E26: Most Im portant Questions I RPSC-AE Mains I Civil Engineering: T02 Design of Steel Structures

________. [E26 j

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rro2 Design of Steel Structure~

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Content: Design of compression members, lacings and battens; design of steel beams; plate
girders and gantry girders; roof trusses; and basics of plastic analysis.

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2 Marks

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1. Write the expression to determine the area of gusset plate in design of column base as

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specify in IS: 800-2007.

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Sol.

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Area of gusset plate,

tp
A=~

ht
bg O • 45fck
Here; Pd= factored axial load on column, 0.45(k = bearing strength of concrete.
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2. What is the main criteria to select the best shape of compression members, and which
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shape is assumed as best shape of compression members?

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Any compression member should be designed to have maximum moment of inertia and least radius
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of gyration with respect about any axis. This requirement is fulfilled by 'circular tubes'.
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3. Why 'end bearing stiffeners' are used in plate girders?

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At the end of barn certain portion acts as a compression member and hence there is possibility of
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crushing of web. Hence, end bearing stiffeners are provided to transfer the load from beam to
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support.
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4. What is the basic difference between 'web buckling' and 'web crippling' in respect of steel
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beams?
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Buckling of web occurs away from supports due to compressive forces, whereas, crippling occurs
near to supports due to lack of bearing capacity.
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5. Find the 'shear strength (in kN)' and 'bending moment (N-mm)' for battens in design of
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built-up column by using 2 ISMC 350@413 Nim. The properties of section are:
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Spacing of battens = 1200 mm,

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Load carrying capacity of section= 1400 kN, and

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Spacing between centers of channels = 268 mm.

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 E26: Most Im portant Questions I RPSC-AE Mains I Civil Engineering: T02 Design of Steel Structures

Sol.
25
Shear, V = 2.5% of load carrying capacity of section = x 1400 = 35 kN

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100

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VC 35xl200

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So, shear strength of batten, Vb = - = --- = 78.36kN
NS 2x268

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And bending moment M = VC = (35 x lOOO) x 1200 = 10500000N - mm

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' ' 2N 2x2

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6. What assumptions are made in design of 'gantry girders'?

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Sol.
Assumptions:

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• The entire section resists vertical loads, and

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• The compression flange with channel resists the horizontal forces.

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7. The basic wind speed of an Indian City is 47 m/s and the risk coefficient, terrain factor

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and topography factor, respectively are 0.82, 1.07 and 1.0. Calculate the design wind pressure
(in kN/m2).

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Sol.

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2
Pz = 0.6 (k1 k2 k3 vb)
2
= 0.6(0.82xl.07xlx47) = 1020N I m2 = l.02kN I m2
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8. IS: 800-2007 recommends to use of 'stress reduction factor' while determining the design
compressive stress of axially loaded compression member. State those factors on which the
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'stress reduction factor' depends?

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Sol.
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Stress reduction factor depends on:

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1. Slenderness ration,
2. Buckling class, and
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3. Yield stress.
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9. If the slope of a roof truss is 35° (access is not provided except maintenance), then what
would be the imposed load on roof truss (in N/m2) as per the IS Code provisions?
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Sol.
a

For slope greater than 10°,

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Imposed load= [750-20(0-10°)]N / m2

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= [750-20(35° -10°)]= 250N / m2

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But, as per codal provisions, it should be minimum 400N / m2•

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So, answer would be 400 N / m2•

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10. Give four names of roof trusses classified on basis of their span size.
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Sol.
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 E26: Most Important Questions I RPSC-AE Mains I Civil Engineering: T02 Design of Steel Structures

Names:
1. King post truss: span up to 6 m,
2. Pratt truss: span 6 to 30 m,

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3. Queen post truss: span 6 to 9 m, and
4. Single fan truss: span up to 12m.

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11. The plastic modulus of a section is 6.2x10-4 m3• Its shape factor is 1.24 and the plastic

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moment capacity is 141 kNm. Find the value of yield stress of the material (in N/mm 2).

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Sol.

