Fundamentals of Chapter 04

5tructural Steel Design

- Columns and Other Chapter 03 - Welded Fundamentals of Str r tr tr
ComprcssionMembers l5l 156 Connections Stct'l I )r ',,

IM= Pe] M = 200,000(150)

hm ter ffi4 lf,,: 4t

M:30

. - 30x106
Ju-
x 104 N_mm

5 .*fi?,3
fr,: 692.37 N/rnm
Columns and Cther w: J7,:.r; t n =,,l1zss7t)z + (692.31)2
Com ression Memrbers R : 748.e5 N/m

lR : F,, (0.707tL)) 748 95 = 745.s (0.707)t(7)

t:7.28mm
4.I INTRODUCTION
Stntctural members subjected to axial compressive loads are often callecl How to solve for S:
by names
identifying tl-reir functions. Of these, the best-know n are coltrnuts, the main vertical Consider size of weld to be 1 mm:
compression members in a builcling frame. Other cofirnlolr compression x
menbers
ir-rclude clnrds in trrrsses andbracingmcnthcrs in franes. t, = tx
+ . r" (+, r,1s6 r 21,)
For building colun-rns, w shape having cleptrrs of 350 nrm or ress are _d' , bd'
0
,,)
commonly used. These sectio^s, bei.g rather^o,rinal
square in shape, are more efficient ,46
than others for carrying cornpressive loads. (Deeper sections are more efficier-rt
62
as
beams). Built-up sections are needecl in large structures for verv heavy loads The term b/6 is relatively small lt can be neglected.
that
can^ot be supported by i^dividual rolled shapes. Fo' bracing arrd co,.rpression
members in light trusses, singlc-angre nmrtberi are suitabre. Ho*",rr"r, -
tl -
d? f bd2
cq,aL-reg
angles lmay be more economical ttran uneqtrLtl-lcg ttrtgles because their - 62
Ieast radius of -
gyration aie greater for the same steel area. Fol top chorri men-rl.ers of bolted
or
d3
_!
bd2
I..
welded roof trusses, a pair of angles (usualy ,r-r"qrur, with rong regs back-to-back)
are used with or without gusset plates . structttrnl tees may also"be
"- cd- 6 2
used as top
chord members for welded roof trusses. 2

4.2 EULER'S COLUMN BUCI(LING THEORY

Column desig^ arrd a^alysis are based or-r the Euler buckli.g load theory,
(Leo.ard
lyler,7757). His analysis is based on the differential equati"on of the elastic curwe
However, specific factors of safety and slenderness ratio limitabions are
apptied
from purely theoretical concepts.

when a column is loaded to tl..e btLckling loatl or EtLler lond, a column will fail by
sudclen buckling or bending.
,1 Fundamentals of
Structural Steel Design
Chapter 04 - Columns and Other
Compression Members t59 I 58
Chaoter 04 - Columns and
Compression Members
Other Fundamcntals of
structural Steel Dcsir;n

lr Table tl.1 - Effective Length

(a)

I
(b)

I
Factors

(d)

J
lf the colurnn is hingecl at both ends, the Euler critical load is given as:
2-,
P,: n :'
l,
Eq 4'r

Buckled shape of column is And the Eulel critic.rl stlcss is:

shown by dashed line
n2El n2E
,P,L2Ll
F'
1 t - A uA
1

'l
brt .lI/A:randI/A=vz
Theoretical K value 05 07 0 10 2 .0 20
n2,,
Recommended design value F,.: '- Eq.4.2
when ideal conditions are 0 65 0.80 1 I 10 2 1 20 lL / r)'
approximated
Rotation fixed and translation fixed

Rotation free and translation fixed The modulus of elasticity term, E, in'rplies that Eq. 4.1 and E<1. 4.2 are valid as long
r
End conditions code as the stress remains in the elastic regiorr.
@ Rotation fixed and translation free

Y Rotation free and translation free

These equations show that the buckling stress is not a function of rnaterial
strength. Rather,itisafunctionof tl-reratioLf rknor,l'nasthdslendernessratio,SR.
As the slenderness ratio increases, the buckling stless decreases, rneaning that as
the column becomes longer and more sletrder, the load that cause buckling
becomes smaller.
4,4 SLENDERNESS RATIO
Steel columns are usually subdivided into two groups: Long and mtermediate
columns, depending on their slenderness ratio. There are two values of
4.3 EFFECTIVE LENGTH
slenderness ratios, SR. and SR,
Real colunns do not have pin-corurected ends. The restraints placed on a column's
K..t..
SR': -'l--' Eq 4'4 errds greatly affect its stability. To counter these effects, an effectiue length factor, K,
fx is used to modiflz the unbraced length. The product KL is called the effcctiae length
K.,L.
of the column. This length approximates the length over which the colun'rrl
sRv = --J--l Eq. 4 s actually buckles and this rnay be shorter or longer than the actual unbraced length.
,y
f": nt - Eq 43
(KL / r)'
Tlae critical slendcrness raho, C.,, corresponds to the upper limit of elastic buckling
failure, which is defined by an average colurnn stress equal to 0.5F,,. By
substituting 0.5F,, for F. nr Eq. 4.3,

