip. be tp Ay away joer-@ Expt ~ (4) OMMETIVE O 6 dekermina angle ah minim deviahow hob wives pac by ploting of a ysaph beboeen anale ah inedonce hee angle «devi ahion ® yo detamime | the vefpadtive indus oh rats qe prow DIAGRAM! ~ nial Calas)————— [angle of ircictense <2 | —————_————~, Angle of deviekon £2] ca— OBJECTIVE! - —t—Re_delenmine angle of flags five prem. ~ incidence § the amle 4, deviahon MDI mo determine the Arcpradive Ky’ the pais premeee| [APPARATUS e-1= 2... || Arowing board, 0 white xhe: Sf, Pay i drawing Pins, pencil, hal mere acale | pins, fier paper f a__pro tector Nhe _A¢feackive Index Cn) d the material 4, the paistn ts sivem by Ain [A +A ps ne es Sin (4) whee Om angle oh minimum deviation & A angle 4 the Gis. PROCEQURE Fixe a white shee paper _on the daw with the hale of daawirg pins ot taps. 2. Drow a Abanight Line XX' patie) lo the jength the paper nearly in the, middle a. the paper.| RESULT’ - | SEERA Oe) AE ED pe EDR EES | O drsle (@ Ke fradive inden eh i minimum deviaion. ams a3 modtriod of gyi ong DENT oof y3-400; EXPERIMENT C*) Exp} - I] pel [owe Mork points ©, 62,6 al XX! ab suitable distance == on the sbaiguk tine = about § cm. “Hl Brow normale Aoi, eA Aa---~ 07 poinks — Fr G83 os hig, Actsow atsaight Lin, ReOi , R26, RO, - 2 =. maleing angles of as? 1 40 60° apes with phe imoamel eons €. Mark DL CMe ch the prism ao A § fare Hon a edge Sythe prism for all the obsewahiona AapPuk ik prism with th Atfacking hace AB Jim the dine _xx' § point @, tn ihe middle q AB. 8.1 Mark the bdun ch the prism 3 ett ie tO & more, Okhice pin py, © Px eure f en the Aine Ri 814 A Da [should be 20mm 10. fook the image Chpoint 1 f Pa thaouah face Lac. The diskence between the _pin 22. more Close your Aekt exe, £ bring Pe aight ene 40 Line with the oo dagen tie $w_ ace pins Pag py —werticalhy 6 tocm tho} the open Aight eye ied 0‘ Ps Bg imagen of p § Py in one AtAaight fine Comoe. pins Pa Pa ¢ 2ncircle their, porcine. on Yhe paper, eat joint 0setae meanure Din libero caper AS. Draw _ _taoigtd lines thought point P¢ § Pe (pin lpaincks) to a semergend 2cuys Si Ta, Sa Ta, S37; o4 16 | Produce Ts), ToS $a Ts 5 bound | He _ paismn, Send acu naeond Any RAL SEB £8 : ot poink Fi, Pele ss Measure angles Ky) Fy Si , Kom S ieated ae mats There orgie of cleviabinn Os ba Bye - 18 tori te values oh Hreae AMgley an € ee $+ a To me nnure A a 4 |Mennure angle BAC in the boundary 4 the _pricms — Hin given angle A. DOl| Reco¥d your sbsevabioy eee RESUKT __ || PREGAD=FEONS - ~ D| Lo gacph indicates that oe the amgle 6}, inciclemce Ci) imereaces, the angle of dew jahion CO) piyst decreones, atrains 9 minivmnian value COm) ¢ then Forts dncweoni ng. bot purther inteease, vn agle sh indd-emce. = ii] Angle 94 wens section prs. 3% TDI_gofwa ctive inclear qth erial 4, the prism, =. bs RECA UT AON RESULE-!- Silrhe angles opind'clence should He beween ast 60), 2-|| whe pins should be pied vertical () 3. the distance belwecem the bso pind oksatd Be nob be ler thon 40 mm. at Ansley min tmuyn devia on, Den = _ St ~ teachers sions SF) Reber ve indleag ob materia shy the PENN esSabie ineptWE Pg- EXPERIMENT : No. (rcena a | J J _ eee Eypt -12- lore] 7] oo OBSectave:. ah Do determine chrachve Jndexe oh a glass | lab, sing q travelling mictos@pe 8 - APPARATUS ‘= : hace Gloas slako ch, clibperent thi tenes bb | ; moaterjal , 4 travelling microwope, app Jdycopods urn lpower. A slab i q piece teomspanant marerial Hutt reckomgulen paces. Al haces ore dvan sparen are _paraiel. The dimemxiomn along | 4 _cpparite_ paces witty re bight Leotied tb thi lkners - de e alal “9 “TueoRyt- ee daom atlabinn 0 = Acal phickners ch late apparent tHhitkners I Add Adjustment ch tecrvelting micte scope. | place she pavebling micrescepe CM) on the table peor A window $0 Phat auphicient Asght pails on sh Zl Adjust. the trey oldin 3 Screws oHrak the bare of « Ds + hotizontal, micro all Moke vvicroscope hoi ontal, Adjwot the posi ion of, the piece xo that ‘+he cots wines ane ches Tsible. ¢ eaisins phe _veurirer_constomb af the. vegfea) Scal] Gf _the_micwtcepe - Teacher's Signs ——— = || | %O et @ eaten re v0 defeamine Aef achive fndev 4 a glen ‘lab, IN, miwoscope . ory | THOLRN n= Atal tideyeas gh slab ipputcnl thidenesy of lab DIAGRAM * > = aap = { of] Ce Cene pee) || OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION i Clansbicain ) jaw cive Heal Velmex Cone |] acale 4 minosrope = 92008 __- em. Reading 0 ol 4ead oh mice scope Ken rascal Hog AgMek ith oud] Monk sith gl glans leo pedtiuan|aes Ce a,> [dex | Blows sls | tab Ra poutdes Rslapey) ic ; | t =f TRIMSRNSR] TR |MSRIYSR] TR O.BOlA BB [AS fo.oigeSas] O49 er Leo as] 1+ 4 bel dea 0.80 [4.38 | 2S fooispsic)o.as fo.rac] 2.49 + AeB2g]4.3 ]O.8O [LBR [AS eae | 19 [0.4385 | L-FO VERXLC = O00LK 2ST =zO.0f * with slab = 6.001 X480 =O .080 * Lywpodium: power. a = 0.00 LKIC 2 3-0,015 * ti STAGE basta s fo H°37-@) Expt @ ar x Apparent Hhickmers = Ra7 Ra rasp 138 = onscreenEXPERIMENT (*) Expt = 12 Other —Skeps Si Make q black- dink crocs-marnk onthe of the Mivrscepe, The Mark wit) aowe oe antl Pp S} Make the micwscope vertical ¢ pocua it on the | 2b ot p D6 that henge %o no poratlage between| the croyy-wires f the Jomage dh, the mark . p hl Nole the main acale 6 the yeunfer amle ing CRy En the vertich| acale . 81 Place the glass sab af teat thickness aver, He. mane, P 9 Raise the micwseope upwarols 6 fects Sf o7 the arnage Py ch the ¢-oes~ mark. | oll Note the avcading (Ri) on the vertical pale 00 | bepore tll &painkle q py pect ah ty Copodiurn pow d on the whace on tHe slab 2] Raise the micpscope further wowand G focus ak on the poticle near § Note the Acading CR) on the vertical scale again. 2. t.