Design of Connections In Steel Buildings

Presented by : Dewan Mehedi Hassan (SDE, DD-1)

Fastening components
 Rivets
 Bolts
 Welds
Rivets
 Driven by machines
 Almost always heated before
driving
 Should conform to ASTM A502
 Generally not used in building
construction.
Structural Bolts
 Bolt types-
 Unfinished bolts (A307)
 High strength bolt (A325, A449 & A490)
 A307 (Unfinished/Ordinary/Machine bolts)
 Tightened by long handed manual wrenches so induced tension is unpredictable and
small.
 Used in building frames not subjected shock or vibration.
 A325
 Medium carbon steel
 Two ranges of diameter
 A449
 Medium carbon steel
 Three ranges of diameter
 A490
 Alloy steel
 One tensile strength
Bolted connection types
 Slip-critical connection
 Force which the fastener is permitted to transmit is small
enough to provide a margin of safety with respect to slip of
the joint
 The connection transmit the force by friction produced by
the faying surface by the clamping action of the bolts.
 Recommended for the joints subjected to stress reversal ,
severe stress fluctuation, impact, vibration or where slip is
objectionable
 Bearing type connection
 Load transferred by the bearing and the shear on the bolt
Research Council on Structural Connection(RCSC)
requirements
Welds

Types

 Groove
 Weld is made in the opening(groove) between two parts

 Fillet
 Triangular in shape
 Joint surfaces at an angle with each other

 Plug
 Depositing metal in a circular hole in two lapped pieces

 Slot
 Elongated plug welding
Fillet weld
 Most common type -
 Connections are easily made
 Groove weld require members to be cut close tolerance

 Terminology
 Legs- faces of the welds that are in contact with parts joined
 Size(s)- length of the side of the largest isosceles right angled
triangle that can be inscribed within fillet cross section
 Throat- the shortest distance of the root of weld to the
hypotenuse( .707*s for equal legged fillet)
Fillet weld
Welding Code
 Most specification of AISC requires that the provision of ANSI/AWS D1.1
Structural Welding Code be satisfied.

 The American Welding Society (AWS) was founded in 1919, as a non-profit

organization

 AWS D1.1 is a very influential AWS code covers all general requirements for
structural welding. This code has been adopted by ANSI as a National
Standard in the United States.

 The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is a private non-profit

organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus
standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the
United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with
international standards so that American products can be used worldwide.
Electrodes
 In shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) each electrode is given a
code number as EXXXXX

 E stands for electrode and each x stands for a number

 First two/three numbers indicates its tensile strength (kips/sq. inch)

 Next number denotes the position it can be used(1=all,2=flat &

horizontal, 3=flat only)

 Last number denotes type of covering, type of current and polarity.

Fillet weld specification
 Most commonly fillet weld increase in size by sixteenth of an inch
from 1/8 to 1/2 and by eighths of an inch for greater than 1/2 inch.

 Max size of fillet weld permitted by AWS along edges of material ¼

in or more in thickness is 1/16 in less than the thickness of material.

 Min fillet weld size (to prevent brittleness)

 The attached material restrains the contraction of hotter weld
 Relatively cold material accelerates the rate of cooling
Minimum thickness table
Size of fillet weld, in Maximum Thickness of part,
in
1/8 To ¼
3/16 Over ¼ to ½
1/4 Over ½ to ¾
5/16 Over ¾
Welding example
 Design and detail the welded end connection required to
transmit a dead load force of 80kips and live load force of
300kips through two C10x30 to a 1inch gusset plate. All
materials is A36 .Welds are to be deposited manually using
E60XX electrodes.
Solution

 Design force/ channel = 380/2=190kips

 Min weld size = 5/16 inch ( from table)
 Max weld size along web = .673-1/16 = .610inch
 So, use 5/16in weld
 Weld throat = .707*5/16= .221inch
 Capacity of 1inch weld = .221*0.3*60= 3.98kips
 Required length = 190/3.98= 47.8inch
 Use 10inch at the end of the channel and 19inch along each side
Bolted connection
 Base plate (steel column to rcc column)

 Beam endplate (steel beam to column)

 Framed beam connection (primary to secondary beam)

 Column splice

 Beam splice
Base plate design
 Axially loaded

 Plate with moment

 Small eccentricity
 Moderate eccentricity
 Large eccentricity
Axially loaded base plate
 Method mentioned in AISC Manual of Steel Construction (AISC
1989).