2rzE
Eq 46
Fy
Fundamentals of Chapter 04 - Columns and Other Fundamentals ol
Structural Steel Design Compression Members t6t 160
Chapter 04 - Columns and Other
Compression Members Structural Steel Dcsign

KL
For Long Colunms, where ) C,::
r

72n2E
FS= Eq 4.9
23(KL / r)2

K], -y mlnor axls

where is the larger value of
T + ""^ +

+.6 LOCAL BUCI(LING

Local buckling of a plate element in a rolled shape or built-up compression
member may occur before Eulel buckling. The ability of plate secLions to carry
With minor axis bracing
conrpressive loads without buckling is determined bv the uidth-thit:kness rntio, b/t. Wtthout mrnor axrs bractng
(Use r,.. to qet (KL/r).",) (Verifo both SR, and SRr)
If a shape is selected from NSCP tables, this ratio does not generally need to be
evaluated. However, compressiorr members consb.ucted from structural tees, Figure 4'1 - Minor Axrs tluckling and Bracing
structural tubing, and plates must be checked.

Table 4.2 - H values of Width-thickness Ratios for Non-compact

4.<. I LIMIIING SLENDERNESS RATIO
Element H
UNSTIFFENED ELEMENTS: \cccrrtrtng to Section 502.8., the limiting slenderness ratio KL/r for members whost'
Stems of tees J.1.1
design ,s 6a"e,l on compressive force pieferable shall not exceed 200. For membe'rs
Double arrsles in contacI whose design is based on tensile force, the linritilg slenderness ratio Lf r preferablc
250
Compression flanses of beams should riot excecd 300
250
Angles or plates projecting from girders,
columns, or other compression members and
compreSsion flange of plate girders
250 Jt;
4.5 NSCP ALLOWABLE COMPRESSIVE STRESS
Stiffeners on plate girders 250
l'he allowable column stress varies with the slenderness raho lnelashc buckltrtx
Flanges of tees and I-beams fttse br/2\ 250
occurs when SR < C., and elastic buckling occurs when SR > C.
Single-angle stru ts or separated double-angle
200
struts
KL
For lntermcdtate CoLumns.
STIFFENED ELEMENTS: r
Square and rectangular box sections 625
Cover plates with rnultiple access holes 832 Eq.41
Other uniformly cornpressed members 664

k": 4.05/ (h/ t)046, if h/ t > 70, otherwise k. : 3(KL/r) (KL/r)3

.r=, s * __gq
1.0
Eq 48
Fundamentals of chapter 04
Structurat steel Design - columns and oth Chapter 04 - Columns and Other
Compressionrrr"ro"?l 163 .._ Fundamenrat-s ol
IOZ Compression Members Srrucrural Steel Design
4.6.I UNSTIFFENED COMPRESSION ELEMLNTS
Compression members are divicled into stiffenecl elements and unstiffcrrt,tl
According to section s02.6.2.2, the alrowable stress of eler-nents' sttffened elatnents are supported along two parallel edges. Examples ar.r
unstiffe.ed compression
elements whose width-thickness ratio exceecls the appricabre webs of w sirapes and sides of box beams. L)nstif ned clernents are supportr'<l
non-compact rimit
given in Eq. 4.10 shall be subject to a reduction factor along one edge only Erample5 are flanges o[ W shapes an<i legs of angles
e..
For single angles:

200 b 407
-
.E t-,f

Hl m
When

Q, = 1.340 - 0.007702(b / q Ji Eq. 4.12

b 407
When
t
tr Figure 4.2 - Strffened compresstve elements
^
Qs
t06.870
: ------------- Eq 4 13
Fv (b / t),

T [,M, R]
For angles or plates projecting from corumns or other compression
members, and for projecting erements of compression
flanges of beams and
girders:

wn"n $s b

JFv / k,
t

Figure 4.3 - Unstiffe.rred cornpressrve elernents

Q, = 1.293 - 0.00"t177 (b / t) Fv /k, Eq.4.14

Io prevent local buckling, NSCP specrfrcahons (sectron 5u6.2) requrres Eg.4.l0 t.