|| Repeat above Alcp» with other glass clab a}, mone. thi teness 15:]| Becord sbsevations im tabular form . RESULT '- the aotto Rs~Ry is conthant 4 Rae. ivep acive Andee oh the material of 3 the gh glat . Ts Teacher's Sigg| exoemment. SE) : Expt - 12 PRECAUTIONS \- oo ye Yre mictegeape , the paral cre should be properly Rerno ved | ” Ui mine Prickescepe should be moved dn upper Hirection nhs te avoid back ash error a a ay 4 t"yy d the asbcothve inde ah Maud oO fied Ye aheach ve der oho Maw bs convte dimy do planen triadsue) ws Fret (13) ; i itt beigeht or. todos C mILEVA ; Yai ee ve 16 aay sae ¥ 4) f t n le We peor ¢ i .ee pe if 1 t Acevanae ' L 6 oy paeche ip. aannf bOCE. 1 ; 1 ’ 1" ang th i § PPS | from plane | Mean BS | i Mee Ty]! mot | eae, “com goto | Ye | ALO emg tet | t Sucpiciicaks a asia Grd) Cobos ais) t | | i I Without a | er aLes ty 2. Lgaiq C4 eet 2 | Qs | J Wy | | Ligust aod 20.h | rege @) - 4 Acca Radius a eurvolure AS = 8.5 ten yy B8C= Bg 0m Ac = 3. cm \ Mean velue oh he BSFBOHBS = BO om | a deast count a) spherometer | & pitch scale division = Limm. noch pull rotation yivern to « dutonce moved by screw = mm, a here pitt Pe srom/o = bomen, nd sh BT sion on Gxcwoy eSexecnimenr: [| Exp: es feces ee ORIECTLVE!: fag ee ae kind he dupa clive. hy dene. “oh, aq, oe Lory €2¢ dens p_planes. the i APPARATUS "> e af. sf conve. tons, 4 plane See ty Bear “pranspaent quid tod beaker, an optical needle, Co Haicl lami Mins : needle posved through a Adbber cent.) ,am Ban _prorre _lbotvh base end clamp arr orngewment,plurab tire, plane alow a eee mee scale 2} > _[sneors. Jess Bee ae ea ne eles Seetit F_be the boca ALongih ol, gle> conver a Leis 4 —dtqutd_tens_¢_t _f be phe ve Jenga oy Hele, = T kL = ihe r’ 2 Pak =EXPERIMENT: Ne: a (cen | Go : Eye = 13 eer PROCENURE!- _ 9) Fox. jocat dong, ol conver Jeng ind i ADU fact} Azmnghy Doke. a flare wixm f place Lb om the horizontal base oh the from stomd a Place the converse lens on the plano mito» 4 SQowe Ahe tight the optical needie in the clamp the stomd $ Wed i} horizontally above the dene ot di stance equa) fo jk rough focal Aergth, Sil Baring the Hp of the needle ab the vertical princple axio oh the Jens, 0 thak Lip eh_the needle appear touching the Hp oh its image € ll ove the weedTe up dan md Asmove panalese Mikio, la he the need learn +1 Meanure, dixtomee between Lip eu the Sens f by uring a pmb Une 4 hall mete acale . _ Z.| Ako measure Af atance behocen Hp f the surbace _ dh, is Plame Mirror. ees b) fof. the femgth df the combinahion _ emp ape pene Eee] : Cony ee ens over it —foien ame fe gees = tase - 19) Repeat aleps 6.4, $. g oe ul decor, fos L el - = aEXPERIMENT | Expt 2 15 Exp ~__[pRecaum tons L _ ht ere Hal “the Uguid taken shoud be tram cponent ‘ri hao daops oh Uguid should be faker 22 shot Joyer ty no Hick aah prratian should be semvyed 10 He ae gs SS =.2 Ese uhoy pare fesse cusses dane 2uah Hemce least as Oo CRLEDLAT TON: ae 6 paet uc = tx 200k = 0.045 A e Re ph oh g:08 1 Se 4203s es oh z exXO.O4S oa O.4 2 _ = Qe = 2o.so.03a7c > 26.53 CRE = of og aye %a, » without Liquid, R= 224224 - 22.05 ee Se he a ek: oie ad : with Uquide = go +202, = “~ 22.08-30.05 -2] BOOFK22.0F 662-60" HADkt RQ = LtRKA = £2F% O.afe Fo = 140.824EXPERIMENT : 14 eee ORJECTIVE'- 4 ww -V exist, Dw = Ljunction tn kerwerd-Has ond svese - bias ' LAPPARATDS «- _ | t—A__p-9 junciion Ccemt =conductor) diode a_3 vole las CUI, a tig Nevistance yheoatak, ane 0-3 Lyott volimetes OMS GO-TO volt yelkmets, one 0-100 mA pom cta. one O=100 WA armmeten , one pay k eH. commecking. {uae omc pieces of sand papers LTHeoRy = - Forward -biad charactelotic. when the p- section eh, the. didde in commected to positive terminal ¢h a bay ond n-section is connected to negative terminal of batters them jundckion io _aaid to be tp» ard itahed With, TIncmease in oO. Ee \pa iLdicde o.Bv fo as he SI incroaae suddenly. the value of, bpawand biad val Meage a which he jorawdrd cunent imcreancs apidly ip | eatled cot im netbage. Or Tthardola y Revese-bias character tsttes . When the _ p-secton of the diode in connected to negakive ® texminal ¢ high. wltage ts ~ {OH diode con 40_positive teyminot of, the same bakery, when junction dn said +o he severe biared.the Z-v chan orward-bias ond | & | © pon jurchon ode jor-~weverse bare dbsorwahor. - a For forward by? J © Rarge ae veltmefer = {ZV heart count ch voltmeter > LY ZeAD eLOr ¢} velbnetee = LL LV Kanye oh mile ammetet = Leaat toot aq TUL. ornereter *e€erg er ~ ehh) ~ommeters fie eS® for yevesse ®t OP io o Table Jor forvsar ian Yolage £ forward current Sane Mypmaarnd-bies | toawarel «wrent eh : s | vellage yeco 2— OC mA) OD Ce =e Go 1 oO 2 ° 3 oO 4 fa} s oO 6 4 4 Ve s 3 | 3 s ke 45° bias - Range of volhmetea = leoot count 4 volimetee =~ _ v Zero erron 4 V6 \tened OL Pa, ote ee v Rorege mieco- ammede = 2 2 LL LUA Leash cound ef micvo ~ammeler = 0 MA Ze QOL oh Micvo- Grmmet or Bt hy EZ) Tablc por ‘meverse i- dian Witase f terre current SANO-|Reverse-biqsvdtake Vg | Reverse avren ee GR Te cur) +) e GY i £ ° 0 a ¢ 3 410 Ss 4 20 a s 30 1g 16 40 ay bobo et Se sé a } Pte ap Seta ct TePI -@ Expt - CY) oe woLions~ ee fics ~bion Cyn junchon) Te geoph 4, ppmnanck biap | For change from point ATOR ANF = Oo} -0.6 =, On EY ATE = ss-5 =). LomA Hence junction sesishonoce foa ponward-biar £ ¢ ° nx 10 est AVE Se Qe Mrs Oy AXE OX 1 =O) = 20 she, v @® Fon severse bias (ax jun Ry graph oh veveese-bian Foa charge from pomt A tok. A VR = 40-ad = 10V AIR = 322-13 > ADUA y Hance junchon seafstonce for ~ SiR Gin SSAVR. s jov S10 ZS oxi See VA axles ae = OOS KOS 9 3 82% 18geo : meme] Sh} EXPERIMENT = Eepk = 14 eepoprtad PROCEOvRE :- Sie Ga Bia ee Make chcwit a shaun. Make ait conmections neat, clean and His lt u t_count exb edDs of _yolbmeterCv) Qrac _yni ti- mad. Bang, snoving conta tential divider sa ngative end end and inseant the Key b. voltmeter (v) ornd ni Mie — ammeter (mA) will give zerp asadin g, Sll Move the contact _a Kittle jawords positive enct_af, apply a kpaward ~bian vottage Cve) of 0.2 curment yermains AZerO. “|| Zn ease he. forward bian veotkage Lup O-3V ips Ge diode Gareuk remarny 2220. (atin due t© function peteutial barnicr of, o.av)- J 4 || znovcone ve ye ees cemds a srmath zt, Gil Tnepeane Ve in asbepa of O.2 Vand note the coaresponding curyenk. currert imneases frsk stows, ond then i oO. PETE » |. 