Namma Kalvi

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8. Differentials and Partial Derivatives Let 𝑦 = √𝑥, let 𝑥 = 9 and 𝑑𝑥 = 0.2
Example 8.1
Find the linear approximation for 𝑦 = √𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = √1 + 𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ −1, at 𝑥0 = 3. Use the = √9
linear approximation to estimate f (3.2).
Solution: 𝑦=3

Linear approximation From 𝑦 = √𝑥

1
L(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 𝑓 / (𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 2
√𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Given 𝑥0 = 3, 𝑥 = 3.2 1
(0.2)
=2
√9
𝑓 ( 𝑥 0 ) = 𝑓 ( 3 ) = √1 + 3 1
= 3 (0.1)
= √4
= 0.033
=2
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = √1 + 𝑥
1 𝑓(√9.2) = 3 + 0.033 = 3.033
𝑓 / (𝑥 ) = 2 ………………………………………………………………………
√1+𝑥
1 Example 8.3
𝑓 / (𝑥 0 ) = 𝑓 / (3) = 2 Let us assume that the shape of a soap bubble
√1+3
1 is a sphere. Use linear approximation to
=2 approximate the increase in the surface area of
√4
1 a soap bubble as its radius increases from 5 cm
=4 to 5.2 cm. Also, calculate the percentage error.
Thus, Linear approximation Solution:
Radius of the sphere 𝑟 = 5
L(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 𝑓 / (𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
1 Increase radius 𝑑𝑟 = 0.2
= 2 + 4 (𝑥 − 3)
Surface area of the sphere 𝑆 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
𝑥 3
=2+4−4
Approximate change in SA 𝑑𝑆 = 4𝜋(2𝑟)𝑑𝑟
8−3 𝑥
= 4
+4 = 4𝜋(2 × 5)(0.2)
5 𝑥 = 4𝜋(10)(0.2)
=4+4
= 4𝜋(2)
And, 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √1 + 𝑥
Approximate change in SA 𝑑𝑆 = 8𝜋
𝑓(3.2) = √1 + 3.2
Actual change in surface area = 𝑆(5.2) − 𝑆(5)
= √4.2
𝑆 (5.2) − 𝑆 (5) = 4𝜋(5.2)2 − 4𝜋(5)2
5 3.2
So, L(3.2) = + = 4𝜋[(5.2)2 − (5)2 ]
4 4

= 1.25 + 0.8 = 4𝜋[(5.2 + 5) × (5.2 − 5)]

= 2.05 = 4𝜋[(10.2) × (0.2)]
………………………………………………………………………
= 4𝜋(2.04)
Example 8.2
Use linear approximation to find an = 8.16𝜋
approximate value of √9.2 without using a 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 –𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
calculator. Relative error = 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
Solution:

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8.16𝜋 –8𝜋 40.2𝜋 –40𝜋
= =
8.16𝜋 40.2𝜋
0.16𝜋 0.2𝜋
= 8.16𝜋 = 40.2𝜋
16 2
= 816 = 402
1
= 0.01960 = 201
Percentage error = Relative error × 100 = 0.00497
= 0.01960 × 100 Percentage error = Relative error × 100
= 01.960 %
= 0.00497 × 100
………………………………………………………………………
Example 8.4 = 0.497 %
A right circular cylinder has radius 𝑟 =10 cm. ………………………………………………………………………
and height ℎ = 20 cm. Suppose that the radius EXERCISE 8.1
of the cylinder is increased from 10 cm to 10.1 1. Let 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3√𝑥 . Find the linear approxi. at
cm and the height does not change. Estimate 𝑥 = 27. Use the linear approximation to
3
the change in the volume of the cylinder. Also, approximate √27.2
calculate the relative error and percentage
error. Solution:
Solution: Linear approximation
Height of the cylinder ℎ = 20 L(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 𝑓 / (𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
Radius of the cylinder 𝑟 = 10 Given 𝑥0 = 27, 𝑥 = 27.2
Increase radius 𝑑𝑟 = 0.1 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3√𝑥
Volume of the cylinder 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 3
𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 𝑓(27) = √27 = 3
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 (20) 1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 )3
𝑉 = 20𝜋𝑟 2 1
1
Approximate change in V 𝑑𝑉 = 20𝜋(2𝑟)𝑑𝑟 𝑓 / (𝑥 ) = 3 (𝑥 )3−1
2
= 20𝜋(2 × 10)(0.1) 1
= 3 (𝑥 )− 3
= 20𝜋(20)(0.1) 1 1
𝑓 / (𝑥 ) = 3 × 2
= 20𝜋(2) (𝑥)3
1 1
Approximate change in V 𝑑𝑉 = 40𝜋 𝑓 / (𝑥0 ) = 3 × 2
(27)3
Actual change in Volume = 𝑉 (10.1) − 𝑉 (10)
1 1
= 3× 2
𝑉 (10.1) − 𝑉 (10) = 20𝜋(10.1)2 − 20𝜋(10)2 (3)
3×
3

= 20𝜋[(10.1)2 − (10)2 ] 1
= 3 × (3)2
1

= 20𝜋[(10.1 + 10) × (10.1 − 10)] 1 1

= 3×9
= 20𝜋[(20.1) × (0.1)]
1
= 20𝜋(2.01) 𝑓 / (𝑥0 ) = 27

= 40.2𝜋 Linear approximation

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 –𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
Relative error = L(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥0 ) + 𝑓 / (𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
1
= 3 + 27 (𝑥 − 27)

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 3 2
To find √27.2 = 25 + 15 (𝑥 − 125)
1
L(27.2) = 3 + 27 (27.2 − 27) 2
To find (123)3
1
= 3 + 27 (0.2) 2
L(123) = 25 + 15 (123 − 125)
0.2 2
= 3 + 27 = 25 + 15 (−2)
= 3 + 0.007 4
= 25 − 15
3
√27.2 = 3.007
……………………………………………………………………… = 25 − 0.266
2
2. Use the linear approximation to find
(123)3 = 24.734
approximate values of
2 4
(i) (123)3
4
(ii) √15 (iii) √26
3 (ii) √15
2 Linear approximation
Solution: (i) (123)3
L(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 𝑓 / (𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
Linear approximation
Given 𝑥0 = 16, 𝑥 = 15
L(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥0 ) + 𝑓 / (𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) 1
4
Given 𝑥0 = 125, 𝑥 = 123 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √15 = (15)4
1
2
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (123) 3 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 𝑓(16) = (16)4
1
2
𝑓 (𝑥0 ) = 𝑓(125) = (125)3 = (2)4×4
2 = (2)1
= (5)3×3
=2
= ( 5)2 1

= 25 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥)4
1
1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥)
2
3
𝑓 / (𝑥 ) = 4 (𝑥 )4−1
2 3
1
2
𝑓 / (𝑥 ) = 3 (𝑥 )3−1 = 4 (𝑥 ) − 4
1 1 1
2
= 3 (𝑥 )− 3 𝑓 / (𝑥 ) = 4 × 3
(𝑥)4
2 1 1 1
𝑓 / (𝑥 ) = 3 × 1 𝑓 / (𝑥 0 ) = 4 × 3
(𝑥)3 (16)4
2 1 1 1
𝑓 / (𝑥 0 ) = 3 × 1 = 4× 3
(125) 3 4×
(2) 4

2 1 1 1
= × 1 = × (2)3
3 3× 4
(5) 3

2 1 1 1
= 3 × (5)1 = 4×8
1
= 3×5
2 1 𝑓 / (𝑥0 ) = 32

2 Linear approximation
𝑓 / (𝑥0 ) = 15
L(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥0 ) + 𝑓 / (𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
Linear approximation 1
/(
= 2 + 32 (𝑥 − 16)
L(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥0 ) + 𝑓 𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )

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4 1
To find √15 L(26) = 3 + 27 (26 − 27)
1
L(15) = 2 + 32 (15 − 16) 1
= 3 + 27 (−1)
1
= 2 + 32 (−1) = 3 − 27
1

1
= 2 − 32 = 3 − 0.0370
3
= 2 − 0.03125 √26 = 2.963
4 ………………………………………………………………………
√15 = 1.96875 3. Find a linear approximation for the following
3
(iii) √26 functions at the indicated points.
(i) 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 12, 𝑥0 = 2
Linear approximation
(ii) 𝑔(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 2 + 9 , 𝑥0 = −4
L(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥0 ) + 𝑓 / (𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) 𝑥
(iii) ℎ(𝑥 ) = , 𝑥0 = 1
𝑥+1
Given 𝑥0 = 27, 𝑥 = 26
Solution:
1
3
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √26 = (26) 3 (i) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 12, 𝑥0 = 2
1
𝑓 (𝑥0 ) = 𝑓 (27) = (27)3 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 12

3×
1 𝑓 (𝑥0 ) = 𝑓(2) = (2)3 − 5(2) + 12
= (3) 3
= 8 − 10 + 12
= (3)1
= 20 − 10
=3
1
𝑓 (2) = 10
𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥) 3
𝑓 / (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 − 5
1
1 −1
𝑓 / (𝑥 ) = 3 (𝑥 ) 3
𝑓 / (𝑥 0 ) = 𝑓 / (2) = 3 (2)2 − 5
2
1 = 3(4) − 5
= 3 (𝑥 )− 3
1 1
= 12 − 5
𝑓 / (𝑥 ) = 3 × 2
(𝑥)3 =7
1 1 Linear approximation
𝑓 / (𝑥 0 ) = 3 × 2
(27)3
L(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥0 ) + 𝑓 / (𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
1 1
= 3×
(3)
3×
2
3 = 𝑓(2) + 𝑓 / (2)(𝑥 − 2)
1
= 3 × (3)2
1 = 10 + 7(𝑥 − 2)
= 10 + 7𝑥 − 14
1 1
= 3×9
= 7𝑥 − 4
1
𝑓 / (𝑥0 ) = 27 (ii) 𝑔(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 2 + 9 , 𝑥0 = −4
Linear approximation 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 + 9
L(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥0 ) + 𝑓 / (𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) 𝑔(𝑥0 ) = 𝑔(−4) = √(−4)2 + 9
1
= 3 + 27 (𝑥 − 27) = √16 + 9
3
To find √26 = √25
𝑔(−4) = 5
Manisekaran – Dept. of Maths-SRKMHSS ARCOT Page 4
 1
𝑔 / (𝑥 ) = × 2𝑥 Linear approximation
2√𝑥 2+9
𝑥 L(𝑥 ) = ℎ(𝑥0 ) + ℎ/ (𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
= √𝑥 2
+9
= ℎ(1) + ℎ/ (1)(𝑥 − 1)
(−4)
𝑔/ (𝑥0 ) = 𝑔/ (−4) = 1 1
√(−4)2 +9 = 2 + 4 (𝑥 − 1)
−4
= 1 𝑥 1
√16+9 = 2+4−4
−4
= 1
= 2−4+4
1 𝑥
√25
4
= −5 =
2−1
+4
𝑥
4
Linear approximation 1 𝑥
= 4+4
L(𝑥 ) = 𝑔(𝑥0 ) + 𝑔/ (𝑥0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) 𝑥+1 1
/(
= 4 = 4 (𝑥 + 1)
= 𝑔(−4) + 𝑔 −4)(𝑥 + 4)
………………………………………………………………………
4
= 5 − 5 (𝑥 + 4) 4. The radius of a circular plate is measured as
4𝑥 16 12.65 cm instead of the actual length 12.5 cm.
= 5− −
5 5
find the following in calculating the area of
16 4𝑥
= 5− −
5 5 the circular plate:
25−16 4𝑥
= − (i) Absolute error (ii) Relative error
5 5

= 5−
9 4𝑥 (iii) Percentage error
5
9−4𝑥 1 Solution:
= = 5 (9 − 4𝑥)
5
Change in radius 𝑑𝑟 = 12.65 − 12.5 = 0.15
Area of the circular plate 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑥
(iii) ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 1 , 𝑥0 = 1 𝐴/ = 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟
𝑥
ℎ (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 1 = 2𝜋(12.5)(0.15)

ℎ (𝑥 0 ) = ℎ (1) = 1 + 1
1 = 𝜋(12.5)(0.3)

