Lubrication & Journal

Bearing
Hydro-static / Hydro-dynamic

Objective of lubrication is to
reduce friction, wear and
heating.
Nylon Bearing
Nylon Bearing
Classification by types of lubrication

1. Hydrostatic
2. Hydrodynamic
3. Elasto-hydrodynamic
4. Boundary
Hydrostatic
5. Solid film

•Self lubricated bearing,

•Solid lubricant
Graphite and Molybdenum disulphide
Plummer block
Bearing Liner

•Compressive strength Babbitt

• Conformability
• Embeddability
Dynamic equilibrium
Bearing Failures Misalignment
Overload
Lubrication failure
Wrong clearance
High temperature
Tight fits,
Improper preloading

Scoring

Spalling
Film–pressure distribution notation

W = bearing load (N)

N = speed (rps)
h0 = minimum film-thickness (mm)
e = eccentricity (mm)
P = film pressure (MPa)
Pmax= max fill pressure (MPa)
Φ= position of the minimum film thickness
θpo = terminating position of the lubricant film
θpmax = the position of maximum film pressure.

Fig. 12.15
Viscosity & Lubrication
Comparison of the viscosities of various fluids.
Sommerfeld number, or Bearing characteristic number

The Sommerfeld Number (dimensionless) is

typically defined by the following equation.

S - is the Sommerfeld Number

r - is the shaft radius
c - is the radial clearance
Μ - is the absolute viscosity of the lubricant
N - is the speed of the rotating shaft in rev/s
P - is the load per unit of projected bearing area
The Sommerfeld number is very important in lubrication
analysis because it contains all the variables normally
specified by the designer
 Hydrodynamic
PETROFF’S Law / Equation
It provides a quick and simple means of obtaining reasonable estimates of coefficients
of friction of lightly loaded bearings
PETROFF’S EQUATION:
Saybolt universal viscosimeter of ASTM
Stable Lubrication

Region to the right of line AB defines stable lubrication because

variations are self-correcting.
Region to the left of line AB represents unstable lubrication.
 Point C represents what is probably the beginning of metal-to-metal
contact as μN/P becomes smaller.
N 6
Design Constraint:  1 . 7  10
P
Design Considerations

• Values either given or are under the control of the designer are
1. The viscosity μ
2. The load per unit of projected bearing area, P
3. The speed N
4. The bearing dimensions: radius, clearance & length
• The dependent variables (designer cannot control these except
indirectly by changing one or more of the above group) are
1. The coefficient of friction f
2. The temperature rise T
3. The volume flow rate of oil Q
4. The minimum film thickness h0
Viscosity Charts: II

viscosity used in the

analysis must
correspond to Tav.

Fig. 12.13
The remaining charts from Raimondi and
Boyd relate several variables to the
Somerfield number. These variables are
–Minimum film thickness
–Coefficient of friction
–Lubricant flow
–Film pressure
Chart for minimum film-thickness variable and eccentricity ratio.
Fig. 12.16
Chart for the position of the minimum film thickness

Fig. 12.17
Chart for coefficient-of-friction variable;

Fig. 12.18
Chart for flow variable

Fig. 12.19
Chart for determining the ratio of side flow to total flow.
Fig. 12.20
Chart for determining the maximum film pressure.
Fig. 12.21
Chart for the terminating position of the lubricant
film and the position of maximum film pressure.
Fig. 12.22
Problem:
A full journal bearing has a journal diameter of 40 mm, with a
unilateral tolerance of −0.025 mm. The bushing bore has a
diameter of 40.08 mm and a unilateral tolerance of 0.075 mm.
The bearing is 40 mm long. The journal load is 2.2 kN and it runs
at a speed of 1800 rev/min. Using an average viscosity of 25
mPa.s, find the minimum film thickness, eccentricity, position of
minimum film thickness, coefficient of friction, the torque to
overcome the friction, the power loss to friction, total volumetric
flow rate of lubricant, side flow rate of lubricant, the maximum
film pressure, and the location of maximum and terminating
pressures, for the minimum clearance assembly.
The rotating solid shaft shown in Figure, is simply supported by two full journal
bearings at points B and C and is driven by a gear (not shown) which meshes with the
spur gear at D. The spur gear at D has a 120-mm pitch diameter and a pressure angle
of 25°. The shaft transmits a steady torque of 500 N-m at 600 rpm. The shaft is made
of steel with endurance strength (Se) of 200 MPa and tensile strength (Sut) of 540
MPa. If shaft is of uniform cross section, find the minimum allowable standard
diameter of the shaft based on DE-Goodman fatigue-failure theory with factor of
safety 2. It is decided to use a full journal bearing of length 50 mm at C. The shaft
journal has a unilateral tolerance of −0.012 mm. The diameter of the bushing bore is
0.02 mm more than that of the shaft diameter and has a unilateral tolerance of +0.012
mm. For the minimum clearance assembly, find the minimum oil-film thickness, the
power loss, and the lubricant side flow if the average operating temperature is 500C
assuming SAE 20 lubricating oil is used.
Lubricant Temperature Rise