9. peau Si b Aw 3] Make, Ve = O-32V the current incrcase auackcbaliss This e ah the Ve incwanes yond TE onward breakdaon stage The _pprw cwrReatk does not change much. take oud the ken ak once, — cbsowob'2 2 | : fncena | So i EXPERIMENT : Expt a wre L 3 © For _awerse-bian Make circuit dig apam an chown Make ok connections neat, dean and Note least tount and zoo eon 4 aattnste, © Lon Lone ig snovinng, contact &h potewbial nee Dear govitive end and insert the ive { ZErD a6] ove the. octiad voor chs —- ALN CXS i vv. a7 Severe Jerse cus ete tars blowing At || Inneane. O2V Z 7 a j colonsile and then aapidls Ai Vp _becom-en 20v. Note whe cmreut . 18. Make Vez asv. The aurrent increases aude Ith opener Ko pon ade breaskalown ! stage Note the Jewent amd take aut the key ak once | RESULT :- ncHKON Ne mh }prward. biad ee] = _10 obms. Sunckion acvistance fpr werse-bias = 0.82 O™ him T opActy+ -(4) Py a) EXPERIMENT : eae fmctna lon | Ty vity of [care | j : o_| OBSEcTAave)- —Te__meanvre veri stamer Votlage Cac / ne) currewk ¢WCdiond check continuity fo given olacuik Luling, SMG met | APPARATUS ANO MATERIALS °- | Appanakus '- Wace canbon semistor, on skamdard Aenislomce coll, a batleny climinator with tapein, 3 CaN | ond _ sy), a skep dan “3. drain andi. pug toy C6-0- an Capping C2V and 4yv), a aomsbor | Theosty s- A Winston. Ch ino single cneaduring device acting — Gy an Ammeter, A voltmeter and an chm meter, and mnuUtKmeben. — —— Hog encaiinge cece acti Tox thin acoeorn, tt in alen catled AVO meter = zh can measure alternating os usetl_an dizect ond alternating, o> wel ap dirnect vollage fa addi- Lion ho ‘ 4 = divided Jmto iv mnk__2ections 2 eckion go th, ak can reaoune bron pealene cee ys me 34 Coe) wri tea pet et omnk the aange wn ome_scciton fetabion a Anh for change im ammelet nonge bilge | eeaien acwistomce af, diferent valtses iin clacton —— angilel with the cov. see ac geActyb ®O ae OREO TIVE | - eC Ac / ac) current Ay: To merase agsistormce voltay Lbleneken. and check cout iver ciacuit & 4478" wag UW 5 9 : cm-l HK = | | Black| Ueda bea Black, probes Yexcbes, @ Measwunr Meaawar Meoauring measuring AC. te voltaye voltage uh 4 ® Aetric daca @® chereing continuity,Pg=(2) AcwW* =e) c ‘ OPSERVA 1 ZONE QD Toa menowuning af Parisbance [Renter coioun wy oadue q ningieine qrokvena [value of, | 2% | | b prom coor cade RUAN ony Ver | apecueed | g [rear | 1 T | | | | By poraye) ued Brounnteiive le wiots © 1. | @2o | 100 aye | | | lavethseon {ery leewset | ioe | ls Ra lasamnlgacilioon {getcl roxeot 220.0 LOS 1 & pope | | Rs hemes hae [yotd [sax 2c ) — G). Menowmemenk oh Velbage 1 w [relage eadiar[ ay 7 jobs Vol tay ebet se b| Pipheent in volhage Acot vo RemeHin leno PANE eeN I wea oh dole mek¥ed DC VONGENT Cuca) Peveres ay- vou L Le Ad O.0k ac 2 | 3.0 Sek Od s | 4s 4.8 oq bys 1048 0.18 AC 2! Bo RB 0.3 3] 4.5, 4.6 differroce ' for ac. Lisa Le £ yon ar3.2-80%“64 Biag- qs = og PLAC Werte séeg R33-3.0 203 Si de~ge reyEXPERIMENT : pNe | Actvt 4) Make iv ac bas R,, Ro Ra Note the colours of fast, second. thine and fourth LAS fee each scwetor - PLAS i te _prhes d, the vmurtimeter IP oppropriabs terminals, Selecle the appropite singe hove the others ends 6 ben and adjust zero. Turn -che seaminal snorked “Adjust” such that the needle oh the vnsbes _ Iho ws Judi scale deblechom ond rcads 22x05 chm Separake the moebalti enda_q the probes. Znsert the a. sistor Ry to be mesure im bdlejlection q the pornber on the renge Si Repeat kop 4 jon the other arnisters Rand Be each tin acloching Phe appropriate aange rod testing the zerp. é ny i Noun co le. the values aerikiora in ahrns ard write their values with tolemce, iB Doc Valbage Seleck a 2.C. source. A_pokenkial dikleence ev batiety iron et a 4% ack 3m 0M and ye fm 4 ane Doc vole by turning the elector gofich Aomge iv 0.G volls- ok _pasbs such +het 1 Oo _ sl Touch ama en marked 1 and -bal black op= ord — o. battery ermt -| Rata tion af,_knob _fes_chomnge im waltmeten nange-baings.. serieds acvistomce of, clikherenb. value tn claculk im series witty the coil =| Rotation d.krsb joi change fon en_nbuncker aangs.eungs. iDerent seniutence tA circuit in Acrixs volt “the Heepittien muttimeter cetl ~ A lCarhon resistors are bacquenth, uasecl im elechical ond lecbionic cheuiks and their, Yale eth OVER. vere wide, A colour code in uned tn Indicate the valve { the _aeristom ce 2A Se eee nate ak oe cole’ age 0 ond The past these bond a,band c dekermine the valite al the sciisbomce cond whe. fourth \ 2 percenta, accudae catled tolerance. The der stomce 4, cothon rcxisier P=(ab ey | “To the follovoin senbence ae ko be af wna ch ie tale BB pase ais Eaiain Nery Goed soibe. ok qi 6 x 8 3. = othe: hold jace. Lethe 6, 8,R,0°G8,V,E 69 dn above | sentence _comespond to the colour Black, Raneon Red __ oy nellow, GHeen, Blue, vislek a orn soit nike. SG; do the aTEaTe 108, 10' 307, 20%, 2of, 10 s ama int eae Sa eeEXPERIMENT : Co) Actvt @ S- crt sod oben teyminely marked dy, 2V in succertion gn mote readings I wre. voles. 