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Since, fYZP = MP

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So f =MP= 141x106 =227.42N/mm2
6 • 2x10--4 xro"

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' Y Zp

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12. What are the assumptions made in plastic analysis of a steel beam? Discuss briefly.
Sol.

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Assumptions:

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1. Plane section under bending remains plane,

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2. The stress-strain relationship is bilinear ( consisting two straight lines), and

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3. Shear deformations are neglected.

13. Write short note on 'web splice'. |

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A joint in the web plate is provided to increase the length is known as web splice. Web splice
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become essential, when the maximum manufactured length of plate is insufficient for full length
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of plate girder.
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14. Name the components of a plate girder.

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Sol.
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Components:
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• Flange plate,
• Flange angle,
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• Flange and web splice,

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• Vertical, intermediate and horizontal stiffeners, and

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• Bearing stiffeners.
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5 Marks
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1. Determine the design axial load on column section ISMB 350 given that the height of
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column is 4 m and that it is pin-ended. Assume,

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fy = 250 MPa, Fu= 410 MPa, and E = 2 x 105 MPa.

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Properties of ISMB 350:

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A= 6670 mrrr', tr= 14.2 mm, t., = 8.1 mm, hr= 140 mm,
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rzz = 143 mm, and t;,y = 28.4 mm, h = 350 mm,

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 E26: Most Im portant Questions I RPSC-AE Mains I Civil Engineering: T02 Design of Steel Structures

Im perfection factor :
a = 0.21 ( for buckling class about Z - Z axis)

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a= 0.34 (for buckling class about Y - Y axis)

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Sol.

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Design axial loadon column, Pd= f00Ac ... (1)

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h 350

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For - = - = 2.5 > 1.2, and tr < 40 mm,

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bf 140

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. effective length KL 4000
Slenderness ratio = -------- = - = -- = 140 . 85

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min. radius of gyration rmin 28.4

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Non-dimensional slenderness ratio,

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A=JE={(~J = 250 X (140.85)2

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--~-~=I.59
n2 x2xl05

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So, <I>= 0.5[1 + a(A-0.2) + 11. 2]

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= 0.5[1 + 0.34(1.59 - 0.2) + (1.59)2] = 2
: . Design strength in axial compression,
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f /y f
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f = <_l'._
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y
cd <I>+ ( <1>2 - A 2)1'2 - 'Y
n.

250/1.1 250
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=------<-
2 2 2
2 + (2 - 1.59 )1' - 1.1
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= 70.73 NI mm" ~ 227.27, Hence ok.

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Now, from equation (1),

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Pd= f00Ac = 70.73x 6670 = 47I.77kN

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2. Design web and flange of a welded plate girder of span 30 m to carry design factored load
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of 60 kN/m. Avoid use of bearing and intermediate stiffeners. Use Fe-415 (E 250) steel.
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Sol.
2 2
- bend.mg moment, M = --
wL = ---
60x30 = 6750 kN - m
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Maximum
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. wL 60x30
Maximum shear force, V = - = --- = 900 kN
2 2
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Design of web plate :

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If stiffeners are to be avoided,

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k=~~67
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 E26: Most Im portant Questions I RPSC-AE Mains I Civil Engineering: T02 Design of Steel Structures

So, economical depth of web, d = ~7

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6750xl06 x67xl.1
:::::} d =} 1------- = 1257.79mm

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250

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Use 1200mm plates.

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1200

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So, t ~ ~ 17.91mm
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Select, t , = 18 mm.

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Thus, web plate selected 1200mm X 18mm.

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Design of flange plate :

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Neglecting themoment capacity of web, so area of flange required is

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Ald

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__Y_~M

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1.1

tp
:::: } Af x 250x 1200 ~ 6750x 106

ht
1.1
::::} Af = 24750mm2
To keep the flange in semi compact category,
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~~13.6
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tf
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b
Assume, tf =-
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So, Af = 12tftf = 24750

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::::} tf = 45.41mm
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Select 45 mm plates.
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So, width of plate required, b = 12 tf = 12 X 45 = 540mm.

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Hence, use 540mm wide and 45 mm thick plate for flange.