self-contained bearings or pillow-block or pedestal

Lubricant Temperature Rise

Equating and rearranging above two equations gives

For common petroleum lubricants ρ = 862 kg/m3,

Cp = 1.758 kJ/(kg · 0C), and J = 995x106 m · N/J;
Lubricant Temperature Rise
Using the sump as a control region, write an enthalpy
balance. Using T1 as the datum temperature gives

The thermal energy loss at steady state is equal to the rate of

work done by the journal on the film
i.e Hloss = W˙ = 2πT N/J .
The torque T = f Wr ,
the load in terms of pressure is W = 2Prl ,
and multiplying numerator and denominator by the ‘c’ gives
Temperature Rise Dimensionless Variable

Fig. 12.24
Steady-State Conditions in Self-Contained Bearings

• Bearings in which the warm lubricant stays within

the bearing housing are called self-contained
bearings or pillow-block or pedestal bearings.
• In these bearings, the lubricant sump is within the
bearing housing and the lubricant is cooled within
the housing.
• For these bearings , dissipating heat from the
bearing housing to the surroundings at the same
rate that enthalpy is being generated within the
fluid film.
Steady-State Conditions in Self-Contained Bearings
The heat given up by the bearing housing
H loss  hCR A (Tb  T )
Hloss = heat dissipated, J/s or W
hCR = combined overall coefficient of radiation and convection heat transfer, W/(m2 0C)
A = surface area of bearing housing, m2
Tb = surface temperature of the housing, 0C
T∞ = ambient temperature, 0C
Some representative values of hCR are

 11 . 4 W /( m 2 0 C ) for still air


h CR  15 . 3 W /( m 2 0 C ) for shaft-stirred air
 33 . 5 W /( m 2 0 C )
 for air moving at 25.4 m/s
Steady-State Conditions in Self-Contained Bearings

Tf − Tb = α(Tb − T∞)
where Tf is the average film temperature and α is a constant
depending on the lubrication scheme and the bearing housing
geometry
Steady-State Conditions in Self-Contained Bearings

Solving the preceding equation for Tb and substituting in

the heat loss rate gives the following equation in proper
variables

hCR A
H loss  (T f  T )
1
T f   T
Tb 
1
Steady-State Conditions in Self-Contained Bearings

From Petroff’s equation

4 r lN
2 3
Torque , T 
c
4 2 r 3l N 248  N 2 lr 3
So , H gen  ( 2N ) 
c c
N lr 2 3
H loss  H gen  T f  T  248 (1   )
hCR Ac
Interpolation

With l/d ratio falling in between the marked values, it is

possible to use an equation to determine at the intermediate
value of l/d:
PROBLEM:
A full journal bearing has a journal with a diameter
of 30 mm and a unilateral tolerance of -0.035 mm.
The busing bore length is 50 mm and a diameter
of 30.05 has a unilateral tolerance of +0.05. The
bearing load is 2.75 kN and the journal rotates at
1120 rpm. Analyze the minimum clearance
assembly and find the minimum film thickness,
the coefficient of friction, and the total oil flow if
the average viscosity is 60 mPa-s.
PROBLEM (12.11):
• A full journal bearing has a shaft diameter of 80.00
mm with a unilateral tolerance of −0.01 mm. The
l/d ratio is unity. The bushing has a bore diameter
of 80.08 mm with a unilateral tolerance of 0.03
mm. The SAE 30 oil supply is in an axial-groove
sump with a steady-state temperature of 60◦C. The
radial load is 3000 N. Estimate the average film
temperature, the minimum film thickness, the heat
loss rate, and the lubricant side-flow rate for the
minimum clearance assembly, if the journal speed
is 8 rev/s.
PROBLEM (12.11):
• A full journal bearing has a shaft diameter of 80.00
mm with a unilateral tolerance of −0.01 mm. The l/d
ratio is unity. The bushing has a bore diameter of
80.08 mm with a unilateral tolerance of 0.03 mm.
The SAE 30 oil supply is in an axial-groove sump
with a steady-state temperature of 60◦C. The radial
load is 3000 N. The rise in film temperature is 100C
and estimate the minimum film thickness, the heat
loss rate, and the lubricant side-flow rate for the
minimum clearance assembly, if the journal speed is
8 rev/s.