4] “Tera the selector auc, C200 vol) _ 2|| Touch and PA2rS the peOber otbex? ends to two terminals a, A.C. ounce F, potential claop and tole the wading Sia Dee nod paobe in terminals 4v and 2) im succession _ anh adhe _scading LINEE RANCE} - _ 4] The measured values by multimeter match with de coded _valuss of Tewicksn | 2 Ac. omc pe vwlkage morked an yoltage cources aa watt veltege meanaiacl 61 muttimeder. - PRECUATZONS ¢ - aS 4. Tnstauctions jno landling the mullimeter chould be omd oo Si game 4% sugin—thaowshl4—asik_io aves handy inbrumest i so-get despamged i coafied teases a} | lam oxcnby mabe } | 2. Select the. 2 pein to the measured and seb im en appanptiale cmgen | sz}, songs the parameter. ‘measured ds nob known, stark } t. vo 2 oth mozimowmn, foe measuring | Vreven cemmnet «more than maximum 600V.acnt- @ ra OBJECTIVE | - Te assemble a household cKevit, Compassing Ane ee, bulbs, haceCon/ahh) ausitches a fuse anal a power Sours, OTAGRAM.- af say_| | ies Sy ac | wi | ms F POD = @ Bg. @ crevit diogram ® Actual Layout,(mor tivity on. lowe | EXPERIMENT : Le A household ctrcuit, ceunpouainy Comfohh) sual ches, a ure aril A thaee butbs, _thae Power so URCLD . Ap APPARATUS AND MATERIAL: Apparatus Mo_apparahienequited io axamiblios ¢ AL Chas b _w Material. thace bulbs Cov 40) cach, pur ios, OU, _C batter —stiminatad). théee Con)afh) nish Assholes _plesi-ble commnech THEORY |= Lame oe lecbnici fpa_comentic _ purposes io 226 VAC and D Hy. The household cirer ow appliances ase. carmecks|_im posolel: toi 4h malas the susitchen ane coomected in ‘erica’ voit eo th ei aces im five volar, CA switches art xnuqutrrd Li ater , air, conditioner. ae aki Au have hase tae capled ives cata! and -the carth | rotal power 2 . consutmplion ‘p’ ab a time. es pe ptP2bPat- es aa [ohere pis Pa. Pa ore the pode staqsen By oe a2) en “[re_—gaakects—the_neyenst baste ey utile Fas aade x roto apyh Higher thas) the the euatt aa dating. —-Pals xP No. (raceme [oe ERIMENT chivi . @ Cs a ! 1 | —pceeent noamatly drawn by A _apphiances pnd burther, tackeky. a suitate value TAnINs FUSE Like sabing as — “2 acomnected tie A@ien wlitn ppl SOURCE ii | IPROCEANRE) - 1) G@uwyect e 4 % : : wi H Sa and s serpechvely and connect each set a g-5 fr_parartbel Ny cack ther. iceommeck main suppl to a slep~step p tronsharmer iC battery ctiminato) “To get required vottage jaom_o te |aov (02, $6.8, and jov). 3.) Conmect th in NLS. tir series with the power sapply Lbattory bi I AKG: 4: Copmeck an AC ammeter im series with @-S set | Commect one end of power supply to one enc af LB-S seb 6) check the ctacutt one ngdin fo ensure chak house - [hold cinoitt In compere 4 i e en OFA, the buse _ a | Anus bn. ob O64. _ t i Q, 5 ea am == E am wo = - EES: Bie aie eS EE— [peocenver.- \ i EXPERIMENT | Nu | A: tung om OBIE TLVE! Yo atsemble (he componend ofa gis heer sheutt Cay ohais Law cdr), (APPARA TDS AND MATERIAL Apparatuay A vo Umelen and an mine Ff appr AOR EC 1A ey a ahemslal , one ¥. Material s- Ain unkmawn aeishance 0% 4% connec Ung wres, a plece oh sam paApor. wa with cach ether {| conne ck the “component ten ed en 2\ th woe an shown 3m fis: them im ser | Conmeck the Lammnek ex Gaedigh with the cues measurs the cusemb — a || Leme—the connect the " valbenaiaac in. panded J om astisternce to _meanlahe _xfe potential. difigaemce 4. itch jn series Tot the pathos s \ a the. eectic compare nt vm eet bar revit 22 Cormplete _ connent the ikem ap shman im bis, OTEMETY = =a mr Fae teal umbnprern Aesth enaAchvity - © me) OBJEC TAYE. - . “Th ascermble the component of O get letrical Onesk ( Sau ohars Jaw CrAcubt ) DIAGRAM Rh fg i- Gacuhl agro OP SEL DY == 7 i» jr meaowu ng uminown auishenceActviy - @ ra OBJEC TEVE’- Te study the voushon ja poten Hal AOP wol Hy Jaog ty 44 pink for 4 shea dy curen ent DTPERAM a= % Rheostat L4OOCTS gq Hlasate Ky Loo cry ee eis | by Suing yauolion in golembial 3 4 2 wite | is eee H,Patty © Deirevisken ang caicvi2hor ferje of volmeier = 3Y keane coun RESULT ig eee The 4aho ¥_ wb constant is quant; ued poterlial gmdient 4, the uwsite 0S:oc a ee the vanabion nm polembiah dase —s yb. fest % wire pra pinay cumwed UAPPARA TUS ANa MATERIAL Oca: Relentinmeter.. atertal on A pally charged acy. wishes “4 a fet maton a Slow” seristomce aheostol, a veld cnet Loh rome Co-3.9¥) an ammeker (0-3) A, a osseenment; [ ae Activity ~ 4 ae] at Di Lemave the insulation {earn _ tne alith apes The aif beackion stick 2a atSechion -@ Po-4 EXPERIMENT ; No. }PAGE No. | 14 | } Ac fivity x lowe yer a sas 7 : sch an yi. | D| Cos he smelt slit’ im bel” the sharp ma | $_plase 24 suitable dislenee ro: Ne a Tanah Ha dark yrrmn a) PRECUATION'!- | Ain yaes showld not be teh bet” Bless plates ff Brack _papes. TL he ep extase: ihe Closed oo poxet ble iy Dikhaackiow hovld he seen o ato dark 200 72> 2 A poi source A. monochremalic Lishk Ltke — face, Aourch show be used _____— has Sign >Sek = Aedivity “4 eaten si" mo Pg1¢ 3 Peal) Hag eae tt eee esSechon- & Ecru ~0O2 OBJEC TE VE:- STO. ident y adiode, av Py @ LED, a transistor | an 26; 4 resto and capacitor froma mired collection 4 uch Jrerns ATION *- Nov A [xlo-ch | posible curren Name device | obs klovs device ~ ni dacectional | aiool aC emie mo Mgt vee Transistor af CG). |uvidizectional Led chon, emt fight |. diode, £€D, | © [Both Aixection [revi ston Ig verishon Enh ah Vash but @ deca WG Ot Capacitor,EXPERIMENT: ("4d SE re - Sechen 'Q’ 3-1 eee) 4 7 j | obtecTave:- | eee ob " | To tdemH ty a diode dm 16D, a tromsishoy @n_ Ke, po OE eaistos and ce capactina frmm a mixed callecHon <4 such -items © TT taned ond dees nok comduict sg! while a tum ~ terminal device 2+ conclucts when _agverse” bianca, at does not emit lint LED i; Set ia - also [eewival device. zt also conducls ites oavward hen asverse biased aeons z 1 ence. the 6 2 | bern i nals yas ain emitter, (2), bane ¢ A) § collectorEXPERIMENT ( No. a A Copnailen = also a hoo terminal devices] Zt conclur + when et H LINEUDE wiased. u source {hen e capacities, 9. ” tonne obec 4 toc ct ows pul scale cur nengt ini titty bur tt decay to zero quickly Cf jp be ccuse _amuthimeler _ thot initially A capecite: _dsaw a charge CHenee, clown pot ~ comdu hy gc. vollage . However iO corlucts colth ac OCEDURE __ Db th Abe dem hur four om mere teymmale ancl har form a clip. i in amae— cian keg eked cine) 2 a, Abe ie bay kertninals it i a tvaneistor. s ah the item has +020 tevminals. if may be cliode, ALLA, A Best stor oa i “To clipherentiote 1 ‘proceed ap aheaol Make the serieo catuske utth battery liminator Reversi ng ery the {Leyn 6 the mMuttimeter oleh fomge Set ao jd Surtth on +he whim nodes onal watch the mavement oy nu thi melo pointer. 