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3. What types of lateral systems are normally be used in design of steel columns?
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To achieve maximum value for minimum radius of gyration, without increasing the area of the
section, a number of elements are placed away from the principal axis using suitable lateral
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systems. The commonly used lateral systems are lacing, and battening. Normally, rolled steel
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angles are used for lacing which are subjected to axial forces due to horizontal forces on columns.
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Further, battens are of plates, angle channels or I-sections, and designed to carry bending moments
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and shear forces arising from transverse shear force on columns.

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4. A propped cantilever of span 10 m is subjected to a concentrated load at mid-span. If Mp

is plastic moment capacity of the beam, then find the value of collapse load (W).
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 E26: Most Im portant Questions I RPSC-AE Mains I Civil Engineering: T02 Design of Steel Structures

Sol.
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~ 5m 5m

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So 3MP = WxlO

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' 2 4

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~ W=0.6MP

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20 Marks

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1. Design a laced column with two channels (ISMC 350@413 N/m) back to back of length 10

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m to carry an axial factored load of 1400 kN. The column may be assumed to have restrained

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in position but not in direction at both ends (hinged ends). Assume, fed =141 N/mm2 for the

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observed slenderness ratio.
Channel properties are given;
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A= 5366 mm2, rzz = 136.6 mm, ryy = 28.3 mm lu = 1008x104 mm 4, lyy = 430.6x104 mm",
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Cu= 24.4 mm.
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Find:
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(a) Observed slenderness ratio and load carrying capacity of section.

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(b) Minimum thickness of lacings.

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(a)
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For two 1SMC350,

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Area provided, A = 2 x 5366 = 10732 mm"

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And, rmin = rzz = 136.6 mm

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So, observed slenderness ratio,

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KL 1 X 10000 =
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73206
rmin 136.6
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Since, itis laced column,

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KL
So, - = 1.05 x 73.206 = 76.87 [as per IS: 800]
r.
mm
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For this observed value,

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(d =141 N/mm2
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. . 10732x 141
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So, load carrying capacity, Pd = ------

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 E26: Most Important Questions I RPSC-AE Mains I Civil Engineering: T02 Design of Steel Structures

::::} Pd= 1483.8 kN > 1400 kN, Hence ok.

(b)

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Spacing between the channels :

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I I
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X-------~4----~---- --r--

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X
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d I

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Let the clear distance is 'd'.

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Now, lxx = 2x(10008xl04) = 20016xl04 mm"

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And, Jyy = 2 X [ 430.6 X 104 + 5366( ~ + 24.4 )']

tp
ht
By equating both Ixx and IYY, we get
d = 218.4 mm= 220 mm
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Design of lacings :
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Let the lacings be provided at 45° to horizontal.

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Asuume gauge distance as 60 mm,

. ·. Horizontal spacing of lacing = 220 + 60 + 60 = 340 mm
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Vertical spacing = 2 x 340 tan 45° = 680 mm.

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Since, forone channel, rmin = rYY = 28.3 mm,

KL 680
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So, - = -- = 24.03 < 50, Hence ok. [From IS : 800]

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rmin 28.3
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Transverse shear resisted by lacing system= 2.5% of 1400kN = 35kN .

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Since, there are two lacing systems, so shear resisted by each lacing= 17.5kN.
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 E26: Most Im portant Questions I RPSC-AE Mains I Civil Engineering: T02 Design of Steel Structures

340
And, length of lacing = = 480.83 mm.
cos45°

m
So, min. thickness of lacing = _!_ x 480.83 = 12 mm. [ As per IS: 800]

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40

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2. Determine the design bending and shear strength of a laterally supported beam 1SMB300.

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The properties of section are:

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Depth of section = 300 mm, width of flange = 140 mm, thickness of flange = 12.4 mm,
thickness of web= 7.5 mm, radius of root= 14 mm, and yield stress= 250 MPa, elastic section

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modulus= 651.74x103 mm3, plastic section modulus= 573.6x103 mm3.

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Sol.