When
b be nret if the plate elements to be fully elfective. Values of H
ar.e listed in Table 4 2
t

bH Eq 410
Eq. 4.1 5
t lr
For crrcular tubular sechons whose rahos of outsrde dianreter to wall thickncss
satisfv Eq 4 11 are considered to be fullv effective

D < 22,750
Eq 411
I F,

-
I
Fundamentals of Chapter'2;,iiKff Chaoter 04 - Columns and Other Fundamentals of
Structural Steel Design "flt":n:i t os 164 Comp[essionMembers Structural Steel Design

/ =' computed compressive stress, MPa. If unstiffened elements arrr For stems of tees:
included in the total cross section, f lor the stiflened element rnust
be such that the maximurn compressive stress in the unstiffened
333 b 462

element does not exceed F,,Q, or F6Q., as applicable. lr,-t-,{1

Q. = 1.e08 - O 00272(b / t) JFv Eq 4.16
4.6.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS

The allowable stress for axially loadecl compression mernbers contairung 9, 462
When
unstiffened or stiffened elernents shall rrot exceed the following: t
I-
Jf,
when 1! < c', e,= .
137.900
; Eq.417
F,t (b / t)'
L-..
F,,:al-[ ,-6,'!'f )!
2C',')FS
Eq 42o where F,, is in MPa

5 3(KL / r\ (KL / r)1

-q 4,6.2 STIFFENED COMPRESSION ELEMENTS
4.2 i
3 BC,c B C'.3
According to Section 502.6.2.2, when the width-thickr-ress ratio of uniformly
l^ 2-
IZft T,
compressed stiffened elements (except perforated cover plates) exceeds the non-
e" = l- Eq 4.22 compact limit given in Eq. 4.10, a reduced effective width h, shall be used in
tr af,, computing the design properties of the section containing the element, except that
b,,/ t :need not be taken as less than the applicable value given in the section.
0 = Q'Q, Eq.4.23
For flanges of square and rectangular sections of uniform thickness:
a. Cross sections composed entirely of unstiffened elements, Q : Q,.
b. Cross sectior-s cornposed entirely of stiffer-red elements, Q: Q,. /\
rrrr_l_.,
c. Cross sections composed of both stiffened and unstiffetred b,:ggllr_(b/t)Jf Eq418
elements, Q = Q"Q,. J/ I )
LI
When "- > C',
for other unifolmly compressed elements:

^
r-4=
'
r2nzE
Eq 424 '/\
?3(KL / r)2 , 664t 1"
b,.=--=11- 116.3ll<r,
_ ,
Eq419
,lt \ (h/t),lf)
-
See Problem 4-3. Problern 4-4, Problem 4-8 and Problem 4-9. where b = actual width of stiffened compression element
f = element thickness
Fundamentals of Chapter 04 - Columns and Other Chapter 04 - Coiumns and Other Fundamentals of
Structural Steel Desrgn Compression Members t67 t66 Compression Members Structural Steel Design

4.7 COLUMN BASE PLATE

Column loads transmitted to masonly and concrebe founclations must meet tht'
sanre bearing pressure lin'ritatior-rs as beam loads. The requirecl bnse plate area is:

Columrr load
Aprnr,'= Eq 425
,p

where Fy, is the allowable bearing stress of concrete. According to Section 510.10.2
of NSCP, in the In the absence of code regulation l-he following stresses apply:

On sanclstone ancl limestone............. ........... F/, :2.76 MPzt

On brick in cement mortar... .... F,,: 1.75 MPa
On the full area of a concrete support......... .. F,, = 0.35 .f ,
On less than the full area of a concrete
suPPorr Ft,=O.3Sf,,tAr/Ar<O7f ,

Figure 4.5 - W-shape column on steel base plate where: ,f, = specified compressive sh'ength of concrete, MPa
A = area of steel concentrically bearing on concrete support, mm2
1

A2 = maximum area of the porLion of the supporting surface that is

geornetricallv similar to and cotrcentric with the loaded area, mm2

A2
,, fo
----r'-----

-Mc6M
I
Figure 4.6 - Cantilever portror-r outboard from rectarrgle

&=1mm
d
bd2

= plate thickness
tr
M = moment at critical sectlon
Figure 4.4 - Base plate less than fulI area of concrete supporL
M = fo@)@/ 2) = fp x2/2
ol.f px /21
_ 3f ,x2
ln determrning the plate thickness under a W-shape column it is assumed that part
of the baseplate outboard fron-r 0.95d x 0.Bd rectangle acts as a uniformly loaded
sfor, cantilever. The allowable bending stress, Fa. in the cantilever portion is 0.75F,
Eq.4.26 (Section 506.3.1.1.1).
r
rl,
 Fundamentals of Chapter 04
Structural Steel Design - Columns and Other
Chapter 04 - Columns and Other Fundamentals of
Compressionvtemoeis 169 168 Compression Members Structural Steel Design
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Eq.4.27

Problem 4-t (CE May 1999)

A wide flange section for a 5 m rong corumn (hinged at both ends)
has the where r rs the larger value of m and n, and F6: 075
following properties: F,t