2h pointer moven When seme Votlage Jo applied ene vs) arod [doer sig sayy a eae ee eee a dod 24. pointer moves when uolkdya in applica wy one swan See nat. move sles Awversed f there 20 Ri ton th A S-See. B 1 Fg-(D Achvity =@) S wise CAS ea] paper Eleckeulyn Rings. Mica = ™ oe @ cotbon . vesislog ~ ® Capacitor aig ese ® (lai a= : —> : | PPP on wen oS St Q Jaa big o Se owe Eo pene QQ @ TransistorSechen ~B Pym Achwity - z ~ Carectizve - Te pesewe aproctian etd Ledeush devahne C dacplarement af a beam fy gbt ae sbliquels on & “glass slab.i i It EXPERIMENT ; Cea ee = = tivity os, [owe | | cere ctzve:- 10 obsewe ce facton and lateral devialy displacement) sh a peam a Lghh jneident ebliquely on asia lab. APPARATUS’ - Grlaa9 slat daawing board, wlite paper choot daarDing pio. -ofptce pins, prokwarkor. THEORY: a when A weey Sat be com, din ol Aer lla porattel a. ri glam ala, tb emergen pocorn tt ame. Aisechion ad imcigen indicared Aas. bt colt Auppera p 4 toteral displacement propational |The toteral diqlacement in given ny d= +o the clab Acai Sh ners « Ct acc, 2 sin C#é~2 | PRoceovee!- Fixe white paper sheet toy Aaauwing gins oh drasing bogad. Toke. ie a zhe midoll + oma mark is boul *RCD » akin i oe 4 line @ making — an amsle Ast, the oymas PQ with acprensast 27) tindident roy.ok poin\s 4 6 2 06 p@ ak dishances $202 mere bet) them celved. See images oy PINS Hreough pace be amd poe +0 04k PINS ak poling 3 anda. (10cm os more apart) such that these tw ping cover the images of me frst te20 pins an being along a_shralg Line. Remove the glass slab. draw sliaight line 26 thf ugh prints af a nepresen+ -ermexgent . DOIN QR tn aeprenemt Aafra cea 2a. Ose _a_noamal at point @ on face OC ond TOS OOUNE omg | e $t com: bo be. equal te angle f hice awas.cl to cut ao TO perpendicular 4m RSTO the wure ater al cicplacemers he _ CON CLO PZOM b= » 2) Angle of incidence (= Angle of emergence Ce 5 i Be , ei : he i wi th increapes wn the tthricknerd 4, the cab 9»To determine the internal resistance of given primary cell using potentiometer. ' APPARATUS A potentiometer, a battery (or battery eliminator), two one-way keys, a rheostat of low resistance, a galvanometer, a high resistance box, a fractional resistance box, an ammeter, a voltmeter, a cell (say Leclanche cell), a jockey, a set square, connecting wires and a piece of sand paper. THEORY ‘The internal resistance of a cell is given by ” where I, and I, are the balancing lengths without shunt and with shunt, respectively, and R is " the shunt resistance in parallel with the given cell. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM RHEOSTAT °(COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSICS_yy 6 PROCEDURE 1. Make the connections accordingly, as shown in circuit diagram. < . connecti 2. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and make tig! ections according to the circuit diagram. 3. Tight the plugs of the resistance box. : 4. Check the e.m-f. of the battery and cell and see that e.m-f. of the battery Pe ae than that of the given cell, otherwise null or balance point will not be obtained (X’ > E), 5. Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat resistance small, 6. To test the correctness of the connections. (Insert the plug in the key K, ang note the ammeter reading. Take out 2000 Q resistance plug from the resistance bor, Place the jockey first at the end P of the wire and then at the end Q. If the galvanometer shows deflection in opposite directions in the two cases, the connections are correct). 7. Without inserting the plug in the key K, adjust the rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the fourth wire of potentiometer. 8. Insert the 2000 ohm plug back in its position in resistance box and by slightly adjust- ing the jockey near the previously obtained position of null point, obtain the null point position accurately, using a set square. 9. Measure the balancing length J, between this point and the end P of the wire. 10. Take out the 2000 ohms plug again from the resistance box R.B. Introduce the plugs in key K,, as well as in key K,. Take out a small resistance (15 is a k Q) from the resis tance box R connected in parallel with the cell. ah ha oe eae the potentiometer wire and obtain null point. . Insert ohms plug back in its position in R.B. i adjustment for sharp null point, “B. and if necessary make further 13. Measure the balancing length /, from end P, 14. Remove the plug keys at K, and K,. Wait fc i current (as show bythe ansmeten vont eae and fo the same vale 15. Repeat the observations for differe: . nt values of R ting i i 16. Record your observations as given below oe eee 74 ty OBSERVATIONS 1. Range of voltmeter Least count of voltmeter EMF. of batte, TY (or batte; i EMF of cell Ty eleminator) ms; 2. Table for Lengths Position of null point (em) Without shunt R With shunt R @ | @ | Mean | @ | G9 |-Mean 4 at L (Ohm) @) (8a)-| (3b) | (8c) |. ad) (32) | 6p @ aaa CALCULATIONS 1. For each set of observation find mean i, and /, and write in column 3e and 3f. 2. Calculate value of r for each set and write it in column 5. 