1
= 3.75𝜋
=2
Actual change in Area = 𝐴(12.65) − 𝐴(12.5)
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥)/−𝑥(𝑥 + 1)/
ℎ / (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + 1)2
𝐴(12.65) − 𝐴(12.5) = 𝜋(12.65)2 − 𝜋(12.5)2
(𝑥 + 1)(1)−𝑥(1) = 𝜋[(12.65)2 − (12.5)2 ]
= (𝑥 + 1)2
= 𝜋[(12.65) + (12.5)(12.65) − (12.5)]
𝑥+1−𝑥
= (𝑥 + 1)2 = 𝜋[(25.15)(0.15)]
1
= (𝑥 + 1)2 = 𝜋(3.7725)
1 (i) Absolute error
ℎ/ (𝑥0 ) = ℎ/ (1) = (1 + 1)2
= Actual change in Area – Approximate value
1
= (2)2 = 𝜋(3.7725) − 3.75𝜋
1 = 0.0225𝜋
=4

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𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 –𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 ………………………………………………………………………
(ii)Relative error = 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
6. The time 𝑇, taken for a complete oscillation
𝜋(3.7725) – 3.75𝜋
= of a single pendulum with length 𝑙, is
𝜋(3.7725)
0.0225𝜋 𝑙
= 𝜋(3.7725) given by the equation 𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝑔 , where 𝑔
0.0225
= 3.7725 is a constant. Find the approximate
225 percentage error in the calculated value of 𝑇
= 37725
corresponding to an error of 2 percent
= 0.00596
in the value of l .
= 0.006
𝑙
(iii) Percentage error = Relative error × 100 % Solution: 𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝑔
= 0.006 × 100 % 1
𝑙 2
= 0.6 × 100 % 𝑇= 2𝜋 (𝑔)
………………………………………………………………………
5. A sphere is made of ice having radius 10 cm. Taking log on both sides,
1
Its radius decreases from 10 cm to 9 8 .cm. log 𝑇 =
𝑙 2
log (2𝜋 (𝑔) )
Find approximations for the following:
1
(i) change in the volume 𝑙 2
= log(2𝜋) + log (𝑔)
(ii) change in the surface area 1 𝑙
= log(2𝜋) + 2 log (𝑔)
Solution:
1
Change in radius 𝑑𝑟 = −0.2 = log(2𝜋) + 2 [log(𝑙 ) − log(𝑔)]
4
Volume of the sphere 𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 D.w.r.t.l,
4 1 𝑑𝑇 1 1
𝑉 / = 3 × 3𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 = 0 + 2 ( 𝑙 − 0)
𝑇 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝑇 1 1
= 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 = 2 ( 𝑙 ) 𝑑𝑙
𝑇
= 4𝜋(10)2 (−0.2) 𝑑𝑇 1 𝑑𝑙
= 2( 𝑙 )
𝑇
= 4𝜋(100)(−0.2)
Percentage error
= 400𝜋(−0.2)
𝑑𝑇 1 𝑑𝑙
𝑉 / = −80𝜋 × 100 = 2 ( 𝑙 ) × 100
𝑇
1 0.02𝑙
Volume decreases by 80𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 = 2( ) × 100
𝑙
2
Surface Area of the sphere 𝑆 = 4𝜋𝑟 1
= 2 (0.02) × 100
𝑆 / = 4 × 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟
= (0.01) × 100
= 8𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟
= 1%
= 8𝜋(10)(−0.2) ………………………………………………………………………
= 80𝜋(−0.2) 7. Show that the percentage error in the 𝑛𝑡ℎ
1
𝑆 / = −16𝜋 root of a number is approximately 𝑛 times
Surface Area decreases by 16𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 the percentage error in the number.

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 4
Solution: Let 𝑥 be the number. 𝑑𝑉 = 3 × 3𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
1
∴ 𝑦 = (𝑥 )𝑛 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
Taking log on both sides, = 4𝜋(10)2 (−0.1)
1
log 𝑦 = log(𝑥 )𝑛 = 4𝜋(100)(−0.1)
1 = 400𝜋(−0.1)
= 𝑛 log(𝑥 )
𝑑𝑉 = −40𝜋
D.w.r.t.x,
Volume of the sphere decreases by 40𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 .
1 𝑑𝑦 1 1
= 𝑛×𝑥 ………………………………………………………………………
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
EXERCISE 8.2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑥
=𝑛× 1. Find differential 𝑑𝑦 for each of the following
𝑦 𝑥
functions:
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑥 (1 − 2𝑥)3
× 100 = 𝑛 × × 100 (i) 𝑦 =
𝑦 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥
1
= × (𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟) (1 − 2𝑥)3
𝑛 Solution: 𝑦 = 3 − 4𝑥
………………………………………………………………………………………………
/
Example 8.5 𝑑𝑦 (3 − 4𝑥)[(1 − 2𝑥)3 ] −(1 − 2𝑥)3(3 − 4𝑥)/
= (3 − 4𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑓, 𝑔 ∶ (𝑎, 𝑏) → ℝ be differentiable functions.
(3 − 4𝑥)[3(1 − 2𝑥)2 (−2)]−(1 − 2𝑥)3 (− 4)
Show that 𝑑(𝑓𝑔) = 𝑓𝑑𝑔 + 𝑔𝑑𝑓 = (3 − 4𝑥)2

Solution: (1 − 2𝑥)2 [(3 − 4𝑥)(−6)+4(1 − 2𝑥)]

= (3 − 4𝑥)2
Let 𝑓, 𝑔 ∶ (𝑎, 𝑏) → ℝ be differentiable functions.
(1 − 2𝑥)2 [−18+24𝑥+4−8𝑥]
Then (𝑓𝑔) is also a differentiable function on ℝ = (3 − 4𝑥)2

∴ 𝑑(𝑓𝑔) = 𝑓(𝑑𝑔) + 𝑔(𝑑𝑓) (1 − 2𝑥)2 (16𝑥−14)

𝑑𝑦 = (3 − 4𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
……………………………………………………………………… 2⁄
2 (ii) 𝑦 = [3 + sin(2𝑥 )] 3
Example 8.6 Let g(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + sin 𝑥.
2⁄
Calculate the differential 𝑑𝑔 Solution: 𝑦 = [3 + sin(2𝑥 )] 3

2
𝑑𝑦 2
Solution: = 3 [3 + sin(2𝑥 )]3 −1 (2 cos 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
2
g(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 4 1
= 3 [3 + sin(2𝑥 )]−3 (cos 2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑔
∴ = 2𝑥 + cos 𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥 4
𝑑𝑦 = 3 [3 + sin(2𝑥 )]−3 (cos 2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑔 = (2𝑥 + cos 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2−5𝑥+7
……………………………………………………………………… (iii) 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos(𝑥 2 − 1)
Example 8.7
If the radius of a sphere, with radius 10 cm, has Solution:
to decrease by 0.1 cm, approximately how 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥
2−5𝑥+7
cos(𝑥 2 − 1)
much will its volume decrease?
𝑑𝑦 2−5𝑥+7
Solution: = 𝑒𝑥 sin(𝑥 2 − 1) (2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
Change in radius 𝑑𝑟 = −0.1 2−5𝑥+7
+ cos(𝑥 2 − 1) (𝑒 𝑥 )(2𝑥 − 5)
4 3
Volume of the sphere 𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒𝑥
2 −5𝑥+7
[2𝑥 sin(𝑥 2 − 1) + cos(𝑥 2 − 1)(2𝑥 − 5)]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑉 4 2
= 3 × 3𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 −5𝑥+7 [2𝑥 sin(𝑥 2 − 1) + cos(𝑥 2 − 1)(2𝑥 − 5)]𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑟
…………………………………………………………………………………….

Manisekaran – Dept. of Maths-SRKMHSS ARCOT Page 7

2. Find 𝑑𝑓 for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 and evaluate Given 𝑥 = 2, ∆𝑥 = 0.5
it for (i) 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 = 0.1 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2
(ii) 𝑥 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 = 0.02 𝑓 (𝑥 + ∆𝑥) = 𝑓(2 + 0.5) = 𝑓(2.5)
Solution: (i) 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 = 0.1 𝑓 (2.5) = (2.5)3 − 2(2.5)2
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 = 15.625 − 2(6.25)
𝑑𝑓 = 15.625 − 12.50
= 2𝑥 + 3
𝑑𝑥
= 3.125
𝑑𝑓 = (2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2
= [2(2) + 3](0.1)
𝑓 (2) = (2)3 − 2(2)2
= (4 + 3)(0.1)
= 8 − 2 (4)
= (7)(0.1)
= 8−8
𝑑𝑓 = 0.7
=0
(ii) 𝑥 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 = 0.02
∴ ∆𝑓 = 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) − 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥
𝑑𝑓 = 3.125 − 0
= 2𝑥 + 3
𝑑𝑥
= 3.125
𝑑𝑓 = (2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥
(ii) (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 ; 𝑥 = −0.5, ∆𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 0.1
= [2(3) + 3](0.02)
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3
= (6 + 3)(0.02) 𝑑𝑓
= 2𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑥
= (9)(0.02)
𝑑𝑓 = (2𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑓 = 0.18
……………………………………………………………………… = [2(−0.5) + 2](0.1)
3. Find ∆𝑓 and 𝑑𝑓 for the function 𝑓 for the = (−1 + 2)(0.1)
indicated values of 𝑥, ∆𝑥 and compare = (1)(0.1)
3 2
(i) (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 ; 𝑥 = 2, ∆𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 0.5 𝑑𝑓 = 0.1
(ii) (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 ; 𝑥 = −0.5, ∆𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 0.1
We know, ∆𝑓 = 𝑓 (𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) − 𝑓 (𝑥 )
Solution:
Given 𝑥 = − 0.5, ∆𝑥 = 0.1
3 2
(i) (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 ; 𝑥 = 2, ∆𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 0.5
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 3
3 2
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 2𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥 + ∆𝑥) = 𝑓(−0.5 + 0.1) = 𝑓 (−0.4)
𝑑𝑓
= 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(−0.4) = (−0.4)2 + 2(−0.4) + 3
𝑑𝑓 = (3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 0.16 − 0.8 + 3
= [3(2)2 − 4(2)](0.5) = 3.16 − 0.8
= (12 − 8)(0.5) = 2.36
= (4)(0.5) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3
𝑑𝑓 = 2 𝑓(−0.5) = (−0.5)2 + 2(−0.5) + 3
We know, ∆𝑓 = 𝑓 (𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) − 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 0.25 − 1 + 3

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 www.nammakalvi.in
= 0.25 + 2 𝑑𝑃
= 2𝜋
𝑑𝑟
= 2.25
𝑑𝑃 = 2𝜋𝑑𝑟
∴ ∆𝑓 = 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) − 𝑓 (𝑥 )
Given increase in perimeter 𝑑𝑃 = 6
= 2.36 − 2.25
∴ 6 = 2𝜋𝑑𝑟
= 0.11 6
……………………………………………………………………… 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝜋
4. Assuming log10 𝑒 = 0.4343, find an 3
approximate value of log10 1003. 𝑑𝑟 = 𝜋
Solution: 3
Change in radius 𝑑𝑟 = 𝜋
Let 𝑦 = log 𝑥, 𝑥 = 1000 , 𝑑𝑥 = 3 log10 𝑒
6
𝑑𝑦 1 ∴ Change in diameter 2𝑑𝑟 = 𝜋
=𝑥
𝑑𝑥
(𝑖𝑖 ) Area 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝐴
= 𝜋(2𝑟)
1 𝑑𝑟
= (3 log10 𝑒)
1000 𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟
1
= 1000 (3 × 0.4343) 𝑑𝐴
=
2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟
𝐴 𝜋𝑟 2
1
= 1000 (1.3029) =
2𝑑𝑟
𝑟
= 0.0013029 2( )
3
𝜋
=
𝑦 = log 𝑥 (15)
6
= log 1000 = 𝜋(15)
= log(10)3 𝑑𝐴 2
= 5𝜋
𝐴
= 3 log(10)
𝑑𝐴
So, % error = × 100
=3×1=3 𝐴
2
log10 1003 = 𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦 = 5𝜋 × 100
= 3 + 0.0013029 40
= 𝜋
= 3.0013029 ………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………… 6. An egg of a particular bird is very nearly
spherical. If the radius to the inside of the
5. The trunk of a tree has diameter 30 cm. shell is 5 mm and radius to the outside of the
During the following year, the circumference shell is 5.3 mm, find the volume of the shell
approximately.
grew 6 cm. (i) Approximately, how much did
Solution:
the tree’s diameter grow? 4
Volume of the sphere 𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3
(ii) What is the percentage increase in area of
𝑑𝑉 4
the tree’s cross-section? = 3 × 3𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑟

Solution: 4
𝑑𝑉 = × 3𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
3
(𝑖 ) Given diameter 𝑑 = 30 𝑐𝑚
Here, 𝑟 = 5𝑐𝑚, and 𝑑𝑟 = 0.3
Circumference 𝑃 = 2𝜋𝑟 4
𝑑𝑉 = 3 × 3𝜋(5)2 (0.3)