 Two step method

 The required plate area is first determined,based on an assumed uniform
allowable bearing stress

 The second step then is to determine the plate thickness.

 The plate is assumed to bend about the critical sections as a

cantilevered beam, loaded with the uniformly distributed bearing
stress.
Cont’d

Fig 1. Assumed bearing stress Fig 2. Critical section

Fig 3. Bending
Axially loaded baseplate
Design steps
 1. The area of the plate should be equal to the larger of:

 (If the second equation governs, the concrete area is equal to or greater than four times the plate
area)

 2. The plate dimensions, B and N, should be determined so that m and n are

approximately equal:

 Where ∆
 ∆ = .5(0.95*d-0.8*bf)
Cont’d
 Then:

 These values should be rounded up to the nearest half or whole inch.

 3. Determine the actual bearing pressure:

 4. Determine m and n.

 5.Determine the required plate thickness based on the larger value m and n:
Base plate with moment

Fig. Base plate with small , moderate

and large eccentricity
Anchor bolts
 Used in column base plate .

 First they are used to safely anchor all plates to prevent column
overturning during construction.

 They are also necessary when the plate is subject to large design
moments or uplift.
Anchor bolt - types

Hooked bar Bolt Threaded bar

Design of hooked bar
 The design of hooked anchors should be based on the anchorage provided by
the hook only. Fisher (1981) recommended the equation with a factor of
safety 1.7 to be used.

 Itis recommended that hooked anchors should only be used for axially
loaded base plates.

 Since failure can occur by straightening and pulling out, it is recommended

that the hook be designed to develop a minimum force equal to half the
tensile capacity of the bolt.

 The hooked portion should be pointed diagonally inward toward the center
of the foundation.
 Shipp and Haninger (1983) have presented minimum guidelines for
bolt embedment and edge distance adopted from ACI 349.

Bolt Type, Minimum Embedded Minimum Embedded

Material Length Edge Distance
A307, A36 12 d 5 d > 4 in.

A325, A449 17 d 7 d > 4 in.

Design of Bolts and Rods with a
Nut
 Anchor bolts which are needed to develop a tensile capacity to resist
design moments or uplift should normally be either bolts or threaded
rods with a nut provided for the anchorage.

 Failure occurs when either the bolt fails or when a cone of concrete
surrounding the bolt separates from the foundation.

 The cone radiates at an assumed angle of 45 degrees and tensile

failure occurs along the surface of the cone.

 It is assume that the failure stress should be perpendicular to the

surface of the cone.

 For multiple anchorages, the separate failure cones may overlap.

The effective area of the group should then be used.
Cont’d

Fig. Failure cone for anchor

Cont’d

Fig. Calculation of equivalent areas

End plate moment connection
Basic steps of 4 tension bolt design:
 Effective critical moment :
 Me= αm*Ff*pe/4
 αm=
 Ca = Constant, Cb = √(bf/bp)
 Pe=

 Thickness of plate
 Tp=√(6Me)/(Fb*bp)
 Fb= Allowable bending stress for the
end-plate material (0.75 times the
specified yield stress)

 Bolt dia is determined from beam tension

flange force,
Prequalified connections
 Connection Types
 Reduced beam section
 Bolted unstiffened extended end plate
 Bolted stiffened extended end plate
 Bolted flange plate
 Welded unreinforced flange-welded web
Reduced beam section
moment connection
Bolted unstiffened and stiffened
extended end-plate moment connections
Bolted flange plate moment
connection
Welded unreinforced flange–welded
web moment connection
4E/4ES/8ES Design steps
THANKS TO ALL