3. Take mean of values of r recorded in column 5. RESULT ‘The internal resistance of the given cell is PRECAUTIONS Same as in Experiment 4 and other precautions are as: 1. The e.m_f. of the battery should be greater than that of the cell. 2. For one set of observation the ammeter reading should remain constant. 3. Current should be passed for short time only, while finding the null point. 4. Rheostat should be adjusted so that initial null point lies on last wire of the poten- tiometer. 5. Cell should not be disturbed during experiment. 6. Jockey should not be rubbed against the potentiometer wire.147 thas & LENGTH OF SPHERICALLENSES © SOcdian | oc a ncemeanenenentenna To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or 1 1 detween Land + APPARATUS i An optical bench with three uprights (central upright fixed, two outer ore lateral movement), a convex lens with lens holder, two optical needles, (one thin, one thick) a Jmnitting needle and a half metre scale. 1 THEORY ‘The relation between u, v and f for a convex lens is where, f= focal length of convex lens u = distance of object needle from optical centre of the lens v = distance of image needle from optical centre of the lens. Note. According to sign-convention, u has negative value and v has positive value. Hence, f «comes positive: pie "2 Oby ect $4 place ot Ic RAY DIAGRAM ty Imoge 44 var ee . Dey baile ro Fig. Focal longth of convex lone, PROCEDURE To determine rough focal length 1. Mount the concave mirror in mirtor holder, 2. Go out in the open and face the mirror towards distant tree ar building. 4. Obtain the image of the tree oF the building on a white painted wall iachen) aint mnave the mirror forward and backward to get a sharp image on the wallyoga LENGTH OF SPHERICAL LENSES: ee = yy OBSERVATIONS Rough focal length of the given convex lens Actual length of the knitting needle aes Observed distance between the object needle and the lens when knitting needle is placed between them Observed distance between the image needle and the Jens when knitting needle is placed between them Index correction for the object distance u, x ..¢m Index correction for the image distance v, r- a(n-) f | a We have, hi - Putting value of f,, n can be calculat DIAGRAM Optical Plane mitror Fig, Focal length of glass convex ona and liquid lena combination. PROCEDURE (a) For focal length of convex lens 1, Take any one convex lens and find its rough focal length, 2. Take a plane mirror and place it an the horigantal baxe of the iran ataned ‘ 3, Place the convex lens on the plane mirror, 4. Serew Light the optical needle in the clamp af the stand and tute it hoeiean tally sON* the lens at distance equal to its cough fhoat length, 5. Bring the tip of the needle at the vertical pringipal axin athe Tena, we that pot? needle appears touching the tip of ita imaye ," geFRACTIVE INDEX OF PRISM MATERIAL, GLASS SLAB AND TRANSPARENT LIQUID 175 6. Move the needle up and down and remove parallax between tips of the needle and its image. 7. Measure distance between tip and upper surface of the lens by using a plumb line and half metre scale. 8. Also measure distance between tip and the surface of its plane mirror. (b) For focal length of the combination 9. Take a few drops of transparent liquid on the plane mirror and put the convex lens over it with its same face above as before (A plano concave liquid lens is formed between plane mirror and convex lens). 10. Repeat steps 6, 7 and 8. 11, Record your observations as given below. (c) For radius of curvature of convex lens surface OBSERVATIONS 1. Rough focal length of convex lens =...... cm, 2) Table for distance of needle tip from lens and mirror Distance of needle tip | Zam) Focal length Arrangement From lens surface From plane mirror Mean x = “172 | x x x, (em) x, (em) fem) Lom T a (2a) (2) (2c) Le (3) Without guia 22 23.2 | | ba o | With gui \ 2G 30'2 | Radius of curvature 1 ' 1 R=......em. 5 | — CALCULATIONS , | 21) ' . o'2 of i 3 PRECAUTIONS a r pel UE 1. The liquid taken should be transparent. { 2. Only few drops of liquid should be taken so that its layer is not thick. 3. The parallax should be removed tip to tip. ab SOURCES OF ERROR 1. Liquid may not be quite transparent, 2. The parallax may not be fully removed.Activities _ ACTIVITY 1 AIM To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, an IC, @ mixed collection of such items. aresistor and a capacitor from APPARATUS AND MATERIAL Apparatus. Multimeter. Material. Above mixed collection of items. THEORY For identification, appearance and working of each item will have to be considered. 1.A diode is a two terminal device. It conducts when forward biased and does nat conduct when reverse biased. It does not emit light while conducting. Hence, it does not glow. 2, ALED (light emitting diode) is also a two terminal device. It also conducts when forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It emits light while conducting. Hence, it glow. 3, A transistor is a three terminal device. The terminals represent emitter (E), base (B) and collector (C). 4, An IC (integrated circuit) is a multi-terminal device in form of a chip. [See figure (UM 3482 IC Tone Generator)] 5. Aresisto risa two terminal device. It conducts when either forward biased or reverse biased. (Infact there is no forward or reverse bias for a resistor). It conducts even when operated with A.C. voltage. A capacitor is also a two terminal device. It does not conduct when either forward biased o1: reverse biased. When a capacitor is connected to a D.C. source, then multi- meter skiows full scale current initially but it decay to zero quickly. It is because that initially a capacitor draw a charge. ‘The components to be identified are shown in figure. 