Manisekaran – Dept. of Maths-SRKMHSS ARCOT Page 9

 = 4 × 𝜋(25)(0.3) 9. The relation between the number of words 𝑦
= 100 𝜋(0.3) a person learns in 𝑥 hours is given by
𝑦 = 52√𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 9. What is the
𝑑𝑉 = 30 𝜋
approximate number of words learned when
………………………………………………………………………
7. Assume that the cross section of the artery of 𝑥 changes from
human is circular. A drug is given to a (i) 1 to 1.1 hour? (ii) 4 to 4.1 hour?
patient to dilate his arteries. If the radius of Solution:
an artery is increased from 2 mm to 2.1 mm, 𝑦 = 52√𝑥
how much is cross-sectional area increased 𝑑𝑦 1
= 52 2
approximately? 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥
Solution: =
26
√𝑥
Area of the circle 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 26
𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
= 𝜋(2𝑟)
𝑑𝑟
(i) 1 to 1.1 hour
𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟
When 𝑥 = 1, and 𝑑𝑥 = 0.1
Here, 𝑟 = 2𝑚𝑚, and 𝑑𝑟 = 0.1
26
𝑑𝑦 = (0.1)
𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋(2)(0.1) √1

= 4𝜋(0.1) = 26 (0.1)

So, 𝑑𝐴 = 0.4 𝜋 𝑑𝑦 = 2.6

……………………………………………………………………… Approximately 3 words.
8. In a newly developed city, it is estimated that
the voting population (in thousands) will (ii) 4 to 4.1 hour
increase according to When 𝑥 = 4, and 𝑑𝑥 = 0.1
𝑉 (𝑡) = 30 + 12𝑡 2 − 𝑡 3 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 8 where 𝑡 is
26
the time in years. Find the approximate 𝑑𝑦 = (0.1)
√4
change in voters for the time change from 26
1
4 to 4 6 year. = (0.1)
2

Solution: 𝑉 (𝑡) = 30 + 12𝑡 2 − 𝑡 3 = 13 (0.1)

𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑦 = 1.3
= 12(2𝑡) − 3𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡
Approximately 1 word.
𝑑𝑉 = (24𝑡 − 3𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡 ………………………………………………………………………
1 10. A circular plate expands uniformly under
Here, 𝑡 = 4, and 𝑑𝑡 = 6
the influence of heat. If it’s radius
∴ 𝑑𝑉 = [24(𝑡) − 3(𝑡)2 ]𝑑𝑡
increases from 10.5 cm to 10.75 cm, then
1
= [24(4) − 3(4)2 ] (6)
find an approximate change in the area
1
= [96 − 3(16)] (6) and the approximate percentage change in
1 the area.
= (96 − 48) (6)
Solution: Area 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
1
= (48) (6) 𝑑𝐴
= 𝜋(2𝑟)
𝑑𝑟
= 8 (in thousands)
……………………………………………………………………… 𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟

Manisekaran – Dept. of Maths-SRKMHSS ARCOT Page 10

(𝑖 ) 𝑟 = 10.5𝑐𝑚, and 𝑑𝑟 = 0.25 EXERCISE 8.3
𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋(10.5)(0.25) 1. Evaluate lim 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦), if the limit
(𝑥,𝑦)→(1,2)
= 0.5𝜋(10.5) 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦
exists, where 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2+3
𝑑𝐴 = 5.25𝜋
𝑑𝐴 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟 Solution:
=
𝐴 𝜋𝑟 2
3𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦
2𝑑𝑟 lim 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)= lim
= (𝑥,𝑦)→(1,2) (𝑥,𝑦)→(1,2) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2+3
𝑟
3(1)2 − (1)(2)
2(0.25) = (1)2 + (2)2 +3
= 10.5
3−2
0.5
= 10.5 = 1 +4 +3
1
= 0.0476 =8
𝑑𝐴 ………………………………………………………………………
So, % error = × 100 𝑥3 + 𝑦2
𝐴 2. Evaluate lim cos (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2).
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0)
= 0.0476 × 100 If the limit exists.
= 4.76 % Solution:
………………………………………………………………………
11. A coat of paint of thickness 0.2 cm is 𝑥3 + 𝑦2
lim cos (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2)
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0)
applied to the faces of a cube whose edge is
0 +0
= cos ( )
10 cm. Use the differentials to find 0+0+2
0
approximately how many cubic centimeters = cos (2)
of paint is used to paint this cube. Also = cos(0)
calculate the exact amount of paint used to =1
paint this cube. ………………………………………………………………………
𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦
3. Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = for (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0, 0).
Solution: √𝑥 − √𝑦
Show that lim 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0.
Volume of the cube 𝑉 = 𝑎3 (𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0)

𝑑𝑉
Solution:
= 3𝑎2
𝑑𝑎 lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
2 (𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0)
𝑑𝑉 = 3𝑎 𝑑𝑎
𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 √𝑥+√𝑦
𝑎 = 10𝑐𝑚, and 𝑑𝑎 = 0.2 = lim ×
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) √𝑥 −√𝑦 √𝑥+√𝑦

𝑑𝑉 = 3(10)2 (0.2) 𝑦(𝑦 − 𝑥)(√𝑥+√𝑦)

= lim (𝑥 − 𝑦)
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0)
= 0.6 (100)
−𝑦(𝑥 − 𝑦)(√𝑥+√𝑦)
𝑑𝑉 = 60 = lim (𝑥 − 𝑦)
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0)
Exact amount of paint used = (10.2 )3 − (10 )3
= lim − 𝑦(√𝑥 + √𝑦)
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0)
= 1061.208 − 1000
= (0 + 0 )
= 61.208
……………………………………………………………………… = 0 Hence proved.
………………………………………………………………………

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 www.nammakalvi.in
𝑘
= 1 + 𝑘 2 hence proved.
𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦
4. Evaluate lim cos ( ), 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑦 6. Show that 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = is continuous
𝑦2 + 1
if the limit exists.
at every (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 .
Solution:
𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦
Solution:
lim cos ( )
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑦 (𝑖 ) Let (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ ℝ2 be an arbitrary point.
𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝑎2 − 𝑏2
= cos ( lim ) 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) = is defined for ∀(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ ℝ2
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑦 𝑏2 + 1

sin 𝑦 (𝑖𝑖 ) lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

= cos ( lim 𝑒𝑥 lim ) (𝑥,𝑦)→(𝑎,𝑏)
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) (𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑦
𝑥2 − 𝑦2
= cos(𝑒 0 × 1) = lim
(𝑥,𝑦)→(𝑎,𝑏) 𝑦 2 + 1
= cos(1 × 1) 𝑎2 − 𝑏2
= 𝑏2 + 1
= cos 1
……………………………………………………………………… Limit exists at (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ ℝ2
𝑥 2𝑦
5. Let 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑦 2 for (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0, 0) (𝑖𝑖𝑖 ) lim 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐿
(𝑥,𝑦)→(𝑎,𝑏)
and 𝑓(0,0) = 0.
(i) Show that lim 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 = 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏)
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0)
𝑎2 − 𝑏2
along every line𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥, 𝑚 ∈ ℝ. = 𝑏2 + 1
Solution: Hence 𝑓 is continuous at the point on ℝ2
𝑥 2𝑦 ………………………………………………………………………
lim 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = lim 𝑒 𝑦 sin 𝑥
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) (𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑥 4 + 𝑦 2 7. Let 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 , for 𝑥 ≠ 0 and
When 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥
𝑔(0,0) =1. Show that 𝑔 is continuous at (0, 0)
𝑥 2 𝑚𝑥
= lim Solution:
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑥 4 + 𝑚 2 𝑥 2

𝑥 2 (𝑚𝑥) 𝑒 𝑦 sin 𝑥
= lim |𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑔(0,0)| = | − 1|
𝑥
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑥 2 (𝑥 2+𝑚 2 )
𝑒 𝑦 sin 𝑥−𝑥
(𝑚𝑥) =| |
= lim 𝑥
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) (𝑥 2+𝑚 2 )
0
(𝑖 ) 𝑔(0,0) = 1
= 0+𝑚 2 Hence 𝑔 is defined.
=0 (𝑖𝑖 ) lim 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑘 (𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0)
(ii) Show that lim 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1 + 𝑘 2 ,
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑒 𝑦 sin 𝑥
= lim
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑥
along every parabola 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 2 , 𝑘 ∈ ℝ ∖ {0}
sin 𝑥
Solution: = lim 𝑒𝑦 lim
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) (𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑥

𝑥 2𝑦
lim 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = lim = (𝑒 0 × 1)
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) (𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑥4 + 𝑦2
= (1 × 1 )
When 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 2
=1
𝑥 2𝑘𝑥 2
= lim
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑥 4 + 𝑘 2 𝑥 4 Hence limit exists at (0,0)
𝑥 4(𝑘) (𝑖𝑖𝑖 ) lim 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1 = 𝑔(0,0)
= lim (𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0)
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑥 4 (1+𝑘 2 )

Manisekaran – Dept. of Maths-SRKMHSS ARCOT Page 12

 3+5𝑦
Hence 𝑔 is continuous at (0,0) Let 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = sin(𝑥𝑦 2 ) + 𝑒 𝑥 for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈
……………………………………………………………………… 2 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2𝑓
ℝ . Calculate , , ,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

Example 8.11 3+5𝑦

Solution: 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = sin(𝑥𝑦 2 ) + 𝑒 𝑥
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 if 𝑥𝑦 ≠ 0 and 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 1 𝜕𝑓 3+5𝑦
= cos(𝑥𝑦 2 ) (𝑦 2 ) + 𝑒 𝑥 (3𝑥 2 )
𝜕𝑥
if 𝑥𝑦 = 0.
𝜕𝑓 3+5𝑦
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 = cos(𝑥𝑦 2 ) (𝑥2𝑦) + 𝑒 𝑥 (5)
(i) Calculate: 𝜕𝑥 (0, 0), 𝜕𝑦 (0, 0) 𝜕𝑦

𝜕2𝑓
(ii) Show that 𝑓 is not continuous at (0, 0). = cos(𝑥𝑦 2 ) (2𝑦) + (𝑦 2 )[− sin(𝑥𝑦 2 )](2𝑥𝑦)
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

Solution : + (𝑒 𝑥
3+5𝑦
)5(3𝑥 2 ) + 0
Note that the function 𝑓 takes value 1 on the 𝑥, = 2𝑦 cos(𝑥𝑦 2 ) − 2𝑥𝑦 3 [sin(𝑥𝑦 2 )]
𝑦 − axes and 0 everywhere else on ℝ2 . 3+5𝑦
+ 15 𝑥 2 (𝑒 𝑥 )
So let us calculate 𝜕2 𝑓
𝜕𝑓 𝑓(0+ℎ,0)−𝑓(0,0) 1−1 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
= cos(𝑥𝑦 2 ) (2𝑦) + (𝑥2𝑦)[− sin(𝑥𝑦 2 )](𝑦 2 )
(0,0) = limℎ→0 = limℎ→0 =0
𝜕𝑥 ℎ ℎ 3 +5𝑦
𝜕𝑓 𝑓(0+ℎ,0)−𝑓(0,0) 1−1
+ 5𝑒 𝑥 (3𝑥 2 )
(0,0) = lim𝑘→0 = lim𝑘→0 =0
𝜕𝑦 ℎ ℎ = (2𝑦) cos(𝑥𝑦 2 ) − 2𝑥𝑦 3 sin(𝑥𝑦 2 )
This completes (𝑖 ) 3
+ 15𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 +5𝑦
Now for (𝑖𝑖 ) let us calculate the limit of 𝑓 as ………………………………………………………………………
Example 8.14
(𝑥, 𝑦) → (0,0) along the line 𝑦 = 𝑥. Then
𝑒𝑦
lim 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0, because the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 Let 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 + for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 .
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑦 2+1

𝜕 2𝑊 𝜕2𝑊
when 𝑥 ≠ 0, 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 0, but 𝑓 (0,0) = 1 ≠ 0, Calculate 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 , 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
hence 𝑓 is not continuous at (0,0). 𝑒𝑦
……………………………………………………………………… Solution: 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2+1
Example 8.12 𝜕𝑊
Let 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 + 7 for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ =𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
ℝ2 . Calculate 𝜕𝑥 (−1,3) and 𝜕𝑦 (−2,1) 𝜕 2𝑊
= 1 . . . . . . . . . (𝑖 )
Solution: 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 + 7 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

𝑒𝑦
𝜕𝐹 2
= 3𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2+1
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝑊 (𝑦 2 +1)𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑦 (2𝑦)
So, 𝜕𝑥 (−1,3) = 3(−1)2 (3) + (3)2 𝜕𝑦
=𝑥+ (𝑦 2+1)2