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X

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b
t.r I
14

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//
s:
D

tp
d z

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br
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E= ~= {25o =1
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v fy ~250
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Flange:
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b 140
b=- r =-=70mm
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2 2
70 = 5.65 < 9.4E, hence plastic
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A nd , -b = -- . section.
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tr 12.4
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Web:
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d=D-2tr -2r1 = 300-2x12.4-2x14= 247.2mm

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d = --
24 7.2 = 32.96 < 84E, hence p lastic
. section.
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And , -
tw 7.5
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Design bending strength of section :

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Assuming, factored shear force is less than 0.6Vd (where, Vd = design shear capacity).
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The section is plastic and laterally supported.

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Design bending strength,

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 E26: Most Im portant Questions I RPSC-AE Mains I Civil Engineering: T02 Design of Steel Structures

- ~bzPY<
f f
1.22 ey
Md- -
"{ "{

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Here; ~h = 1 (for plastic compact section), y = 1.1, fY = 250 MPa,

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And, ZP and Ze = plastic and elastic section modulus of section

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= 651.74x 103 and 573.6x 103 mm"

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3 3
M = lx651.74xl0 x 250 = 148_lkNm~[l.2x573.6xl0 x250 = 156.43kNm]

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6 6
d 1.1 X 10 1.1 X 10

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So, design bending strength= 148.lkNm

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Design shear strength of section :

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Shear area for hot rolled I - section, Av = Dt., = 300 x 7.5 = 2250 mm"

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. . AJ
J, / 2250 X 250

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Nommal shear strength of cross section, Vn = = .- = 325kN

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325
So, design shear strength of section, Vd = Vn = = 295.2kN

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"{ 1.1

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3. Briefly discuss about major elements of steel roof truss.
Sol. |
Elements of roof truss:
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1. Principal rafter: The top chord members of a roof truss are called principal rafters. They support
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the purlins. They are mainly compression members and may be subjected to shear and bending
moment if the purlins are not placed at nodal pints.
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2. Struts: These are the members carrying compressive forces in a roof truss.
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3. Main tie: The bottom chord member is called main tie. It is usually in tension and takes
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compression if reversal of loads occurs due to wind load.

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4. Ridge line and eves: The top line of the roof truss is called the ridge line and the bottom edge
of roof truss is called eves.
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5. Purlins: These are members subjected to transverse loads and rest on the rafters of roof trusses.
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They support sheeting that carries roof covering. They are horizontal beams spanning between
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the two adjacent trusses.

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6. Common rafter: These are provided only if the spacing of purlins are larger than the available
lengths of sheeting. Rafters are inclined beams supported on the purlins.
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7. Base plate and anchor bolts: Base plate supports the shoe angle of the truss through bolts. Base
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plate is anchored to the column or wall through anchor bolts. Anchor bolts can take both
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downward as well as upward reactions from the truss.

8. Sag rods for purlins: Sag rods are installed in the plane of slope connecting the purlins. The
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sag rods reduce the span for bending about the weaker axis caused by the tangential
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components of the load.

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9. Lateral bracing of end truss: Bracing is required to resist horizontal loadings. The bracing for
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roof trusses and supporting columns provide stiff rigid structure. Bracing is provided to the
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last two trusses on either side of the shed both at top chord and bottom chord levels.
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 E26: Most Important Questions I RPSC-AE Mains I Civil Engineering: T02 Design of Steel Structures

4. Write procedural steps of design of plate girders.

Sol.
Procedural steps:

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1. Assuming, self-weight is equal to w/200 (where, w is factored load), find the factored shear
force and moment for the design of plate girder.

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2. Decide whether to use or not use transverse stiffeners, and assume the value of k, i.e. dltw.

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Determine economical depth as,

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d=t::y

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Select suitable plate around this depth.

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3. Determine the area of flange required to resist moment. Proportion it so that br/t satisfies

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requirements of plastic/ compact/semi-compact section.

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4. Check the moment capacity of the girder.
5. Find shear resistance of the web using either simple post-critical method or by tension field

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method.

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6. Design the weld connecting flange plate and web plate.

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7. Design the end bearing stiffeners.

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8. Design the connection of stiffener.
9. Design load carrying stiffeners, if required.

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IO. Design intermediate stiffeners, if required.
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