2.Yum “He ots 12345878 ~ ‘Fig. Some of the commonly available integrated circuits ICS PROCEDURE 1. If the item has four or more terminals and has form of a chip, it is an IC ‘integrated Greuit). 2. If the item has three terminals, it is a transistor. 3. If the item has two terminals, it may be diode, a LED, a resistor or a capacitor To differentiate proceed as ahead. 4. Put the selector on resistance R of multimeter for checking metal ends are inserted in terminal for + ve). the continuity. The probe marked on the multimeter as common and P duc that the black one isin common and red probe isin Pior + ve). On touching the ‘ends of the device to the two other metal ends of probes. 1. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one wa: and there is no light emission, the item is a 2.1f pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way Versed and there is light emission, the item is a LED. 3. {fpointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and also when reversed, the item is a resistor. “ {fuinter does not move when voltage is applied in one way and also when reversed the item is a capacitor. y and does not move when reversed and does not move when re-208 ~ OBSERVATIONS _. : “y Name ofdeviee | Na of Possible current Name of device Obs flow ah Ic + Unidirectional Diode exit no light 2 | Three 5 Unidirectional LED . emit light 3 Two 46 Both direction Resistor steady) 7 Initial high but Capacitor decays to zero207 NITES aeenetnnsnnnnnsny 1s n-p-n type. But if the common terminal has to be connected to ~ve for making the conduction possible in both the case, then the transistor is pon-p type, connected to +ve, thon the transistor i (o) iseatlfyieg an IC, An IC hax minimum of eight legs. Most of the IC packages have flat back. (d) Adiode or an LED conducts only when forward biased and in reverse biasing, there is no flow of current, (e) When a diode is in working order, it will allow the current to flow in one direction, when forward biased, 20CEDURE 1, Use the selector switch and put the multimeter in ohm range (R). 2. Insert the metallic end of the back lead in common terminal of the multimeter and that of the red in the terminal marked P. Bleck lead Black lead High resistance in both 1 ‘shows that In 3 and 2 ‘one is emitter and other Is collector (1 Is base) Black lead Red lead Black lead 1-2 Reverse biased 11s P 210N 1-3 Reverse biased 1isP 3isN Lisle || {Transistor in NPN) laAIM ACTIVITY 2 To use a multimeter to: (a) identify base of transistor (b) distinguish between npn and pnp type transistors. (c) see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an LED. (d) check whether a given electronic component (e.g., diode, transistor or IC) is in working order. APPARATUS, A multimeter, transistors, npn and pnp, an IC (integrated circuit 7408 or 7432 each with 14 legs), a diode and an LED. THEORY (A transistor is a three terminal device. It can be regarded as a combination of two junction diode joined in an opposite manner such that the middle part is common to both. When an n-type of semi-conductor is sandwitched between two p-type of semi- conductors, the transistor is p-n-p type but when p-type of semi-conductor, the transistor is npn transistor. Input section is forward biased and output section of & transistor is reversed biased. The base current is small but emitter and collector current is large. I, = I, + I,. (a) Identify the base. If one of the three terminals of the transistor is so chosen that conduction take place in both the cases when a multimeter is connected between the chosen terminal and either of the remaining two terminals, then the chosen terminal is the base. (b) To find out whether the transistor is p-n-p or n-p-n. For conduction to be pos sible in both the above said cases, if the common terminal of the transistor has to bele. oe com Low resistance 208 COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSICg_ yg | 1 \ Black lead Red lead Black lead Red lead 2 4 1a Forward biased Forward biased Wwe BisP net 2isP —~ 1isN — 1isN (Transistor is PNP} () (fH Fig. Identifying the base of transistor 3. Connect the other metallic end of the black lead to the leg of the transistor marked’ and the red lead to the leg marked ‘2 as shown in Figure (a) and note whether the resistance shown by the pointer is high or low. Now reverse the contacts of the leads with the legs ‘2’ and ‘3’ ie,, leg (8) to -ve and (2) to + ve as shown in Figure (6) and note again whether the resistance shown in high or low. To possibilities arise 1. The resistance is high in both cases in figure (a) and figure (b). Then proceed as explained further in figure (c), (d), (e) and (f) and locate the base leg and the type of transistor n-p-n or p-n-p. 2. If resistance shown as in figure (a) is high in one when 3 is +ve and 2 is -ve and low in other [3 is ve and 2 is + ve figure (6)], then proceed as explained in part II of the Figure. Connect 8 to -ve by red lead and 1 to +ve black lead as in figure (c) and (d). High resistance é o Com Q Low resistance 0 2 neciad DTK ne a 3] 211 2. Reverse biased 3] 2 | 3.2 Forward bias 3isN mT l 2ieP |slack load su Black lead aN 4-N aa] | 2p 2P Transistor is npn Transistor is npn (Lead 2 is the base) (Lead 3 is the base) C) () Fig. Indentifying the transistor if itis a p-n-p transistor (@ Ahigh resistance would mean 3 and 1 are both n-type and 2 is p-type the base. (b) Alow resistance would mean a forward biasing of 3 and 1 (i.e, 3is n, Lis p and 2isp). It means base is 3 and the transistor is p-n-p type. Identifying the emitter and collector leads (Having known the base). In a tran- sistor, the emitter region is heavily doped relative to the collector region. Therefore, the for- ‘ward resistance of emitter base should be lower than that of collector