= 3(1)(3) + 9 𝜕 2𝑊
= 1 . . . . . . . . . (𝑖𝑖 )
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
= 9 + 9 = 18 ………………………………………………………………………
𝜕𝐹 Example 8.15
= 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑥
𝜕𝑦
Let 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 −2𝑦 cos(2𝑥) for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 .
𝜕𝐹
So, 𝜕𝑦 (−2,1) = (−2)3 (1) + 2(1)(−2) Prove that 𝑢 is a harmonic function in ℝ2 .
= −8(1) − 4 Solution:
= −8 − 4 = −12 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 −2𝑦 cos(2𝑥)
………………………………………………………………………
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑦 [− sin(2𝑥)2]
Example 8.13
Manisekaran – Dept. of Maths-SRKMHSS ARCOT Page 13
 = 𝑒 −2𝑦 [−2 sin(2𝑥)] 𝜕𝑔
= 6𝑥 + 5
𝜕𝑥
𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑦 [−2 cos(2𝑥 ) 2]
At (1, −2)
−2𝑦 [
=𝑒 −4 cos(2𝑥)] 𝜕𝑔
= 6 (1) + 5
−2𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑢𝑥𝑥 = −4 cos(2𝑥 ) 𝑒
=6+5
𝑢𝑦 = cos(2𝑥) 𝑒 −2𝑦 (−2)
= 11
= −2 cos(2𝑥 ) 𝑒 −2𝑦
𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 2
𝑢𝑦𝑦 = −2 cos(2𝑥 ) 𝑒 −2𝑦 (−2)
𝜕𝑔
= 2𝑦
𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 4 cos(2𝑥 ) 𝑒 −2𝑦 𝜕𝑦

Thus, At (1, −2)

𝜕𝑔
𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = −4 cos(2𝑥) 𝑒 −2𝑦 + 4 cos(2𝑥 ) 𝑒 −2𝑦 𝜕𝑦
= 2(−2)
=0 = −4
Since, u satisfies the Laplace’s equation, it is a (iii) ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 sin(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑧 2 𝑥, (2, , 1)
𝜋

harmonic function. 4

……………………………………………………………………… 2
ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 sin(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑧 𝑥
EXERCISE 8.4 𝜕ℎ
1. Find the partial derivatives of the following = 𝑥[cos(𝑥𝑦) 𝑦] + sin(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑧 2
𝜕𝑥
functions at the indicated points. 𝜋
(i) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 2, (2, −5) At (2, 4 , 1)
(ii) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 2, (1, −2) 𝜕ℎ 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 = (2) [cos ( 2 ) 4 ] + sin ( 2 ) + (1)2
(iii) ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 sin(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑧 2 𝑥, (2, 4 , 1) 𝜕𝑥

(iv) 𝐺 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥+3𝑦 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ), (−1, 1) 𝜋

= (2) [(0) 4 ] + 1 + 1
Solution:
=2
(i) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 2, (2, −5)
ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 sin(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑧 2 𝑥
2 2
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 + 5𝑥 + 2 𝜕ℎ
= 𝑥[cos(𝑥𝑦) 𝑥 ] + sin(𝑥𝑦)(0) + 0
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑦
= 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5
𝜕𝑥 𝜋
At (2, 4 , 1)
At (2, −5)
𝜕ℎ 𝜋 𝜋
𝜕𝑓 = (2) [cos ( 2 ) 2] + sin ( 2 ) (0) + 0
= 6(2) − 2(−5) + 5 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑥

= 12 + 10 + 5 = (2)[(0) 2] + 1(0) + 0

= 27 = 4(0) + 0

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 2 =0
𝜕𝑓 ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 sin(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑧 2 𝑥
= −2𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕ℎ
= 2𝑧𝑥
At (2, −5) 𝜕𝑧
𝜋
𝜕𝑓 At (2, 4 , 1)
= −2(2) + 2(−5)
𝜕𝑦
𝜕ℎ
= 2(1)(2) = 4
= −4 − 10 = −14 𝜕𝑧

(ii) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 2, (1, −2)

𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 2 (iv) 𝐺 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥+3𝑦 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ), (−1, 1)

Manisekaran – Dept. of Maths-SRKMHSS ARCOT Page 14

 www.nammakalvi.in

𝐺 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥+3𝑦 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) =

(𝑦 + sin 𝑥)[3𝑦 + 3sin 𝑥−6𝑦−6 sin 𝑥+ 6𝑥 cos 𝑥]
(𝑦 + sin 𝑥)4
𝜕𝐺 𝑥+3𝑦 1 2 2) 𝑥+3𝑦 (
=𝑒 (2𝑥) + log(𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑒 1) (− 3sin 𝑥−3𝑦+ 6𝑥 cos 𝑥)
𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 2+𝑦 2 )
= (𝑦 + sin 𝑥)3
2𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥+3𝑦 (𝑥 2+𝑦2 ) + log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑒 𝑥+3𝑦
−3(sin 𝑥+𝑦−2𝑥 cos 𝑥)
= (𝑦 + sin 𝑥)3
. . . . . . . (1)
𝑥+3𝑦 2𝑥 2 2 )]
=𝑒 [(𝑥 2 + log(𝑥 + 𝑦
+𝑦 2) 𝜕𝑓 (𝑦 + sin 𝑥)(0)−3𝑥(1+0)
= (𝑦 + sin 𝑥)2
At (−1,1) 𝜕𝑦
−3𝑥
𝜕𝐺 −2
= 𝑒 −1+3 [(1+1) + log(1 + 1)] = (𝑦 + sin 𝑥)2
𝜕𝑥
−2 𝜕2𝑓 (𝑦 + sin 𝑥)2(−3 )−(−3𝑥)2(𝑦 + sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥)
= 𝑒 2 [(2) + log(2)] =
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 (𝑦 + sin 𝑥)4

= 𝑒 2 [log(2) − 1] (𝑦 + sin 𝑥)[(𝑦 + sin 𝑥)(−3 )+6𝑥(cos 𝑥)]

= (𝑦 + sin 𝑥)4
𝐺 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥+3𝑦 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
[(𝑦 + sin 𝑥)(−3 )+6𝑥(cos 𝑥)]
𝜕𝐺 𝑥+3𝑦 1 =
=𝑒 (2𝑦) + log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑒 𝑥+3𝑦 (3) (𝑦 + sin 𝑥)3
𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 2+𝑦 2 )
(−3𝑦−3 sin 𝑥+6𝑥 cos 𝑥)
2𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥+3𝑦 (𝑥 2+𝑦2 ) +3 log (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑒 𝑥+3𝑦 = (𝑦 + sin 𝑥)3

2𝑦 −3(𝑦+sin 𝑥−2𝑥 cos 𝑥)

= 𝑒 𝑥+3𝑦 [(𝑥 2+𝑦2) + 3 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )] = (𝑦 + sin 𝑥)3
. . . . . . . (2)

At (−1,1) From (1) and (2)

𝜕𝐺 2
= 𝑒 −1+3 [(1+1) + 3 log(1 + 1)] 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 is proved.
𝜕𝑦
𝑥
2
= 𝑒 2 [(2) + 3 log(2)] (ii) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑦)
𝜕𝑓 1 1
= 𝑒 2 [1 + log 23 ] = 𝑥 2
(𝑦 )
𝜕𝑥 1+( )
= 𝑒 2 [1 + log 8] 𝑦

……………………………………………………………………… =
1 1
(𝑦 )
𝑥2
1+( 2 )
2. For each of the following functions find 𝑦

the 𝑓𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦 , and show that 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 1 1

3𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
(𝑦 )
(i) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦2
𝑦 + sin 𝑥
𝑥
(ii) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑦) 𝑦2 1
= 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 (𝑦 )
( ) ( 2
(iii) 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦)
𝑦
= 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
Solution:
3𝑥 𝜕2𝑓 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) (1)−𝑦(2𝑦)
(i) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
= (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2)2
𝑦 + sin 𝑥

𝜕𝑓 (𝑦 + sin 𝑥)(3)−3𝑥(cos 𝑥) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 −2𝑦 2

= (𝑦 + sin 𝑥)2
=
𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
3𝑦 +3 sin 𝑥−3𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝜕2𝑓 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
= = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2)2 . . . . . . . (1)
(𝑦 + sin 𝑥)2 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
𝜕2𝑓 (𝑦 + sin 𝑥)2(3 )−(3𝑦 +3 sin 𝑥−3𝑥 cos 𝑥)2(𝑦 + sin 𝑥) 𝜕𝑓 1 −𝑥
= (𝑦 + sin 𝑥)4
= 𝑥 2
( 𝑦2 )
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 1+( )
𝑦
(𝑦 + sin 𝑥)[(𝑦 + sin 𝑥)(3 )−(3𝑦 +3 sin 𝑥−3𝑥 cos 𝑥)2]
= (𝑦 + sin 𝑥)4
1 −𝑥
= 𝑥2
( 𝑦2 )
1+( 2 )
(𝑦 + sin 𝑥)[(3𝑦 + 3sin 𝑥)−(6𝑦 +6 sin 𝑥−6𝑥 cos 𝑥)] 𝑦
= (𝑦 + sin 𝑥)4

Manisekaran – Dept. of Maths-SRKMHSS ARCOT Page 15

 1 −𝑥 𝑦(𝑥 2− 𝑦 2)
= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
( 𝑦2 ) = 𝑥 2𝑦 2
𝑦2
(𝑥 2− 𝑦 2)
𝑦2 −𝑥 =
= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ( 𝑦2 ) 𝑥 2𝑦

−𝑥 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = + 3𝑧 2 𝑦
𝑥𝑦

𝜕2𝑓 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) (−1)−(−𝑥)(2𝑥) 𝜕𝑈 (𝑥𝑦)(0 +2𝑦)−(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )(𝑥)

= = (𝑥𝑦)2
+ 3𝑧 2
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2)2 𝜕𝑦

−𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 +2𝑥 2 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3− 𝑥𝑦 2
= = (𝑥𝑦)2
+ 3𝑧 2
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2)2

𝜕2𝑓 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3
= (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2)2 . . . . . . . (2) = (𝑥𝑦)2
+ 3𝑧 2
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝑥(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2)
From (1) and (2) = + 3𝑧 2
𝑥 2𝑦 2
𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 is proved.
(𝑦 2− 𝑥 2)
= + 3𝑧 2
(iii) 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = cos(𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦) 2 𝑥𝑦 2

𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝜕𝑓 2
= −sin(𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦)(2𝑥 − 3𝑦) 𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = + 3𝑧 2 𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝑈
= −(2𝑥 − 3𝑦)sin(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦) = 0 + 3𝑦(2𝑧)
𝜕𝑧
𝜕2𝑓
= −(2𝑥 − 3𝑦)cos(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦) (−3𝑥 ) = 6𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
………………………………………………………………………
−sin(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)(−3) 4. If 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = log (𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 +𝑧 3 ),
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈
= 3𝑥(2𝑥 − 3𝑦)cos(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦) +3sin(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦) ……….(1) find 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑓 Solution:
= −sin(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)(−3𝑥)
𝜕𝑦
𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = log (𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 +𝑧 3 )
= 3𝑥sin(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)
𝜕𝑈 1
𝜕2𝑓 2
= (𝑥 3+𝑦 3+𝑧 3 ) 3𝑥 2
= 3𝑥cos(𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦) (2𝑥 − 3𝑦) 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
3𝑥 2
2
+ sin(𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦) (3) = (𝑥 3+𝑦 3 +𝑧 3)

= 3𝑥(2𝑥 − 3𝑦)cos(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦) +3sin(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦) ……….(2) 𝜕𝑈 1

= (𝑥 3+𝑦 3+𝑧 3 ) 3𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦
From (1) and (2)
3𝑦 2
𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 is proved. = (𝑥 3+𝑦 3 +𝑧 3)
……………………………………………………………………… 𝜕𝑈 1
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = (𝑥 3+𝑦 3+𝑧 3 ) 3𝑧 2
3. If 𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = + 3𝑧 2 𝑦 , 𝜕𝑧
𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈 3𝑧 2
find 𝜕𝑥 , 𝜕𝑦 and 𝜕𝑧 = (𝑥 3+𝑦 3 +𝑧 3)
Solution: 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈 3𝑥 2+3𝑦 2 +3𝑧 2
+ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 =
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 3+𝑦 3 +𝑧 3 )
𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = + 3𝑧 2 𝑦
𝑥𝑦
3(𝑥 2+𝑦 2 +𝑧 2)
=
𝜕𝑈 (𝑥𝑦)(2𝑥 +0)−(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2)(𝑦) (𝑥 3+𝑦 3 +𝑧 3 )
= +0
𝜕𝑥 (𝑥𝑦)2 ………………………………………………………………………
2𝑥 2𝑦 − 𝑥 2𝑦 − 𝑦3 5. For each of the following functions find
= (𝑥𝑦)2 the 𝑔𝑥𝑦 , 𝑔𝑥𝑥 , 𝑔𝑦𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑦𝑥 .
𝑥 2𝑦 − 𝑦 3 (i) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦
= (𝑥𝑦)2 (ii) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = log(5𝑥 + 3𝑦)