Cross-sectional area = 8,000 mm2

Radius of gyration, h = 100 mm lhe actual bearing pressure under the plate is:
Radius of gyration, r,, = 50 mm
Modulus of elasticiry, E = 200,000 Mpa Columrr loacl
Determine the Euler critical load of the columrr f, Eq a28
actual plate area

SOLUTION ln n'rost cases, rt rs desrrable to have rri = rr lhrs will nllrrrnlzc the requrred plate
thickness
Euler critical load, P,, = F, x A
EulercriLical stress, F,. : ,..! ,E." . where K = I (hrnge hoth endsl
(KL r)'z h-r the case where the column base plate is just large enough the accommoc{ate the
/
colurnn prcfile which makes m and n srnall, the column load is assumed to be
(KL/r)^^,: 1x5,000/50 = 100 distributed to an area much smaller than tl-re base plate The required thickness is
deternrined as the larger of Eq. 4.28 or Eq. 4.29
n2 (zoo,P
Euler critical stress, F,, -
(100)'
Euler critical stress, F,, = 797.4 Mpa z.f n L,
r Eq.4.29
Lh
IP = F" Al p,: 792 .4(B,OOO)
p,: 7,529,200 N
p. = 1,579.2 kN
where L rs solved from Eq. 4.30 lf L is imaginary , Eq.4.29 is disregarded

P P
Problem +2 (CE November 1994) Eq. 4.30
A steel column has the following properties: Modulus of elasticity :
A zL(d+b-2L)
E 200,000
MPa, yield strength F, = 200 Mpa, length L = 15 m, moment
of Inertia .l = 37.7 x 1,00
mma and Area = 8,000 mmz Determine the allowable
.o_pr"rrir" stress if the
column is fixed at both ends
Fundamentals of Chapter 04 - Columns and Other chaDter 04 - columns and other Fundamentals of
Structural Steel Design Compression Members l7l l7O Compression Members Structural Steel Design

Properties of one L150 x 90 x 10 SOLUTION

Area = 2315 mmz t" zr21zoo,ooo7
i=10mrn r._ lzlt L
lr,-.1--...-l
1

I,: 5,331,434 rr.ma \/ rlr 200

Iu= L,46O,745 rr.ma C,= 1405

7 :20.36 K : 0.65 (recommended value for fixed both ends)
, :4e.e6
-i x
37.7 x7O6
Properties of 2L1.50 x 90 x 10
with long legs back-to-back
t,:,8, r
8,000
= 68.65 n-rm

A'=2A =4,630mm2 KL _ 0.6s(1s,09_=u2o7

[" :2], = 10,662,868 nn* r 68.65
,,,= ,fa e =47.99
Since KL/r > C.
I'u:)xUy+ Ax27 12n2L 1212(200,000)
I' u : / x 11,460,7 45 + 2,315(20.36 + 5)21
l'': '23(KL
/ ,)'
I rn = -r3o4r.o4a
l'y = 5,899,180 ffUrn4 ' F,: 51.06 MPa
/,: [\ /A :35.6e: r.in

Check local buckling: The 90-mm legs of this double angle member are Problem 4-3
unstiffened compression elements. Iwo 436 L150 ^ 90 x l0 angles ale used with a 10-mm gusset plate to create a toP
b:90,t=L0mm chord of a truss. The long legs are back-to-back rnaking the short legs unstiffened
b/t--9 elements. Determine the axial load capacity for a length o[ 2 meters.

H:200 from Table 4.2

u SOLUTION
G_
2Jzsa =p.zo
{'v

Since b/t . H/ Ji, the combination can fully develop compressive

stress.

znz(zoo,ooo)
=726.77
248
KL 1(2'ooo)
r - 35.69
=56.04<C.
Fundamentals of Chapter 04
Structural Steel Design - Columns and Other Chapter 04 - Columns and Other
Compression Membeis l7 3 172 Compression Members
Fundamentals ot
Structural Steel Design
SOLUTION
For A50 steel, Since KL/r < Ci
F,, = 345 Mpa
/5: -5 +
3(KL/r) .IKL/r)?
Check [oca[ buckling: The 200-rnm legs of this
clouble angle rnember are 3 8C, 8 C.'
uns tiffened compression elements.
b=200,/:12mm FS= !*3(SO.O+) _ (s6.04)3
b/ t = 76.67 7 8(126.|n 8126.17\\ =rR),
H=200 from Table 4.2
,,_1r_6rt,)')Fv
H _v 200
= 10.77 I zc,' ) rs
J,, "1345
248
LBZ2
Since b/ t , H/
Ji , ,n combinatiolr cannot fully clevelop F, = 122.7 MPa
compressrve stress Local buckling will reduce the section efficiency,
IP = F, Al P = t22j(4,620)
P = 568,101 N: 568.101 kN
|(Je+s= rc 77) - ! = rc 67) < | + = *
-- I \r'""' )'lr-,EE---,,,)
(
= r, rr)

