Steel connections

Bolted connections
(Friction type connections)
lecture Edited
By

Prof. Dr. Ehab Boghdadi Matar

Dr. Mahmoud Tolba Nawar
Eng. Ahmed Elaser
Acknowledgement
• I acknowledge photos found in this lecture to the
scientific teaching aids found in different sources,
especially
• AISC digital library
• ESDEP lecture notes
• AISC- connection teaching toolkit
• Personal photos taken in Germany, Holland,
Austria and Egypt.
Ehab matar
Prof. of steel structural
Bearing and friction type bolted
connections
 Pre-tensioned High strength bolted
connections (Slip-Critical Joints) (AISC)

• In a slip-critical joint the bolts must be fully pretensioned to cause a clamping force
between the connected elements
• This force develops frictional resistance between the connected elements
• The frictional resistance allows the joint to withstand loading without slipping into
bearing against the body of the bolt, although the bolts must still be designed for
bearing
• 4 The faying surfaces in slip-critical joints require special preparation (AISC)
 When to Use Slip-Critical Joints

Per the RCSC Specification (2000), Slip-critical joints are only required in the following
applications involving shear or combined shear and tension:
1. Joints that are subject to fatigue load with reversal of the loading direction
(not applicable to wind bracing)
2. Joints that utilize oversized holes
3. Joints that utilize slotted holes, except those with applied load approximately
perpendicular to the direction of the long dimension of the slot
4. Joints in which slip at the faying surfaces would be detrimental to the performance of
5 the structure
 Turn-of-Nut Installation

• Installation beyond snug-tight is called pretensioning

• Turn-of-nut pretensioning involves several steps:
1. The bolt is snug-tightened
2. Matchmarks are placed on each nut, bolt, and steel surface in a straight line
3. The part not turned by the wrench is prevented from turning
4. The bolt is tightened with a prescribed rotation past the snug-tight condition
• The specified rotation varies by diameter and length (between 1/3 and 1 turn)
6
(RCSC 2000, AISC)
 Turn-of-Nut Installation Videos

https://youtu.be/NvoPkQ2nx5c

https://youtu.be/KOAAvAoquck
 Calibrated Wrench Installation

• Calibrated Wrench pretensioning uses an impact wrench (above left) to tighten the
bolt to a specified tension
• A Skidmore-Wilhelm calibration device (above right) is used to calibrate the impact
wrench to the torque level which will achieve the specified tension
• A sample of bolts representative of those to be used in the connections are tested to
8 verify that the correct tension will be achieved (RCSC 2000, AISC)
 ASTM F1852 Installation
(AISC)

• F1852 bolts are twist-off-type tension-control bolts

• These bolts must be pretensioned with a twist-off-
type tension-control bolt installation wrench that
has two coaxial chucks
• The inner chuck engages the splined end of the bolt
• The outer chuck engages the nut
• The two chucks turn opposite to one another to
tighten the bolt
• The splined end of the F1852 bolt shears off at a
specified tension (AISC 2003)

Video: https://youtu.be/2JlzSJao__k
 ASTM F959 Direct Tension Indicators
DTI’s

Feeler Gages

• Another way to try to ensure proper pretensioning of a bolt is through the use of direct
tension indicators (DTIs)
• These washers have protrusions that must bear against the unturned element
• As the bolt is tightened the clamping force flattens the protrusions and reduces the gap
• The gap is measured with a feeler gage
• When the gap reaches the specified size the bolt is properly pretensioned (AISC & NISD
2000)
10
 Installation of DTIs

(Adapted from Figure C-8.1 RCSC 2000)

It is essential that direct tension indicators be properly oriented in the assembly

a) The bolt head is stationary while the nut is turned – DTI under bolt head
b) The bolt head is stationary while the nut is turned – DTI under nut (washer required)
c) The nut is stationary while the bolt head is turned – DTI under bolt head (washer required)
d) The nut is stationary while the bolt head is turned – DTI under nut
11 2000)
(RCSC
 Installation of DTIs Videos