Manisekaran – Dept. of Maths-SRKMHSS ARCOT Page 16

 (iii) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 7𝑦 + cos(5𝑥 ) 𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕2𝑤 𝜕2𝑤
+ 𝜕𝑦 2 + 𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕𝑥 2
3
2𝑥 2 −𝑦2 −𝑧 2 2𝑦2 −𝑧 2 −𝑥 2 2𝑧 2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦2
Solution: = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )− 2 [(𝑥 2+𝑦2 +𝑧 2) + (𝑥 2+𝑦2+𝑧 2) + (𝑥 2+𝑦2+𝑧 2)]
3
2𝑥 2 −2𝑥 2 +2𝑦2 −2𝑦2 +2𝑧 2 −2𝑧 2
(i) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )− 2 [ (𝑥 2 +𝑦2 +𝑧 2 )
]

𝑔𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 + 6𝑥𝑦 3
= (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )− 2 [0]
𝑔𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑦 𝜕 2𝑤 𝜕 2𝑤 𝜕 2𝑤
∴ + 𝜕𝑦 2 + =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑧 2
𝑔𝑦𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 + 6𝑥
………………………………………………………………………
𝑔𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 7. If 𝑉 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 𝑦)then
𝜕 2𝑉 𝜕 2𝑉
𝑔𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 prove that 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2 = 0

𝑔𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦 + 6𝑥 Solution:
……………………………………………………………………… 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 𝑦)
1
6. Let 𝑤 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 2 2 2 .
√𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 𝑉 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦) − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 sin 𝑦
𝜕 2𝑤 𝜕 2𝑤 𝜕 2𝑤
Show that 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2 + =0 𝜕𝑉
𝜕𝑧 2 = (cos 𝑦)[𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ] − 𝑦 sin 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥
𝜕𝑥
Solution: 𝜕2 𝑉
= (cos 𝑦)[𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ] − 𝑦 sin 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥
1 𝜕𝑥 2
𝑤 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) =
√𝑥 2+𝑦 2+𝑧 2
= (cos 𝑦)[𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 ] − 𝑦 sin 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥
1
= 1 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠y− 𝑦 sin 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥
(𝑥 2+𝑦 2 +𝑧 2)2
1 𝑉 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦) − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 sin 𝑦
2 2 2 )− 2
= (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑉
3 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 (− sin 𝑦) − 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑦 cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑦)
𝜕𝑤 1 − 𝜕𝑦
= − 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) 2 (2𝑥 )
𝜕𝑥
= −𝑥𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 cos 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦
3
−
= − 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) 2 𝜕2 𝑉
= −𝑥𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑥 (−𝑦 sin 𝑦 + cos 𝑦)
5 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕2𝑤 3 −
= − 𝑥 (− 2) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) 2 (2𝑥)
𝜕𝑥 2 −𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦
3
+(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )− 2 (−1) = −𝑥𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠y + 𝑦 sin 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥
3 3 𝜕 2𝑉 𝜕2𝑉
= (3𝑥 2 )(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )− 2−1 −(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )− 2 ∴ 𝜕𝑥 2
+ 𝜕𝑦 2 = 0
3 ………………………………………………………………………
= (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )− 2 [(3𝑥 2 )(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )−1 − 1]
8. If 𝑤 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 + sin(𝑥𝑦), then
3
3𝑥 2 𝜕 2𝑤 𝜕2𝑤
= (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )− 2 [(𝑥 2 − 1] prove that 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 = 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
+𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )
3
3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2− 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2
= (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )− 2 [ ] Solution:
(𝑥 2+𝑦 2+𝑧 2 )

𝜕2 𝑤 3
2𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 −𝑧 2
𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 + sin(𝑥𝑦)
𝜕𝑥2
= (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )− 2 [(𝑥 2+𝑦2+𝑧 2)]
𝜕𝑤
= 𝑦 + cos(𝑥𝑦)𝑦
𝜕𝑥
Similarly,
𝜕2 𝑤 3
2𝑦 2 −𝑧 2 −𝑥 2
= 𝑦 + 𝑦 cos(𝑥𝑦)
= (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )− 2 [ ]
𝜕𝑦2 (𝑥 2+𝑦 2+𝑧 2 ) 𝜕2𝑤
= 1 + 𝑦[− sin(𝑥𝑦)𝑥] + cos(𝑥𝑦)(1)
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝑤 3
2𝑧 2 −𝑥 2−𝑦 2
𝜕𝑧2
2
= (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2
𝑧 2 )− 2 [(𝑥 2+𝑦2+𝑧 2 )]
= 1 − 𝑥𝑦 sin(𝑥𝑦) + cos(𝑥𝑦) . . . . . (𝑖 )
𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 + sin(𝑥𝑦)
Manisekaran – Dept. of Maths-SRKMHSS ARCOT Page 17
 www.nammakalvi.in
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑃
= 𝑥 + cos(𝑥𝑦)𝑥 = 72 + 0.04(1800) − 0.1(1200)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

= 𝑥 + 𝑥 cos(𝑥𝑦) = 72 + 72.00 − 120.0

𝜕2𝑤 = 144 − 120
= 1 + 𝑥[− sin(𝑥𝑦)𝑦] + cos(𝑥𝑦)(1)
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑃
= 24
= 1 − 𝑥𝑦 sin(𝑥𝑦) + cos(𝑥𝑦) . . . . . (𝑖𝑖 ) 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑃
𝜕 2𝑤 𝜕2𝑤 = 84 + 0.04𝑥 − 0.1𝑦
From (𝑖 ) and (𝑖𝑖 ) 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 = 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 is proved. 𝜕𝑦

……………………………………………………………………… At (1200,1800)
9. If 𝑉 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 , 𝜕𝑃
𝜕 2𝑣 𝜕 2𝑣 = 84 + 0.04(1200) − 0.1(1800)
show that = 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑦
= 84 + 48.00 − 180.0
Solution:
= 132 − 180
𝑉 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑃
𝜕𝑉 = − 48
= 3𝑧 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
𝜕 2𝑣 (ii) 𝜕𝑥 = 24 and 𝜕𝑦 = − 48 At (1200,1800),
= 3𝑥 . . . . . . . . . . (𝑖 )
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑉 shows Profit increases when keeping 𝑦 as
= 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑥𝑧
𝜕𝑦
constant.
𝜕 2𝑣 ………………………………………………………………………
= 3𝑥 . . . . . . . . . . (𝑖 )
𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑦 Example 8.16
𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2𝑣 If 𝑤 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 𝑥, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ ,
From (𝑖 ) and (𝑖𝑖 ) 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧 = 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑦 is proved. find the differential 𝑑𝑤 .
……………………………………………………………………… Solution:
10. A firm produces two types of calculators
𝑑𝑤 = 𝑤𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑤𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑤𝑧 𝑑𝑦
each week, 𝑥 number of type 𝐴 and 𝑦
number of type 𝐵 . The weekly revenue and Given 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 𝑥
cost functions (in rupees) are
𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦) = 80𝑥 + 90𝑦 + 0.04𝑥𝑦 − 0.05𝑥 2 − 0.05𝑦 2 𝑤𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 2
and 𝐶 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 8𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 2000 respectively. 𝑤𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦𝑧
(i) Find the profit function 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦),
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
(ii) Find 𝜕𝑥 (1200,1800) and 𝜕𝑦 at 𝑤𝑧 = 𝑦 2 + 2𝑧𝑥
(1200,1800) and interpret these results. ∴ 𝑑𝑤 = (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 2𝑦𝑧)𝑑𝑦
Solution: +(𝑦 2 + 2𝑧𝑥 )𝑑𝑧
………………………………………………………………………
Given Revenue = 𝑅 (𝑥, 𝑦) and Example 8.17
Cost = 𝐶 (𝑥, 𝑦) Let 𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3 sin 𝑧 , 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ .
So, Profit 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝐶 (𝑥, 𝑦) Find the linear approximation for 𝑈 at
= (80𝑥 + 90𝑦 + 0.04𝑥𝑦 − 0.05𝑥 2 − 0.05𝑦 2 )
(2, −1, 0).
− (8𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 2000)
Solution:
(i) 2
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = 72𝑥 + 84𝑦 + 0.04𝑥𝑦 − 0.05𝑥 − 0.05𝑦 − 2000 2
Linear approximation 𝐿(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
𝜕𝑃
= 72 + 0.04𝑦 − 0.1𝑥 = 𝑈 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) + 𝑈𝑥 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
𝜕𝑥 +𝑈𝑦 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 )(𝑦 − 𝑦0 ) + 𝑈𝑧 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 )(𝑧 − 𝑧0 )
At (1200,1800)
𝐿(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑈(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) + ∑ 𝑈𝑥 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )

Manisekaran – Dept. of Maths-SRKMHSS ARCOT Page 18

 At (1, −1)
𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3 sin 𝑧
𝑤𝑥 = 3(1)2 − 3(−1)
𝑈(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) = 𝑈 (2, −1, 0)
= 3+3= 6
= (2)2 − (2)(−1) + 3 sin(0)
𝑤𝑦 = −3(1) + 4(−1)
= 4 + 2 + 3(0)
= −3 − 4
𝑈(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) = 6
= −7
𝑈𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦
∴ 𝐿(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 6 + 6(𝑥 − 1) − 7(𝑦 + 1)
𝑈𝑦 = −𝑥
= 6 + 6𝑥 − 6 − 7𝑦 − 7
𝑈𝑧 = 3 cos 𝑧
= 6𝑥 − 7𝑦 − 7
At (2, −1, 0), 𝑈𝑥 = 2(2) − (−1)
The required linear approximation
= 4+1
for w at (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) = 6𝑥 − 7𝑦 − 7
=5 ………………………………………………………………………
𝑈𝑦 = −(2) 2. Let 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 4 , 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ . Find
the linear approximation for 𝑧 at (2, −1).
= −2 Solution: Linear approximation
𝑈𝑧 = 3 cos(0) 𝐿(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑈(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) + ∑ 𝑈𝑥 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
= 3(1 ) 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 4
=3 𝑧(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) = 𝑧(2, −1)
∴ 𝐿(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 6 + 5(𝑥 − 2) − 2(𝑦 + 1) = (2)2 (−1) + 3(2)(−1)4
+3(𝑧 − 0) = 4(−1) + 6(1)
𝐿(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 6 + 5𝑥 − 10 − 2𝑦 − 2 + 3𝑧 = −4 + 6
= 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 − 6 𝑧(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) = 2
The required linear approximation 𝑧𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 4
for U at (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ) = 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 − 6 𝑧𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥𝑦 3
………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 8.5 At (2, −1)
1. If 𝑤 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 , 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ , find
3
𝑧𝑥 = 2(2)(−1) + 3(−1)4
the linear approximation for 𝑤 at (1,−1) .
Solution: Linear approximation = −4 + 3

𝐿(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑈(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) + ∑ 𝑈𝑥 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ) = −1

𝑤 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 𝑧𝑦 = (2)2 + 12(2)(−1)3

𝑤(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) = 𝑤 (1, −1) = 4 − 24

= (1)3 − 3(1)(−1) + 2(−1)2 = −20

= 1 + 3 + 2(1) ∴ 𝐿(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 2 − 1(𝑥 − 2) − 20(𝑦 + 1)

= 4+2 = 2 − 𝑥 + 2 − 20𝑦 − 20

𝑤(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) = 6 = −𝑥 − 20𝑦 − 16

𝑤𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 The required linear approximation

𝑤𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 4𝑦 for z at (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) = −(𝑥 + 20𝑦 + 16)