From Eq.4.12: Problem 4-4

Q, = 1.340 _ 0.001702(b/ t) A double angle compression chord member for-a truss consrsts oI 2- L2o0 x 100 r
Ji t2, having short Iegs back-to-back in a 10-mm gusset plate. The member is braced
Q. = 1.340 _ 0.007702(76 6n J345 Ln the plane of the tluss every 2.13 rn, but only at the end of the transverse
Q, = 0.813 direction. Assume the two angles are attached together with fully tightened bolts
Q' = 1'0 and the spacing of connectors is close enough that the double aigle member
reaches its maximum axial load strength. Use A50 steel
e = e, e, = 1(0.813)
Q = 0.813

c,"=@-@qw
' E
1e., 10fi3(341 o
E
C', = 778.64 o
i

KL 7(2,7301
r 26.82 [.- to.,
KL
= 79.42< C',
r Properhes o1 2L 200 , 100 l2 on l0 mnl gusset plate wrtl-r short legs bat_-k-to-back
Area:6,942mnt2
r, = 26.82mm
r,,= 99 39 mm
Fundamentals of Chapter 04 - Columns and Other Chapter 04 - Columns and Other Fundamentals ot
Structural Steel Design Compression Members l7s t74 Compression Members 5tructural Steel Design

SinceKLfr<C, Since KL/r < C',

(KL/r)3 5 r)
3(KL / / r)j
"._53 -3(KL/r)
gcc g C., 3 gC'.
\KL
gC'.3

5+ 3(51,54) (St.54)3=
FS_
3
_
8(125.66) 8(125.66)r
=t.ar F5=1*ffia -ti{=163
- (" 6r/rf\rv
11-'
E,= ,, a[,ry#)Z
"
._(, s1.542 )zso ( tzs.sztz ) a+s
" - l'- 412s;;f ) Lsl I,=0.8131
l
l-' -1-
2(11s b4)- J 1 88
F,=726.5MPa F,, -- 175.77 MPa
P=FaxA=126.5(11,550)
P :1,461,075 N lP = F,'Al P=175.77\6,942)
P :1,467 kN < 1,800 kN Not Adequate P : 803,675.34 N : 803.57 kN

Try Section A:
67.59x106 Problem 4-5
[/nrin =
ff, r-6:
13800
69.98 mm
A structural steel column with F, = 250 MPa havrng an unbraced length of 3 m rs to
carry a total axial load of 1,800 kN. Which of the following sections is most
(lightest) {or the given loacls. The column is hinged at both ends
KL_ 1(3,000) 'economical
Section A: Area : 13,800 .mm2; 1, : 293.63 x 106 mma; Ir= $/.$)vlQe 61t
=42.87 :
r 69.98 Section B: Area = 11,550 mm2; I, = 777.04x70t mm4; I, 39 14x106 mma
Section C: Area = 16,050 mm2; 1., = 452.60x700 mma; I, : 107 '29x"106 mm{
SinceKLfr<C, :
Section D: Area = 15,675 mm2; l, 39"1]3x1oe mma; lx =
-107
28x-106 mma

_ (42.8D3=
FS_5+3(42.8n =1.79
3 B(12s.66) 8(725.66)3 SOLUTION

,,- (r-
|
qz'sz'
2(-t25.66)z )
zso
-) 7.7e - 131.54 MPa -EE
'={ r,
: = 125 66

P = F,,x A = 131.54(13800) K=1

P: 1,815,252 N
P = 1,815 kN > 1,800 kN
Adequate fry the lightest sectlorr: Sectron B

1r-,"=fi1 rn,,,,:

r',.*, = 58.21

KL _ t(3,000)
=s1.s4
, 5821
Fundamentals of Chapter 04 - Columns and Other
Structural Steel Design Chaoter 04 - Columns and Other Fundamentals of
Compression Members 177 l7 6 Compression Members Structural Steel Design

Fs= q * 3(KL/r) _ (KL/r)3 Problem +6 (CE November 1998)

3 SCc B C.3 A column 3 nt long and pinned at both ends is carries an axial load of 190 kN. The
column is rrade up of 2 angles of unequal legs with long legs back to back and
rs=:.
3 :!ii?:il - (11es2)3- :7s16
B(t26.16) sltzo tolr ''
separated by a gusset plate whose thickness is 1.1 mrn. Use A36 steel with Fv = 248
MPa and E : 200,000 MPa. Three sections are being considered, as follows, with
their respective properties relevant of this problem (length units are in meters):
(''-txr / 4' ) F'
'"- I 2e,')FS Sectior-r A (*) r.(m) ,y (*)
. (. fie.522 ') z+a 2L725 x 75 x 72 0.00454 0.0390 0.0160
|^-----------_-l-
\ t.et6 2L 150 x 90 x 10 0.00463 0'0480 0.0195
2(126.16)z ) 2L 150 x 90 x12 0.00550 0.0500 0.0251
F, = 71.35 MPa
a) Whith of the sections gives the largest allowable compressive stress?
b) Which of the sections gives the smallest allowable compressive stress?
Part a:
c) Which of the sections gives the most economical (lightest) section for the
I'hus, the section with the largest allowable compressive stress
given load?
is 21 150 x 90 x 1.2 with F, = 71.35 Mpa.