1 https://youtu.be/yAkZa1EIeqs

2 https://youtu.be/s677UKFiRdA

12
 Pre-tensioning force T, Torque Ma

T  0.7 xf yb xAs
M a  0.2.d .T
Where:
fyb= yield point stress of the bolt material
= 6.4t/cm2 for bolts grade 8.8 and
= 9t/cm2 for bolts grade 10.9
As= stress area in the table given later.
d= bolt diameter
 The design shear strength of a single
bolt in slip critical connections
T
Ps  m

Where :
m  no. of shear plans
T = pre - tensioning force in the bolt
 = friction coefficien t
 = safety factor with regard to slip
= 1.25 for case I loading in ordinary steel structure
= 1.05for case II loading in ordinary steel structure
= 1.6 for case I loading in bridges and cranes
= 1.35 for case II loading in bridges and cranes
 Coefficient of friction 
• The friction coefficient is of prime importance for friction type connection.
It depends on the condition and preparation of the surfaces to be joined.
Surface treatments are classified into three main classes A, B and C as
follows:
• Class A (=0.5):
• Surfaces are blasted with shot or grit with any loose rust removed, no
painting.
• Surfaces are blasted with shot or grit and spray metalized with aluminum.
• Surfaces are blasted with shot or grit and spray metalized with a zinc
based coating.
• Class B (=0.4) :
• Surfaces are blasted with shot or grit and painted with alkali-zinc silicate
painting to produce a coating thickness of 50-80m.
• Class C (=0.3):
• Surfaces are cleaned by wire brushing or flame cleaning with any loose
rust removed.
Table for the allowable shear force/bolt (grade 10.9)
Note for grade 8.8, 70% of these values is to be used
Bolts Subjected to shear

• Q /b≤ mPs=mT/
Bolts Subjected to eccentric shear

• Q /b≤ Ps=mT/
Connections subjected
to axial tension force

Acting forces in each bolt

Text
Text / b 
n
Safety condition
Text / b  0.6T
Text / b  P  0.8T
P = prying force
 Bolts subjected to shear and tension
Acting forces in each bolt
Text  Fd . sin  & Q  Fd . cos 
T n3
Text / b  ext
n
Q
Q/ b 
n
Safety conditions
Text / b  P  0.8T n2
 Text / b 
Q/ b  mPs 1   n3
 T  n1
P = prying force
 Bolts subjected to Shear and Moment
Acting forces in each bolt
M
TC
h
T
Text / b 
nt
Q h
Q/ b 
n
Safety conditions
Text / b  P  0.8T
Q / b  mPs
n t = number of bolts subjected to tension only due to moment
n = total number of bolts
 Bolts subjected to shear, tension and
bending moment
Acting forces in each bolt
M
T C 
h
T
Text / bM 
nt
Text
Text / b 
n
Q h
Q/ b 
n
Safety conditions
Text / b  Text / bM  P  0.8T
 Text / b 
Q/ b  mPs 1   in friction type connection
 T 
 Prying forces (P)

• In the bending of the flanges of the Tee, the bolts act as a

pivot point so that there is a compressive reaction (P)
between the outer edges of the flanges, which is defined
as the Prying Force. The tension induced in the bolts, for
equilibrium, is thus T  P  0.8T
ext/b
 Value of Prying forces
 
4



1  W .t p 


 2 30.a.b2.A 
P 

s 
.T orT
 W .t 4  ext,b,M ext,b
 
 
3a  a 1  p 
 
4  4b  30.a.b2.A 


 s
a, b = Bolt outer overhang and inner bolt dimension w.r.t.
the stem tee stub in cm.
W = Flange Tee stub breadth w.r.t. one column of bolts.
As = Bolt stress area
T = Applied external tension force on one bolt column due
ext,b
to either an external tension force
T = Text or due to the replacement of the applied
ext,b,M
moment M by two equal and opposite couples
T = C = M/d
b b b
 Examples
Pure Shear Connection 3

F =-3 t (II)
80x8
The shown truss members connected together 4

)
(I
2

t
with bolts M16 grade 8.8 as a friction type F=

2
x8
+7

1
=-

0
connection using gusset plate thickness 10 mm. t(

9
70 I)