Manisekaran – Dept. of Maths-SRKMHSS ARCOT Page 19

……………………………………………………………………… 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦
1
3. If 𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 4 𝑦 2 + 7, 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ , 𝜕𝐹
= 2𝑥 + 2𝑦
find the differential 𝑑𝑣 . 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹
= −4𝑦 + 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦
Solution: 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥(𝑡) = cos 𝑡
2 1 2
Given 𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 + 4 𝑦 + 7 𝑑𝑥
= − sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑣𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑦(𝑡) = sin 𝑡
1
𝑣𝑦 = −𝑥 + 4 (2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
= cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑦
= −𝑥 + 2 𝜕𝐹 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝐹 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 = (2𝑥 + 2𝑦)(− sin 𝑡)
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡
𝑦
∴ 𝑑𝑣 = (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (−𝑥 + 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
+ (−4𝑦 + 2𝑥 )(cos 𝑡)
………………………………………………………………………
4. Let 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3 sin 𝑧 , 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ. = (2 cos 𝑡 + 2 sin 𝑡)(− sin 𝑡)
Find the linear approximation at (2, −1,0) + (−4 sin 𝑡 + 2 cos 𝑡)(cos 𝑡)
Solution: Example:- 8.17
……………………………………………………………………… = −2 cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 − 4 cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡
5. Let 𝑉 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ . = −6 cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡. . . . . (2)
Find the differential 𝑑𝑉
Solution: From (1) and (2)
𝑑𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝐹 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑉 = 𝑉𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑉𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑉𝑧 𝑑𝑦 = + is verified.
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
Given 𝑉 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 ………………………………………………………………………
Example 8.19
𝑉𝑥 = 𝑦 + 𝑧 Let 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑥 + sin(𝑥 + 𝑦),
𝑉𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑔
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 3𝑡 , 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 , 𝑡 ∈ ℝ Find
𝑑𝑡
𝑉𝑧 = 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑔 𝜕𝑔 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑔 𝑑𝑦
Solution: = +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
∴ 𝑑𝑉 = (𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑧
……………………………………………………………………… 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑥 + sin(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝐹 𝜕𝐹 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝐹 𝑑𝑦
Example 8.18 Verify = + for 𝜕𝑔
= 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥

𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑔
= −𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
at 𝑥(𝑡) = cos 𝑡, 𝑦(𝑡) = sin 𝑡, 𝑡 ∈ [0, 2𝜋].
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 3𝑡
2 2
Solution: 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 3𝑒 3𝑡
At 𝑥(𝑡) = cos 𝑡, 𝑦(𝑡) = sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑦 (𝑡 ) = 𝑡 2
𝐹 (𝑡) = (cos 𝑡)2 − 2(sin 𝑡)2 + 2(cos 𝑡)(sin 𝑡)
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 + 2 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 = 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐹 𝑑𝑔 𝜕𝑔 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑔 𝑑𝑦
= 2 cos 𝑡 (− sin 𝑡) − 2(2 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡) ∴ = +
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
+2[sin 𝑡 (− sin 𝑡) + cos 𝑡 (cos 𝑡)]
= (2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝑦))(3𝑒 3𝑡 )
2 2
= −2 cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡 − 4 cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
𝑑𝐹 +(−𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝑦))(2𝑡)
= −6 cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡. . (1)
𝑑𝑡
= (2𝑒3𝑡 − 𝑡 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑒 3𝑡 + 𝑡 2 ))(3𝑒 3𝑡 )

Manisekaran – Dept. of Maths-SRKMHSS ARCOT Page 20

 www.nammakalvi.in

+(−𝑒 3𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑒 3𝑡 + 𝑡 2 ))(2𝑡) = −2(2𝑟 − 𝑠) + 4

= 6𝑒 6𝑡 − 3𝑡 2 𝑒 3𝑡 + 3𝑒 3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑒 3𝑡 + 𝑡 2 ) = −4𝑟 + 2𝑠 + 4𝑟
3𝑡 𝜕𝑔
−2𝑡𝑒 + 2𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑒3𝑡 + 𝑡2 ) = −4𝑟 + 2𝑠 + 4
𝜕𝑠
……………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………
Example 8.20 EXERCISE 8.6
Let 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑦 + 𝑥 2 , 1. If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 4 , 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 and 𝑦 = sin 𝑡,
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔
𝑥 = 2𝑟 − 𝑠, 𝑦 = 𝑟 2 + 2𝑠, 𝑟, 𝑠 ∈ ℝ . Find 𝜕𝑟 , 𝜕𝑠 find
𝑑𝑢
and evaluate it at 𝑡 = 0
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
Solution: (𝑖 ) = 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 + 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑟 Solution: = +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑦 + 𝑥 2
𝜕𝑔 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 4
= 2𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑔
= 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 4
𝜕𝑥
=2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢
= 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥𝑦 3
𝑥 = 2𝑟 − 𝑠 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑥
=2 𝑥 (𝑡 ) = 𝑒 𝑡
𝜕𝑟
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑟 2 + 2𝑠 = 𝑒𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑦
= 2𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝑦(𝑡) = sin 𝑡
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑦
∴ = + 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 = cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
= (2𝑥 )(2) + (2)(2𝑟) 𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= (𝜕𝑥 ) ( 𝑑𝑡 ) + (𝜕𝑦 ) ( 𝑑𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡
= 4𝑥 + 4𝑟
= (2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 4 )(𝑒 𝑡 ) + (𝑥 2 + 12𝑥𝑦 3 )(cos 𝑡)
= 4(2𝑟 − 𝑠) + 4𝑟
= [2(𝑒 𝑡 )(sin 𝑡) + 3(sin 𝑡)4 ](𝑒 𝑡 )
= 8𝑟 − 4𝑠 + 4𝑟
𝜕𝑔 +[(𝑒 𝑡 )2 + 12(𝑒 𝑡 )(sin 𝑡)3 ](cos 𝑡)
= 12𝑟 − 4𝑠
𝜕𝑟 = 2𝑒 2𝑡 sin 𝑡 + 3𝑒 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡 cos 𝑡 + 12𝑒 𝑡 cos 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑢
(𝑖𝑖 ) = 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠 + 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑠 = 𝑒 𝑡 (2𝑒 𝑡 sin 𝑡 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡 cos 𝑡 + 12 cos 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡)
𝜕𝑠 𝑑𝑡

𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑦 + 𝑥 2 at 𝑡 = 0,
𝑑𝑢
𝜕𝑔 = 𝑒 0 (2𝑒 0 sin 0 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛4 0 + 𝑒 0 cos 0 + 12 cos 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 0)
= 2𝑥 𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑔 = 1(0 + 0 + 1 + 0)
=2
𝜕𝑦 = 1(1)
𝑥 = 2𝑟 − 𝑠 du
=1
𝜕𝑥 dt
= −1 ………………………………………………………………………
𝜕𝑠
2. If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 3 ,
𝑦 = 𝑟 2 + 2𝑠 𝑑𝑢
𝑥 = sin 𝑡, 𝑦 = cos 𝑡 , 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑒 2𝑡 find
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
=2 𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑠
Solution: = + +
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡
∴ = + 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 3
= (2𝑥 )(−1) + (2)(2) 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥
= 𝑦 2𝑧 3
= −2𝑥 + 4

Manisekaran – Dept. of Maths-SRKMHSS ARCOT Page 21

 𝜕𝑢
= 𝑥(2𝑦)𝑧 3 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 3 = 2𝑒 2𝑡
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑢 2( 2) 2 2 = (2𝑦)(𝑒 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 )
= 𝑥𝑦 3𝑧 = 3𝑥𝑦 𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑧

𝑥 = sin 𝑡 = (2 et sin 𝑡)(𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 𝑒𝑡 )

𝑑𝑥
= cos 𝑡 = (2 e2t sin 𝑡)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + sin 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑧
𝑥 = cos 𝑡 = (2𝑒𝑡 cos 𝑡)(−𝑒𝑡 sin 𝑡 + cos 𝑡 𝑒𝑡 )
𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= − sin 𝑡 = (2𝑒2𝑡 cos 𝑡)(− sin 𝑡 + cos 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑧
𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑒 2𝑡 = + 𝜕𝑦 +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧
= 2(𝑒 2𝑡 ) = 2𝑒 2𝑡 =2𝑒 2𝑡 (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 − sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑒2𝑡 (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑡)
= (𝑦 2 𝑧 3 )(cos 𝑡) + (2𝑥𝑦𝑧 3 )(− sin 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
= 2𝑒2𝑡 (1 + 1)
+(3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 2 )(2𝑒 2𝑡 )
2 3 3 2 2 2𝑡
= 2𝑒2𝑡 (2)
= 𝑦 𝑧 cos 𝑡 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 sin 𝑡 + 6𝑥𝑦 𝑧 𝑒
𝑑𝑤
2( 2𝑡 ) = 4𝑒2𝑡
= 𝑦𝑧 𝑦𝑧 cos 𝑡 − 2𝑥𝑧 sin 𝑡 + 6𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑑𝑡
…………………………………………………………………………….
= cos 𝑡 (1 + 𝑒 2𝑡 )2 4. Let 𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦𝑧,
𝑑𝑈
[cos2 t(1 + 𝑒 2𝑡 ) 2
− 2sin t(1 + 𝑒 2𝑡 )
+ 6 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 𝑒 2𝑡 ]
𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑡 , 𝑦 = e−t cos 𝑡 , 𝑧 = sin 𝑡 , 𝑡 ∈ ℝ, find
𝑑𝑡
……………………………………………………………………… 𝑑𝑈 𝜕𝑈 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑈 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑈 𝑑𝑧
3. If 𝑤 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 +𝑧 3 , Solution: = + +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑤
𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑦 = et sin 𝑡 , 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑡 cos 𝑡, find
𝑑𝑡 𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑧
Solution: = + + 𝜕𝑈
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑥
𝑤 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 𝜕𝑈
= 𝑥𝑧
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑤
= 2𝑥 𝜕𝑈
𝜕𝑥
= 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑧
= 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑡
𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑧 = −𝑒 −𝑡
𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡
𝑥 = 𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = e−t cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑡 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡) + cos 𝑡 (−𝑒 −𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑦 = et sin 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑡 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 − cos 𝑡)
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 = −𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + cos 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

𝑧 = et cos 𝑡 𝑧 = sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑧
= 𝑒 𝑡 (− sin 𝑡) + cos 𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 = cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑈 𝑑𝑥
= (2𝑥)(𝑒𝑡 ) = (𝑦𝑧)(−𝑒−𝑡 )
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡

= (2𝑒 𝑡 )𝑒 𝑡 = (e−t cos 𝑡)(sin 𝑡)(−𝑒 −𝑡 )

= − 𝑒 −2𝑡 cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡
Manisekaran – Dept. of Maths-SRKMHSS ARCOT Page 22
 𝜕𝑈 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑤
= (𝑥𝑧)[−𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + cos 𝑡)] = 18𝑒0 − 3 cos 0 𝑒0 + 3𝑒0 sin 0 − 4 sin 0 cos 0
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

= (𝑒 −𝑡 )( sin 𝑡)[−𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + cos 𝑡)] = 18 − 3 + 0 − 0

𝑑𝑤
= (−𝑒−2𝑡 )(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡) = 15
𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑧
…………………………………………………………………………….
= (𝑒 −𝑡 )(e−t cos 𝑡)(cos 𝑡) 6. If 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥𝑦),
𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= (𝑒−2𝑡 )(𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑡) 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ, find 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡
𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑧 at s = t = 1.
= + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡 Solution: (𝑖 ) = +
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑠
= −𝑒−2𝑡 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑡)
𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥𝑦)
= −𝑒−2𝑡 [2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 − (𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡)]
𝜕𝑧 1
𝑑𝑤 −2𝑡 (
= 𝑥 [1+(𝑥𝑦)2 (𝑦)] + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥𝑦)(1)
= −𝑒 sin 2𝑡 − cos 2𝑡) 𝜕𝑥
𝑑𝑡
……………………………………………………………………………. 𝑦
= 𝑥 (1+𝑥 2𝑦 2 ) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥𝑦)
3 2
5. If 𝑤 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 6𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 ,
𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑠 , 𝑦 = cos 𝑠 , 𝑠 ∈ ℝ, 𝜕𝑧 𝑥𝑦
= 1+𝑥 2𝑦 2 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥𝑦)
𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑥
find , and evaluate at s = 0
𝑑𝑠 𝑥 = 𝑡2
𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑦
Solution: = + 𝜕𝑥
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑠
=0
3 2 𝜕𝑠
𝑤 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 6𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑤 2 = [1+𝑥2𝑦2 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥𝑦)] (0)
= 18𝑥 − 3𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑤
= −3𝑥 + 4𝑦 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑦
𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥𝑦)
𝑥 = 𝑒𝑠
𝜕𝑧 1
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 [1+(𝑥𝑦)2 (𝑥 )] + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥𝑦)(0)
= 𝑒𝑠 𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑠
𝑥2
𝑦 = cos 𝑠 = (1+(𝑥𝑦)2 )
𝑑𝑦
= − sin 𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= (18𝑥2 − 3𝑦)(𝑒𝑠 ) = 𝑒𝑡
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝑥2
= [18(𝑒 𝑠 )2 − 3(cos 𝑠 )]𝑒 𝑠 = (1+(𝑥𝑦)2 ) (𝑒 𝑡 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠
= 𝑒 𝑠 [18(𝑒2𝑠 ) − 3(cos 𝑠)] at 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒 𝑡 .
𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑦
= (−3𝑥 + 4𝑦)(− sin 𝑠) 𝜕𝑧 𝑡4
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑠 =( ) (𝑒𝑡 )
𝜕𝑠 1+(𝑡2 𝑠𝑒𝑡 )2
= [−3(𝑒𝑠 ) + 4(cos 𝑠)](− sin 𝑠) 𝜕𝑧 𝑡4𝑒𝑡
=
𝜕𝑠 1+(𝑡 2 𝑠𝑒 𝑡 )2
= (2 e2t sin 𝑡)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 + sin 𝑡)
𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝑑𝑦
at s = t = 1.
= 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑠 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑧 𝑒
𝑑𝑠 =
𝜕𝑠 1+𝑒2
3𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
= 18𝑒 − 3 cos 𝑠 𝑒 + 3𝑒 sin 𝑠 − 4 sin 𝑠 cos 𝑠
at s = 0 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
(𝑖𝑖 ) = +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡

Manisekaran – Dept. of Maths-SRKMHSS ARCOT Page 23

 www.nammakalvi.in
𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥𝑦) 𝜕𝑈
=
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑥
+
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑧 1
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑠
= 𝑥 [1+(𝑥𝑦)2 (𝑦)] + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥𝑦)(1)
𝜕𝑥 𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝑦
= 𝑥 (1+𝑥 2𝑦 2 ) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥𝑦) 𝜕𝑈
= sin 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝑥𝑦
= 1+𝑥 2𝑦 2 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥𝑦) 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑡 2
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑡2 = 𝑡2
𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑥
= 2𝑡 = (sin 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 )(𝑡 2 )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝑥𝑦 s = t = 1 then 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
= [1+𝑥2𝑦2 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥𝑦)] (2𝑡)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑥
= [sin(1) 𝑒 1 ](1)
at s = t = 1 then 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝑒. 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝑒 = 𝑒 sin(1)
= [1+𝑒 2 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑒)] (2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑈
= 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦
2𝑒 𝜕𝑦
= [1+𝑒 2 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑒)]
𝑦 = 𝑠2 𝑡
−1 (
𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑦) 𝜕𝑦
= 2𝑠𝑡
𝜕𝑧 1 𝜕𝑠
= 𝑥 [1+(𝑥𝑦)2 (𝑦)] + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 (𝑥𝑦)(0)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑦
= (𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦)(2𝑠𝑡)
𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑠
=( )
1+(𝑥𝑦)2
s = t = 1 then 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
𝑡
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑦
= [𝑒 cos(1)](2)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑠
𝑡
= 𝑠𝑒
𝜕𝑡 = 2𝑒 cos(1)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑈
=( ) (𝑠𝑒 𝑡 ) = 𝑒 sin(1) + 2𝑒 cos(1)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡 1+(𝑥𝑦)2
𝜕𝑠
at s = t = 1 then 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝑒 ………………………………………………………………………
8. Let 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒 𝑡 ,
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 1
= (1+𝑒 2 ) (𝑒) 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒 −𝑡 , 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ, find 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑒 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡
=
1+𝑒 2
Solution:
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
= + 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡 = +
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑧 2𝑒 𝑒
= 1+𝑒 2 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑒) + 1+𝑒 2 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑧 3𝑒 𝜕𝑧
= + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑒) = 3𝑥2 − 6𝑥𝑦3
𝜕𝑡 1+𝑒2 𝜕𝑥
…………………………………………………………………………….
𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒 𝑡
𝜕𝑥
7. Let 𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝑒𝑡
𝜕𝑠
𝑥 = 𝑠𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑠 2 𝑡, 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ, 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈 = (3𝑥2 − 6𝑥𝑦3)(𝑒 𝑡 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠
find , and evaluate them at s = t = 1.
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡
= [3(𝑠𝑒𝑡 )2 − 6(𝑠𝑒𝑡 )(𝑠𝑒−𝑡 )3 ](𝑒 𝑡 )
Solution:

Manisekaran – Dept. of Maths-SRKMHSS ARCOT Page 24

 = (3𝑠2 𝑒2𝑡 − 6𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑠3 𝑒−3𝑡 )(𝑒 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑢
= ( 𝜕𝑥 ) (𝜕𝑢) + ( 𝜕𝑦 ) (𝜕𝑢) + ( 𝜕𝑧 ) (𝜕𝑢)
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑧
𝑑𝑢

= (3𝑠2 𝑒2𝑡 − 6𝑠4𝑒−2𝑡 )(𝑒 𝑡 ) = (𝑦 + 𝑧)(1) + (𝑥 + 𝑧)(𝑣) + (𝑦 + 𝑥 )(1)

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 = (𝑦 + 𝑧) + (𝑥 + 𝑧)(𝑣) + (𝑦 + 𝑥 )
= (3𝑠2 𝑒 𝑡 )(𝑒2𝑡 − 2𝑠2 𝑒−2𝑡 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠
𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3
At 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 𝑣, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣, 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑣
𝜕𝑧 2 2
= −9𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑤
𝜕𝑦 = (𝑢𝑣 + 𝑢 + 𝑣) + (𝑢 − 𝑣 + 𝑢 + 𝑣)(𝑣)
𝑑𝑢
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒 −𝑡 +(𝑢𝑣 + 𝑢 − 𝑣)
𝜕𝑦
= 𝑒 −𝑡 = (𝑢𝑣 + 𝑢 + 𝑣) + (2𝑢)(𝑣) +(𝑢𝑣 + 𝑢 − 𝑣)
𝜕𝑠
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 + 𝑢 + 𝑣 + 2𝑢𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣 + 𝑢 − 𝑣
2 2 −𝑡 )
= (−9𝑥 𝑦 )(𝑒 𝑑𝑤
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑠 = 4𝑢𝑣 + 2𝑢
𝑑𝑢
= [−9(𝑥)2 (𝑦)2 ](𝑒 −𝑡 ) 1
at (2 , 1)
= [−9(𝑠𝑒𝑡 )2 (𝑠𝑒−𝑡 )2 ](𝑒 −𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑤 1 1
= 4 (2) (1) + 2 (2)
2 2𝑡 2 −2𝑡 −𝑡 𝑑𝑢
= −9𝑠 𝑒 𝑠 𝑒 𝑒
=2+1
= −9𝑠 4 𝑒 −𝑡
𝑑𝑤
𝜕𝑧 =3
= (3𝑠 2 𝑡 )(𝑒 2𝑡
𝑒 2 −2𝑡 )
− 2𝑠 𝑒 + −9𝑠 𝑒 4 −𝑡 𝑑𝑢
𝜕𝑠
𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑧
(𝑖𝑖 ) = + 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 +
= (3𝑠 2 𝑒𝑡 )(𝑒 2𝑡 − 2𝑠 2 𝑒 −2𝑡 − 3𝑠 2 𝑒−2𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑣
……………………………………………………………………… 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥
9. 𝑊(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥,
𝜕𝑤
𝑥 = 𝑢 − 𝑣, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣, 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑣, 𝑢, 𝑣 ∈ ℝ. =𝑦+𝑧
𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑥
1
Find , and evaluate them at ( , 1) 𝜕𝑤
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧 2 =𝑥+𝑧
𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑧
Solution: (𝑖 ) = + + 𝜕𝑤
=𝑦+𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑧
𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 𝑥 =𝑢−𝑣
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥
=𝑦+𝑧 = −1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑤
=𝑥+𝑧 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑤
=𝑦+𝑥 =𝑢
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑧

𝑥 =𝑢−𝑣 𝑧 = 𝑢+𝑣
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥
=1 =1
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑢
𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑧
𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 = ( 𝜕𝑥 ) (𝜕𝑣 ) + ( 𝜕𝑦 ) ( 𝜕𝑣 ) + ( 𝜕𝑧 ) (𝜕𝑣)
𝑑𝑣
𝜕𝑦
=𝑣 = (𝑦 + 𝑧)(−1) + (𝑥 + 𝑧)(𝑢) + (𝑦 + 𝑥 )(1)
𝜕𝑢

𝑧 = 𝑢+𝑣 = −(𝑦 + 𝑧) + (𝑥 + 𝑧)(𝑢) + (𝑦 + 𝑥 )

𝜕𝑧 At 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 𝑣, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣, 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑣
=1
𝜕𝑢

Manisekaran – Dept. of Maths-SRKMHSS ARCOT Page 25

 𝑑𝑤 𝑡(𝑥+𝑦)
= −(𝑢𝑣 + 𝑢 + 𝑣) + (𝑢 − 𝑣 + 𝑢 + 𝑣)(𝑢) =
𝑑𝑣 √𝑡(√𝑥+√𝑥)

+(𝑢𝑣 + 𝑢 − 𝑣) √𝑡√𝑡(𝑥+𝑦)
=
√𝑡(√𝑥+√𝑥)
= −(𝑢𝑣 + 𝑢 + 𝑣) + (2𝑢)(𝑢) +(𝑢𝑣 + 𝑢 − 𝑣)
√𝑡(𝑥+𝑦)
= −𝑢𝑣 − 𝑢 − 𝑣 + 2𝑢2 + 𝑢𝑣 + 𝑢 − 𝑣 =(
√𝑥+√𝑥)
𝑑𝑤
= 2𝑢2 − 2𝑣 1
𝑡 2 (𝑥+𝑦)
𝑑𝑣
=(
1 √𝑥+√𝑥)
at (2 , 1) 1
= 𝑡 2 sin 𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑦) for all 𝑡 ∈ ℝ.
𝑑𝑤 1 2
= 2 (2) − 2(1)
𝑑𝑣 So, sin 𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑦) is a homogeneous function of
1 1
= 2 (4) − 2 degree 2
1
=2−2 By Euler’s theorem,
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 1
=
1−4 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2 𝑓
2
𝑑𝑤 3 Now, substituting 𝑓 = sin 𝑢 in the above
= −2
𝑑𝑣
……………………………………………………………………… equation, we get
Example 8.21 𝜕(sin 𝑢) 𝜕(sin 𝑢) 1
𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑦 − 10𝑦 2 𝑥 +𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
Show that 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = is a
3𝑥 + 7𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
homogeneous function of degree 1. 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 cos 𝑢 𝜕𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑢
Solution: 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
cos 𝑢 (𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 ) = 2 sin 𝑢
𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑦 − 10𝑦 2
Given 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 sin 𝑢
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 = 2 cos 𝑢
(𝑡𝑥)2 + 5(𝑡𝑥)(𝑡𝑦) − 10(𝑡𝑦)2
∴ 𝐹(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
3(𝑡𝑥) + 7(𝑡𝑦)
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 = 2 tan 𝑢 Proved.
𝑡 2 𝑥 2 + 5𝑡 2 𝑥𝑦 − 10𝑡 2 𝑦 2
= ………………………………………………………………………
3𝑡𝑥 + 7𝑡𝑦
EXERCISE 8.7
𝑡 2 (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑦 − 10𝑦 2) 1. In each of the following cases, determine
= 𝑡(3𝑥 + 7𝑦) whether the following function is
𝑡(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑦 − 10𝑦 2) homogeneous or not.
= (3𝑥 + 7𝑦) If it is so, find the degree.
= 𝑡 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) for all 𝑡 ∈ ℝ. (i) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 6𝑥 3 + 7

So, F is a homogeneous function of degree 1. Solution:

………………………………………………………………………
𝑥+𝑦
Example 8.22 If 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Show that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2 tan 𝑢
Solution:
Given 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (
sin 𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 6𝑥 3 + 7
), 𝑓(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = (𝑡𝑥)2 (𝑡𝑦) + 6(𝑡𝑥 )3 + 7
√𝑥+√𝑦
1
= 𝑡 2 𝑥 2 𝑡𝑦 + 6𝑡 3 𝑥 3 + 7
= 𝑡 3 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 6𝑡 3 𝑥 3 + 7
𝑥+𝑦
) It is not homogeneous function.
√𝑥+√𝑦
𝑥+𝑦 6𝑥 2𝑦 3 − 𝜋𝑦 5 + 9𝑥 4𝑦
) (ii) ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) =
√𝑥+√ 𝑦 2020𝑥 2 + 2019𝑦 2

𝑡𝑥 + 𝑡𝑦 6(𝑡𝑥)2 (𝑡𝑦)3 − 𝜋(𝑡𝑦)5 + 9(𝑡𝑥)4 (𝑡𝑦)

sin 𝑢 (𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = ( ) ℎ(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) =
√𝑡𝑥+√ 𝑡𝑦 2020(𝑡𝑥)2 + 2019(𝑡𝑦)2