Parts b & c: SOLUTION

The section that has the smallest allowable compressive stress
is 2L 125 x 75 x 12 with Fn : 29.2g MPa. rc,:ffi c.:
For 2L725 x75 x12 (F,:29.29Mpa) C' = 126'L6
[P = F,x A] p = 29.29 (0.00454 x 10002)
P=133kN For 2L125 x75 x12
KL 1(3)
r -
For 2L 1,50 x 90 x 10 (F, : 43.54 Mpa)
=187.s> Cc
0.0-1.6
IP: F,x A] p =43.54(0.00463 x 10002)
kN rn _ 72x2E r f,r=
P = 201.6
'tr,)--r?3(KL / r)' '
For 2L 150 x 90 x 12 (F, = 71.35 MPa) F,= 29.29MPa
[P=F,xA] P =71.25(0.005sx10002)
P:392.4 kN For 2L 150 x 90 x 10
KL- 1(3) :153.8>c.
Thus, the most econornical sectior-r is 2L 150 x 90 x 10. r 0.0195
- 1,212 E l2r2 (200000)
rra 23(KL r)2 ' n0-,n.8)2
Problem 4-7
/
F, = 43.54 MPa
The ,4'-36 steel w 6 x 20 column in Figure 4.7 is pin con.ected at its ends
ar-rd is
subjected to the axial load p. The column is laterally supported about
its weak For 2L 150 x 90 x 12
-
axis. Determine the maximum value of p.
KL 1(3)
-
r 0.0257
=119.s2< C,
 Fundamentals of
Structural Steel Desrgn Chapter 04 - Columns and Other
CompressionMembers 179 Chapter 04 - Columns and Other Fundamentals of
alA
II o Compression Members structural steel Design

Fy:248 MPa, E = 200,000 Mpa The properties of W 6 x 20 relevant to this problem are as follows:
A = 3,790 nrrrz
Ix = 77,237,980 mrnq
r, : 67.4 rnm
r,=38mm
C, = 726.2> kL/ r d:757 rnrn
/ ^,
r,, = lt _61/ a' I
Fv

I 2c,.2 ) tt
Fs: I * 3(KL/r) \KL / r)3
3 gc, 8 C.3

Fs= I + 3(66'77) (66.77)3

3 s(1262) 8(726.2\3
=7847
/ \bb./'/)'11248
.- - -- . \
r=1, l'--=-
\ 2(726.4, ) 1.847
F, = 115 48 Mpa

[p : F" A) p = 7tS.4B(3,ZgO)
p = 437,669N
p = 437.d59 kN

Problem 4-g
f)etermine the allowable axral load p
for the non standard shape of Figure
effective l""g,h;i3.;;. Use F,, 4.8 for an
= 24BMpa Figure 4.7

SOLUTION

tSR.= {l'-1 ,o.= ,,1;llo, :6677

KL.,
[sRY=,y ' ] sR,: 134E :5s.27

KL'
Maximum slendemess ratio = = 66.77
rr

Figure 4.8
Fundamentals of Chapter 04 - Columns and Other Chaoter 04 - Columns and Other Fundamentals of
Structural Steel Design
Compression Membeis l8 t l8O compressionMembers Structural Steel Design

Sin.u !. web is fuly effecbive

SOLUTION
ft,the Sectron properttes
Thus, local buckling will not occur. No correction necessarn ry:300(20): 6.000 mm'
A",= [400 -2(20)l(20)
4",= /)QQ p;.12

ffr
'2n'1zoo,ooo1
rc,= c.= 4 = Au, + 2Ar:19,200 mm2
248
C, = 726.77 ,_ 300(400)3
- 2, 140(360)1
"- 12 12
/, = 511,360,000 mma
KL 3500
= 51 .0.5 <C 511,360,000
r 68.56 = 163.2 mrn
19,200
r'= (r{!-/')'\ F"
r
t 2C,2 ) rs , _1 . 20(300)3 _ 360(20) l- :oor ,. ----J
12n
Fs: q * 3(KL/r) _ (KL/r)3 /, = 90,240,000 n-rma
3 8C. gC.3
Bo,24o.ooo
'
= .l
.'=;.ffi?. ',.
v
= oB 5o rrlm = ,nrrr

r -
/
l, 1sr.os;2 ) z+s
ffi=," 1q.200

Srnce the scctron ls not a standard sechon (burlf up), we have to

check for local buckling:
I zltzo.tz)z ) t.tr
F, = 125.8 MPa Flange (unstiffened element)
lP = F, Al P :125.5(79,200) : 2,415,360 N b:300 mm, I = 20 mnr
P = ?415.3G kN b/ t ='t5