base. Using ohm-meter (uultimeter set at R) the forward resistance of the lead with base having lower value implies that the lead is Emitter and the other offering higher forward with base is the collector. When reverse biased, a diode does not conduct. An LED behaves the same way except that a diode when conducts emits light. A transistor conducts only when base-emitter is forw: | when base-collector is forward biased. (©) IC (integrated circuit). Look for number of legs of the device. Eight or more than eight legs imply that the component is an IC. @) Unidirectional flow of current ard biased and does not conduct Case of junction diode 1. Connect the +ve marked end of the diode a to +ve terminal of a 6 V variable D.C. Probes ot battery adjusted to minimum voltage. malts 7 yy aten 2. Select the D.C. current at 10 mA range Rel” ly =E piminator by using the selector switch. Insert one Diode —>? the metallic ends of probe in terminal P(+) a oe Sie eee eee Fig. Testing se tional, . current in a diode. metallize end of red " peor ee ee of the diode and the metallic end of black probe into the -ve cevpinal of the battery eliminator and read the value of current by varying the output of the eliminator. Since the diode is forward biased, it allows the current ~ : S ssCOMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSICS yy, j uch that the end marked -ve is at highe, |. Again observe the current jn Je. No current reading in the f current in one direction | 4, Now reverse the terminals of the diode s potential and the one marked + is at lower potential. multimeter on the appropriate D.C. milliampere sca’ multimeter would indicate that the diode allows the flow o only, ie,, the current is unidirectional in a diode. 5. Now replace the diode by the LED and repeat the allows the flow of current only when it is forward (e) Checking whether diode, transistor in IC is in working order i 1A diode will conduct only in one direction ie, first connect the ends of diode to the / two metal ends of the probes and reverse the connecting points. If it conducts in one | case, then diode is in working order. If conducts in both cases or does not conduct in both cases, then it is damaged. Select any two terminals between which there is no conduction in forward or reverse biasing, these will be emitter and collector, ifit is not so transistor is damaged. Now use third terminal as base and check whether it conducts with one of the terminals and does not conduct with other terminal showing lower resistance in forward bias- ing between base-emitter end higher resistance in forward biasing between base and collector. steps to establish that an LED algy biased as well as emits light. p Identification of terminals of 1.C. 1C 7408 (Quad 2 input and Gate) 7432 (Quad ) Input or Gate a . A Hl Y s— 8. OR j “AND | i V ie 1 v, 14 “al a w OG WF 78ND GND-Ground Vac5 Volt Fig. (a) IC 7408, (6) IC 7432. 8. See the number marked on IC 7408 or 7432 Fig. (a) and (6) and its speci C74 32 Fig. pecification from the manual. Check the functioning of various gates e.g., four AND gates on 7408 0F four OR gates on 7432 (14 terminals on each). On 7408, two terminals for 0 V and 5V_ and 4 gates (AND) each gate with input A, B and output Y, ie. 3 terminals oF, 244% 3 = 14 terminals in all. i ee:FREE | ACTIVITY 4 observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely To no glass slab. sppARATUS Glass slab, drawing board, white paper sheet, drawing pins, office pins, protractor. sHEORY When a ray of light (PQ) incident on the face AB of glass slab, then it bends towards the al since refraction takes place from rarer to denser medium. The refracted ray (QR) travel slong straight line ‘and incident on face DC of slab and bends away from the normal since sefraction takes place from denser to rarer medium. The ray (RS) out through face DC is called emergent ray. From the following diagram (@ The incident ray is parallel to the emergent ray i.e. i =e. (ii) The emergent ray is laterally deviated from its original path (incident ray) by a distance d=tsecr sin (i—7). DIAGRAM Refraction through a glass slab. PROCEDURE Fix a white paper sheet by drawing pins on a drawing board. hi Take a glass slab and put it symmetrically in the middle of the paper and mark its dary ABCD, Draw a normal at point Q on face AB and draw a line PQ making an angle / with the Yormal, PQ will represent an incident ray. Fix two pins at points 1 and 2 on the line PQ at distances em or more between themselves. “i See imayes of these pina through face DC and fix two more pins at points 3 and sem ieaign gem. ech that these two pins cover the images of first two pins, all being alomg.» alge ost214 COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSICS—xiy = Remove the glass slab. Draw straight line RS through points 3 and 4 to represent emer, gent ray. Join QR to represent refracted ray. Draw normal at point R on face DC and measure angle e. It comes to be equal to angle i, ____ Produce PQ forward to cut DC at T. Draw TU perpendicular to RS. TT measures lateral displacement d. Now take another set for different angle of incident and measure the lateral displacement, S.No. | Angle of incident (i) “Angle of emergence (e) Difference (degree) (degree) -e) a: 30 f 6 2 | 45 L CONCLUSIONS 1. Angle of incidence (i) = Angle of emergence (e). 2. The lateral displacement increases with the increase in the thickness of the slab. 3. The lateral displacement increases with the angle of incidence (i).OBJECTIVE '- 0 bind | THEORY *- DIAGRAM! reororce oh, BY ‘i js akeniad. [ence dedeamsne the apse ee @ Veknaon avaistance x = Cloorb > B T ek Samirg Pe be | x te given bY ® eopersuniatores ce) oh material giver by R = xc p? +t Unenwon Rest pense Rem'stance - RBS