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M121.75 mm
metric designation pitch of 1.75 mm
d = major diameter
dr = minor diameter
= d - 1.226 869p
dp = pitch diameter
= d - 0.649 519p
p = pitch
3
H p
2
basic ISO 68 profile with 60◦ symmetric threads
Square & Acme threads
Knuckle thread ?
Power screw or Screw jack mechanism
A device used in machinery to change angular motion into
linear motion, and, usually, to transmit power
Find use in machines such as universal tensile testing
machines, lead screws of lathes and other machine tools,
automotive jacks, vises, linear actuators, adjustable floor
posts and micrometers etc
Bolts/Screw
• The ideal bolt length is one in which only one or two threads project
from the nut after it is tightened
1 3
• The washer face and washers are used to distribute the load under the
bolt head and nut face. It also prevent fatigue failure of bolt that may
result when the burs on the imperfectly drilled bolt holes cut into the
bolt head
Understanding Shear and Crushing failure in bolt
Understanding failure in plate (joint)
Nomenclature of bolt
or 0.4 mm
45o
d, Nominal dia or
major dia
2d 6 L 125 d 48
Threaded length, LT 2d 12 125 L 200
2d 25 L 200
Table A-29; page-1053
CAP screws
Grip length , l ld lt
Grip length, l ' h min t2 , d
Fastener Length, L l H -Roundup Table A-17
2 2
Length of unthreaded portion in grip, ld L LT Fastener Length, L h 1.5d
Length of threaded portion in grip, lt l ld Length of useful unthreaded portion,
ld L LT
2d 6 L 125 d 48
Length of the useful threaded portion,
Threaded length, LT 2d 12 __ __ 125 L 200
2d 25
L 200 lt l 'ld
Bolt Stiffness
Scenario of 1 1 1 k1 k 2 k d kt
springs in k kb k k
series k k1 k 2 k1 k 2 d t
At E Ad E Ad At E
kT kd kb
lt ld Ad lt At ld
d 2
Ad ; area of the shank (unthreade d) portion
4
At = Thread tensile stress area from Table 8-1
Table 8–1 (p:412) Diameters and Areas of Metric Threads.
dr = minor diameter
= d - 1.226 869p
dp = pitch diameter
= d - 0.649 519p
Figure 8–15
Compression of a member with the equivalent elastic
properties represented by a frustum of a hollow cone.
Here, l represents the grip length.
The Theory of the Frustum of a Hollow Cone
D d
2 2
P.dx A (r ri ) x tan
2 2
d
o
2 2
EA D d Dd
x tan x tan
2 2
t
P dx
.E 0 x tan D d 2x tan D d 2
P
ln
2t tan D d D d
.Ed tan 2t tan D d D d
P .Ed tan
k
ln 2t tan D d D d
2t tan D d D d
Resultant member stiffness:
If for ith member,
.Ei d tan i=1, 2, …n
ki
2ti tan Di d Di d 1 1 1 1 1 1
ln
i2t tan D i d Di d
....
k m k1 k 2 k3 k 4 kn
When all members are made of same material then we will use only two
identical frusta arranged back to back, and hence
1 1 1 1 1 2 km . tan
k m k1 k 2 k k k Ed 2t tan D d D d
2 ln
km
k
2t tan D d D d
2
Resultant member stiffness
km . tan
Ed 2t tan D d D d
2 ln
2t tan D d D d
Ito suggested an angle α = 45◦ to use, but Little reports that this overestimates the
clamping stiffness. When loading is restricted to a washer-face annulus (hardened steel,
cast iron, or aluminum), the proper apex angle is smaller. Osgood reports a range of 25◦ ≤
α ≤ 33◦ for most combinations.
If α is 30o
0.5774 .Ed
km
ln
1.155t D d D d
1.155t D d D d
Resultant member stiffness
If the members of the joint have the same Young’s modulus E with
symmetrical frusta back to back, then they act as two identical springs
in series (i.e. km = k/2). Using the grip as l = 2t and dw as the diameter
of the washer face, the spring rate of the members to be
.Ed tan
km
2 ln
l tan d w d d w d
l tan dw d dw d
If α is 30o and D is taken as the waster face diameter dw.
The washer face diameter is roughly 1.5 the major diameter of the bolt.
0.5774 Ed
km
0.5774 l 0.5d
2 ln 5
0 . 5774 l 2.5 d
Resultant member stiffness
Wileman et al. FEM results for the same situation: when all members were
made of same material and hence having same Young’s modulus.
Fm Pm Fi
km P
Fi (1 C ) P Fi Fm 0
kb k m
where
a
Fb max Fb min
a
C Pmax Pmin
2 At 2 At
m
Fb max Fb min
m
C Pmax Pmin Fi
2 At 2 At At
Substitute the above midrange and amplitude stresses in
Goodman, Gerber and ASME elliptic failure equations
to solve for fatigue loading.
Fatigue Loading of Tension Joints
The statistics indicate that the bolts under dynamic loading failed 65% in the
thread at the nut face, 20% at the end of the thread (at the runout point) and 15%
under the head.
Table 8–17
Fatigue Stress- Concentration Factors Kf for Threaded Elements
Table 8–17
Fully Corrected Endurance Strengths for Bolts and Screws with Rolled Thread
Fatigue Loading of Tension Joints
1 CP Fi Fi CP Fi
max min
1
m
2 2 At At At 2 At At
Helix angle: Angle that thread makes with plane perpendicular to thread axis
Lead angle : Angle between the helix and a plane of rotation
FBD of one thread, (a) raising and (b) lowering
A single thread of the screw is unrolled or developed for exactly a single turn. Then one edge
of the thread will form the hypotenuse of a right triangle whose base is the circumference of
the mean-thread-diameter circle and whose height is the lead
tan=(l / dm)
Raising: Lowering:
F P N sin fN cos 0 F
H R H PL N sin fN cos 0
Raising f
F l
:P F sin f cos PR d m
cos f sin
R
1 f .l
d m
Fd m l fd m
TR
2 d m fl
Lowering:
F f l
F f cos sin d
PL PL
m
cos f sin 1 f .l
d m
Fdm fd m l
TL
2 d m fl
Self locking of power screws
Ffc d c
Tc
2
Total torque required to rise the load; TR’ = TR + Tc
Total torque required to rise the load; TL’= TL + Tc
Power screw’s raising efficiency
To Fl Fl
e To
TR 2TR 2
Coefficient of friction (f)
Use Tables 8-5 and 8-6 for values of coefficient of f and fc.
Bearing
pressure
T
F
Body stresses in power screws
• Bending stress, x
resultant is von-mises
• Torsional shear stress, xy stress at top of the root
• Axial compressive stress, y plane
M 6F 2.28 F
x p 1
3
p p
I c d r nt p d r p M F ; I (d r nt ) and c
4 12 2 4
The engaged threads cannot share the load equally. Some experiments show that the first
engaged thread carries a maximum of 0.38 of the load. In estimating thread stresses by the
equations above, substituting 0.38F for F and setting nt to 1 will give the largest level of
stresses in the thread-nut combination.
Body stresses in the screw threads:
von-Mises stress at the critical element
'
1
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y y z z x 6 xy yz zx 2
1
'
1
2
x y y x 6 xy
2 2 2 2
1
2
Body stresses: Transverse shear and bearing
2F 0.76 F
B
d m nt p d m p