H = 250 Jl<, From Table 4.2

Problem 4-9 h/ t = 360/20 = 18 < 70, k, = 1 From Table 4,2

Determine the allowable axiar loacl p for the nonstandard

H=250.11 =zso
shape of Figure 4.9 for an
effective length of 3.5 m. Use Fu = 24g Mpa. H/ li =zso/ Jz4B :1588
Since h,/ t t U/ Ji. the flange rs fully effectrve

Web (strtfened elemerrt)

b=360 mm. I = 20 mn,
b/t=18
H= 664 [rrom Table 4.2
H/ Ji =664/ Jz4B =42.io
Fundamentals of Chapter'i;,i8Kff""il'":ffj Chapter 04 - Columns and Other Fundamentals ol
Structural Steel Destgn r aa 182 Compression Members Structural Steel Desigrl

H = 250 {, From Table 4.2

h/ t = 276/6= 46<70,k, = 1 From lable 4 2
H=zsoJl =zso 1r r*-T_
H/ Ji = zsot JzqB = 15-88

Since b/ t, H/ Ji, the flange rs rrot fullv effer.bve

249 = 249
= l58t
Jrv / k, J248 / 1

- = 325)
:rtr
572 Figure 4.9

li/ t\

Q,= t 293 - OOO-t177(b/q

F_' u (Fr<,nr F)t1 4 l4r
SOLUTION
e. = | 2e3 - o oo1t7r(2o $\ Jr48 / 1 Section properties:
Q.=0907 Ar: 250(12): 3,ooo mm2
: 2,208 mn2
A,,, -- 27 6(8)
Web (stiffened element) A: Au' + 21\:8,208 mm2
b:276mm,t:8mm
h/ t :34.s , 250(300)' ^ . tzt127o1r
H : 664 From Table 4.2
''12"12 J

H/ /' = 138,504,384 mma

Ji = 664/ J248 = 421a
Irg
mm
^bH
Since - < -= . the weh rs lullv eltectrvc
1.29.9

tlF
v' r,

,v-D0
r r2(250)' 27o18;r
-1-
.- Atlfc.ttu,
v, l, -- 37,267,776 mma
A actuat
37,261,,776 :
Since the web rs fully effectrve, there ts no ddlustrrlcnt rn the = 67.71 mrn rn'rl
area, thus Aeff<trve = Aactuat, and Q, = 1 g 8,208
KL/ r = 3,500 / 57.71 = 56.72
lQ= Q,, Q,l Q= 0e07(1) =oso7
Since the section is not a standard sectlon (built-up), we have to
-Ri
'=t/ =
zr2lzoopooy check for local buckling:
ot, o907(248\
Flange (uns tiffened element)
c', = 132.48 b=250mm,t=:12mm
b/t=2083
Fundamentals of Chapter 04 - Columns and Other Chapter 04 - Columns and Other Fundamentals of
Structural Steel Desrgn Compression Members r85 184 Compression Members Structural Steel Design

Column load, P = 3600 kN KL

Since <C"
Allowable bearing stress on concrete t'
FP:0.35f (/<L/r)2) Fy
':0.35(21)
F,,: 7.35 MPa . _^(.
rn-V .- lr------;-l-
l. 2C'r' ) FS

Allowable bending sbress on steelr 3(56'72)

F1,:0.75Fy= 0.75(248) Fs=q + -
Fr,: 186 MPa
3 8(132.48)

56'722
P = .19oo4oo r,= o.goz(r - -\
Area of basc plate, A: [ 2(132.4E)' J
Fp 735
F, = 112.45 MPa
Area of base plate, A = 489,796 mm2
M=A=489,796 lP : F,, Af P :112.45(8,208)
P -- 922,989.6N
tV: 700 mm
P: 923 kN

m = (700 - 475.15)/2 = 142.425 mnr

n: QA1 - 411.2)12: 144.4 mm = I
Problem 4-lO
Actual beanng pressure,/, = A W14 x 550 is used as a column to carry an axial load of 3600 kN. Desigtr
* square base plate to suPPort the column. The base plate rests on full area o[
3'600'900 square concrete cornpression block with/. = 21 MPa. Use .436 steel base plate.
Actual bearing pressu'e,f
' - = 7 347 \lpa
7002
SOLUTION
3 f,r2 Relevant properties
Plate thickness, t : of W14 x 550
E
Lh mte
rl
I II\A