Manisekaran – Dept. of Maths-SRKMHSS ARCOT Page 26

 www.nammakalvi.in
6𝑡 2 𝑥 2𝑡 3 𝑦 3 − 𝜋𝑡 5 𝑦 5 + 9𝑡 4 𝑥 4𝑡𝑦 It is a homogeneous function of degree 3.
= 2020𝑡 2 𝑥 2 + 2019𝑡 2 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
6𝑡 5 𝑥 2𝑦 3 − 𝜋𝑡 5 𝑦 5 + 9𝑡 5 𝑥 4𝑦
By Euler’s theorem, 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 3𝑓
= 2020𝑡 2 𝑥 2 + 2019𝑡 2 𝑦 2
To verify,
𝑡 5 (6𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 𝜋𝑦 5 + 9𝑥 4 𝑦)
= 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3
𝑡 2 (2020𝑥 2 + 2019𝑦 2)

𝑡 3 (6𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 𝜋𝑦 5 + 9𝑥 4 𝑦) 𝜕𝑓
= = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2
(2020𝑥 2 + 2019𝑦 2 ) 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
= 𝑡 3 ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) = −2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦
It is a homogeneous function of degree 3. 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
……………………………………………………………………… 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑥(3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 )
√3𝑥 2 + 5𝑦 2+ 𝑧 2
(iii) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = +𝑦(−2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 )
4𝑥 + 7𝑦
= 3𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 6𝑥𝑦 2 +3𝑦 3
√3(𝑡𝑥)2 + 5(𝑡𝑦)2 + (𝑡𝑧)2
𝑔(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦, 𝑡𝑧) = 4(𝑡𝑥) + 7(𝑡𝑦) = 3𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 𝑦 + 9𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 3

=
√3𝑡 2 𝑥 2+ 5𝑡 2 𝑦 2+ 𝑡 2 𝑧 2 = 3(𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 )
4𝑡𝑥 + 7𝑡𝑦
= 3𝑓
√𝑡 2 (3𝑥 2+ 5𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )
= 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑡(4𝑥+7𝑦) Hence Euler’s theorem, 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 3𝑓
𝑡 √(3𝑥 2 + 5𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )
= is verified.
𝑡(4𝑥+7𝑦)
………………………………………………………………………
𝑡 0 √(3𝑥 2 + 5𝑦 2+𝑧 2 ) 𝑦
= (4𝑥+7𝑦) 3. Prove that 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 log (𝑥 ) is

It is a homogeneous function of degree 0. homogeneous; what is the degree?

𝑦 2− 2𝑧 2 Verify Euler’s Theorem for 𝑔.
(iv) 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + sin ( )
𝑥𝑦
Solution:
(𝑡𝑦)2 − 2(𝑡𝑧)2
𝑢(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦, 𝑡𝑧) = 𝑡𝑥𝑡𝑦 + sin ( (𝑡𝑥)(𝑡𝑦)
) 𝑦
𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 log (𝑥 )
𝑡 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑡 2 𝑧 2
= 𝑡 2 𝑥𝑦 + sin ( ) 𝑡𝑦
𝑡 2 𝑥𝑦 𝑔(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = 𝑡𝑥 log ( 𝑡𝑥 )
𝑡 2 (𝑦 2 − 2𝑧 2)
= 𝑡 2 𝑥𝑦 + sin [ ] = 𝑡𝑥 log ( )
𝑦
𝑡 2 (𝑥𝑦)
𝑥
𝑦 2− 2𝑧 2
= 𝑡 2 𝑥𝑦 + sin ( ) = 𝑡𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑥𝑦

It is not homogeneous function. It is a homogeneous function of degree 1.

……………………………………………………………………… 𝜕𝑔
By Euler’s theorem, 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑔
𝜕𝑔
2. Prove that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3
is homogeneous; what is the degree? 𝑦
𝑔 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 log (𝑥 )
Verify Euler’s Theorem for 𝑓 .
Solution: 𝜕𝑔 1 −1 𝑦
= 𝑥[ 𝑦 𝑦 ( 𝑥 2 )] + log (𝑥 )
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 𝜕𝑥 ( )
𝑥

𝑓(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = (𝑡𝑥)3 − 2(𝑡𝑥)2 (𝑡𝑦) + 3(𝑡𝑥)(𝑡𝑦)2 + (𝑡𝑦)3 𝑥 −𝑦 𝑦

= 𝑥 [( ) ( 2 )] + log ( )
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑡 3 𝑥 3 − 2𝑡 2 𝑥 2 𝑡𝑦 + 3𝑡𝑥𝑡 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑡 3 𝑦 3
𝑥2 −𝑦 𝑦
= 𝑡 3 𝑥 3 − 2𝑡 3 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑡 3 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑡 3 𝑦 3 = [( 𝑦 ) ( 𝑥 2 )] + log (𝑥 )

= 𝑡 3 (𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 )

Manisekaran – Dept. of Maths-SRKMHSS ARCOT Page 27

 𝜕𝑔 𝑦 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
= −1 + log (𝑥 ) 𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) = log ( )
𝜕𝑥 𝑥+𝑦
𝑦 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 log (𝑥 ) 𝑒𝑣 = 𝑥+𝑦

𝜕𝑔 1 1 𝑦 (𝑡𝑥)2 + (𝑡𝑦)2
𝜕𝑦
= 𝑥[ 𝑦 (𝑥) (1)] + log (𝑥 ) (0) Let 𝑓 = 𝑒 𝑣 (𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = (𝑡𝑥) + (𝑡𝑦)
( )
𝑥

𝑥 1 𝑡 2 (𝑥 2+𝑦 2 )
= 𝑥 [(𝑦) (𝑥)] + 0 = 𝑡(𝑥+𝑦)

𝑥 𝑡(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )
=𝑦 = (𝑥+𝑦)
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔 𝑦 𝑥
∴𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑥 [−1 + log ( )] + 𝑦 ( ) It is a homogeneous function of degree 1.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑦 By Euler’s theorem, 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑓
= −𝑥 + 𝑥 log (𝑥 ) + 𝑥
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔 𝑦 But 𝑓 = 𝑒 𝑣
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑥 log (𝑥 )
𝜕𝑒 𝑣 𝜕𝑒 𝑣
So, 𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑒𝑣
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Hence, 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑔 is verified.
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
……………………………………………………………………… 𝑥𝑒 𝑣 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑣 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑣
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
4. If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = , prove that 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
√𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑒 𝑣 (𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑣
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 3
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2 𝑢
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝑒𝑣
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑣 = 1 is proved.
Solution:
………………………………………………………………………
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 5𝑥 3𝑦 4 + 7𝑦 2𝑥𝑧 4 − 75𝑦 3𝑧 4
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 6. If 𝑤 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = log ( 2 2 ),
√𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
(𝑡𝑥)2 + (𝑡𝑦)2 find 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑢(𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) =
√(𝑡𝑥) + (𝑡𝑦)
Solution:
𝑡2𝑥 2 + 𝑡2 𝑦2
= 5𝑥 3 𝑦 4 + 7𝑦 2 𝑥𝑧 4 − 75𝑦 3𝑧 4
√(𝑡𝑥) + (𝑡𝑦)
𝑤 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = log ( )
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑡 2 (𝑥 2+𝑦 2 )
= 5𝑥 3 𝑦 4 + 7𝑦 2 𝑥𝑧 4 − 75𝑦 3 𝑧 4
√𝑡(𝑥+𝑦)
𝑒𝑤 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑡 2 (𝑥 2+𝑦 2 )
= 5𝑥 3 𝑦 4 + 7𝑦 2 𝑥𝑧 4 − 75𝑦 3𝑧 4
√𝑡 √(𝑥+𝑦) Let 𝑓 = 𝑒 𝑤 =
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
3
𝑡 2 (𝑥 2+𝑦 2 )
= It is a homogeneous function of degree 5.
√(𝑥+𝑦)
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
3 By Euler’s theorem, 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 = 5𝑓
= 𝑡 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
2

3 But 𝑓 = 𝑒 𝑤
It is a homogeneous function of degree .
2 𝜕𝑒 𝑤 𝜕𝑒 𝑤 𝜕𝑒 𝑤
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 3
So, 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = 5𝑒 𝑤
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Hence by Euler’s theorem 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2 𝑢
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
……………………………………………………………………… 𝑥𝑒 𝑤 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑤 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑧𝑒 𝑤 = 5𝑒 𝑤
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
5. If 𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) = log ( ), prove that 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝑥+𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑒 𝑤 (𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 ) = 5𝑒 𝑤
𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 1
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
∴ 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 = 5
Solution:
………………………………………………………………………

Manisekaran – Dept. of Maths-SRKMHSS ARCOT Page 28

 with an error of 0.1 cm, then the error in
our calculation of the volume is
(1) 0.4 cu.cm (2) 0.45 cu.cm
(3) 2 cu.cm (4) 4.8 cu.cm
EXERCISE 8.8
1. A circular template has a radius of 10 cm. 8. The change in the surface area 𝑆 = 6𝑥 2 of a

The measurement of radius has an cube when the edge length varies from

approximate error of 0.02 cm. Then the 𝑥0 to 𝑥0 + 𝑑𝑥 is

percentage error in calculating area of this (1) 12𝑥0 + 𝑑𝑥 (2) 12𝒙𝟎 𝒅𝒙

template is (3) 6𝑥0 𝑑𝑥 (4) 6𝑥0 + 𝑑𝑥
(1) 0.2% (2) 0.4%
9. The approximate change in the volume 𝑉
(3) 0.04% (4) 0.08%
of a cube of side 𝑥 metres caused by
2. The percentage error of fifth root of 31 is increasing the side by 1% is
approximately how many times the (1) 0.3𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑚3 (2) 0.03𝑥 𝑚3
percentage error in 31? (3) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒎𝟑 (4) 0.03𝑥 3 𝑚3
1 𝟏
(1) 31 (2) (3) 5 (4) 31
𝟓
10. If 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 ,
𝑑𝑔
3. If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥
2+ 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢
, then 𝜕𝑥 is equal to 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦(𝑡) = cos 𝑡, then is
𝑑𝑡

(1) 𝑒 𝑥
2+ 𝑦 2
(2) 𝟐𝒙𝒖 (3) 𝑥 2 𝑢 (4) 𝑦 2 𝑢 (1) 𝟔𝒆𝟐𝒕 + 𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 − 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕
(2) 6𝑒 2𝑡 − 5 sin 𝑡 + 4 cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡
4. If 𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) = log(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 ), (3) 3𝑒 2𝑡 + 5 sin 𝑡 + 4 cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
then 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 is equal to (4) 3𝑒 2𝑡 − 5 sin 𝑡 + 4 cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡
1
(1) 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 (2) 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 𝑦 (3) 2 (4) 1 𝑥
11. If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 1, then its differential is
𝜕𝑤 𝟏
5. If 𝑤 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑦 , 𝑥 > 0, then is equal to −1
(1) (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥 (2) (𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝜕𝑥
+ 𝟏)𝟐
(1) 𝑥 𝑦 log 𝑥 (2) 𝑦 log 𝑥 1 −1
(3) 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 (4) 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
𝒚−𝟏
(3) 𝒚𝒙 (4) 𝑥 log 𝑦

12. If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − 2019,

𝜕 2𝑓
6. If 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 , then 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 is equal to 𝜕𝑢
then 𝜕𝑥 is equal to
(4,−5)
(1) 𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 (2) (𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚)𝒆𝒙𝒚
(1) −4 (2) −3 (3) −7 (4) 13
(3) (1 + 𝑦)𝑒 𝑥𝑦 (4) (1 + 𝑥 )𝑒 𝑥𝑦

13. Linear approximation for 𝑔(𝑥 ) = cos 𝑥

7. If we measure the side of a cube to be 4 cm

Manisekaran – Dept. of Maths-SRKMHSS ARCOT Page 29

 𝜋
at 𝑥 = 2 is
𝜋 𝝅
(1) 𝑥 + 2 (2) − 𝒙 +
𝟐
𝜋 𝜋
(3) 𝑥 − 2 (4) – 𝑥 − 2

14. If (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 (𝑦 − 𝑧) + 𝑦 2 (𝑧 − 𝑥 )
+ 𝑧 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦 ) ,
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
then + 𝜕𝑦 + is
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧

(1) 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 (2) 𝑥 (𝑦 + 𝑧)
(3) 𝑦(𝑧 + 𝑥 ) (4) 0

15. If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥,

then 𝑓𝑥 − 𝑓𝑧 is equal to
(1) 𝒛 − 𝒙 (2) 𝑦 − 𝑧
(3) 𝑥 − 𝑧 (4) 𝑦 − 𝑥
………………………………………………………………………

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SRI RAMAKRISHNA MHSS – ARCOT
VELLORE DT -632503

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Manisekaran – Dept. of Maths-SRKMHSS ARCOT Page 30