3(7.347)(144.q2 br= 514 mm J,-

Plate thickness, t: d:437 mm I
E
thickness, t :
E
Plate 49.71 mm say 50 mm n
V;
n- N
Therefore, use 700 mm x 700 mm x 50 mm thick base plate ll
!
6
q
O

0.8b = 411.2 mm

l*
Fundamentals of
Chapter 04 - Columns and Other
Structural Steel Design
Compression Members 187 Chaoter 04 - Columns and Other Fundamentals of
| 86 Compression Members Structural Steel Design
ts = 272+ 2z = 547.8 mm say 550
mm
N = 409.45 + 2z = 745.25 Problem 4-l I
,uy 750 m,-r
^.r1 A W16 x 100 is used as a column to carry an axial load of 3000 kN. Design a base
m: (750 - 409.45)/2 = 170.3 mm = r plate to supporttl-re column with z = n. The base plate is to rest on full area of a
n = (550 - 272)/2:16e;;l -- concrete compression block with /,- : 21 MPa. Use A50 steel base plate.

. 3.000.000
: 7 o71 SOLUTION
"lr: ss0(7s0) "'" i\ [Pa'
Relevant properties
b=265mm
of W14 x 550 --r
lr= Wr
F,
j r-
L- b1:265 mm -l
Ct
I

I
I

! d: 431 mm E iW14 x 550 I

t: 49.45 mm say 50 mm o
E
E
E o
= 50 ksi t
N
Use 550 mm x 7S0 mm x S0 mm thick A50 F! : 345 NIPA
il
steel base plate. ! il
h !
o
O
l'fi:fl=Z I
I

Problem 4-12 I

Determine the capacity of the 38_mm thick B:272+ 2z J

steel base plate shown in Figure N=409.45+22
4.70. The base plate rests on a 600 mrr X 600
-,4'^36
mm concrete column. Use ,-= 2Z 0.Bb = 212 mm
f
r

MPa.

Column load, P = 3000 kN

Allowable bearing stress on concrete:
F,,:0,35f ,,:0.35(21)
Fr:7.35MPa
E
E Allowable bending stress orl steel:
o
o
@
F1,:0.75Fu:0.75(345)
Fr, = 258.75 MPa

PlateArea. A= P - 3'ooo'ooo :408,163mm2

rp 7.i5
A : NB : (409.45 + 22)(272 + 22)
408,163 = 86,803.4 + 7242.92 + 422
zz + 370.72 - 80,340 = 0
600 mm

Figure 4.10 - 310.7 + J(310.7)2 -4(1)(-80,340)

'_ _ 2(1)
z =1.67.9 mm

.-,
I
Fundamentals of Chapter 04 - Columns and Other Chaoter 04 - Columns and Other Fundamentals of
Structural Steel Design Compression Members t89 188 CompressionMembers Structural Steel Design

SOLUTION
PropertieS of
\Nl4 x 82:

b: 258 mm
d:364 mm
E
E E
E
a
o
@
m: - 345.8)
Vz(540 E
E
o
m=97.7=x o
<-
o
@
h

n=t/z(400-206.4)
n :96.8

F,, = 36 ksi = 248 MPa

F1' = 0.75Fy
Fr, = 186 MPa
Figure 4.11 600 mm

Ca paci tv of pla te basSd-Sl-p.!-Al9-bgndln&

Fp= O.3s(27) 1 216,000 3f p(s7.\2

"lZoo,oo+
FP: 1Q.5 < (0.7f = 18.9) OK 38:
' 186

P fr=9.5MPa
lrr= 10.5 = 400(540)
=l-t
A plntc
-P_P
ll I Uh=
_
P=2,268,000N:2,268kN ut1- t
Aptnt,
^ 400(540)

The capacity of the plate is 2,052 kN, governed by plate bending. P=2,052,000N=2,052kN
-

CapacrW based on-gqngle!9 rEgllgLh:

Since the plate does not cover the full area of concrete:
Fp=O.35f, rl-A,A <0.7f , (Section510.10.2)

From Figure 4.11:

c 400
600 540
c= M4.M mm

Ar :400(540) = 216,000 mmz

A2: 444.44(600) -- 266,664 mmz
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L/ G x PJUa-:
:rcodb-i
2!Y.2aF-crtr0r!
1:a 5-0ii i.= p- F-Ei E
= = = - .,-.=1.
rc

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uw
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T
'Er.{E!=t
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c \J
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P ?:a&oSEg::jEE;
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3Ei:b
Gq o Hi9s':,- -qJ,.,E.Ei
Cq NAt+ta
F E*Uqop- E
F
tiiEE"E*'=FL-'*
2..:?i;

rsEZ',::l E:;Ei
=. 2 e e: E F-:
EU
C] 0 Lr
tnctc5.6itrL
x I >r i g:;s*EseFJixit
tr
=
E tr'OJ e