F
x7
It’s required to design that connection if the

45
30°
surfaces are treaded as in class A F =-10 t (I) F = +15 t (II)
1 5

°
80x8 60x6

Solution
Table
For M16 class A Ps = 3.96 ton
For grade 8.8 Ps =3.96 x 0.7 = 2.77 ton

For case II. Ps increase by 20%

Member 1

2L 80*8 B2B (Double Shear) n=2

F = 10 ton Case I

10
= = 1.81 Bolts N1 = 2 Bolts
2 x 2.77
 Examples
Pure Shear Connection 3

F =-3 t (II)
80x8
The shown truss members connected together 4

)
(I
2

t
with bolts M16 grade 8.8 as a friction type F=

2
x8
+7

1
=-

0
connection using gusset plate thickness 10 mm. t(

9
70 I)

F
x7
It’s required to design that connection if the

45
30°
surfaces are treaded as in class A F =-10 t (I) F = +15 t (II)
1 5

°
80x8 60x6

Solution
Table
For M16 class A Ps = 3.96 ton
For grade 8.8 Ps =3.96 x 0.7 = 2.77 ton

For case II. Ps increase by 20%

Member 2

1L 70*7 (Single Shear) n=1

F = 7 ton Case I

=
7
= 2.52 Bolts N2 = 3 Bolts
1 x 2.77
 Examples
Pure Shear Connection 3

F =-3 t (II)
80x8
The shown truss members connected together 4

)
(I
2

t
with bolts M16 grade 8.8 as a friction type F=

2
x8
+7

1
=-

0
connection using gusset plate thickness 10 mm. t(

9
70 I)

F
x7
It’s required to design that connection if the

45
30°
surfaces are treaded as in class A F =-10 t (I) F = +15 t (II)
1 5

°
80x8 60x6

Solution
Table
For M16 class A Ps = 3.96 ton
For grade 8.8 Ps =3.96 x 0.7 = 2.77 ton

For case II. Ps increase by 20%

Member 3

1L 80*8 (Single Shear) n=1

F = 3 ton Case II

3 N3 = 2 Bolts
= = 0.9 Bolts
1 x 2.77 x 1.2
Hint: Min. number of bolts = 2
 Examples
Pure Shear Connection 3

F =-3 t (II)
80x8
The shown truss members connected together 4

)
(I
2

t
with bolts M16 grade 8.8 as a friction type F=

2
x8
+7

1
=-

0
connection using gusset plate thickness 10 mm. t(

9
70 I)

F
x7
It’s required to design that connection if the

45
30°
surfaces are treaded as in class A F =-10 t (I) F = +15 t (II)
1 5

°
80x8 60x6

Solution
Table
For M16 class A Ps = 3.96 ton
For grade 8.8 Ps =3.96 x 0.7 = 2.77 ton

For case II. Ps increase by 20%

Member 4

2L 80*8 star (Single Shear) n=1

F = 12 ton Case I

=
12
= 4.33 Bolts N4 = 6 Bolts : 3 Bolts/angle
1 x 2.77
Hint: for star shape number must be
even to be divided on two angles
 Examples
Pure Shear Connection 3

F =-3 t (II)
80x8
The shown truss members connected together 4

)
(I
2

t
with bolts M16 grade 8.8 as a friction type F=

2
x8
+7

1
=-

0
connection using gusset plate thickness 10 mm. t(

9
70 I)

F
x7
It’s required to design that connection if the

45
30°
surfaces are treaded as in class A F =-10 t (I) F = +15 t (II)
1 5

°
80x8 60x6

Solution
Table
For M16 class A Ps = 3.96 ton
For grade 8.8 Ps =3.96 x 0.7 = 2.77 ton

For case II. Ps increase by 20%

Member 5

2L 60*6 B2B (Double Shear) n=2

F = 15 ton Case II

15 N5 = 3 Bolts
= = 2.25 Bolts
2 x 2.77 x 1.2
 Examples 8 ton
Eccentric Shear Connection (Torsion) 6 18 6

3 ton

8 4
For the shown connection with shown number and distribution
of Bolts M20 Grade 10.9. the shown forces are Case I. If used

40 cm
8
plates are safe, and bolts are friction type Class B. Check of

8
Bolts are safe or not.

4 8
Solution
Table
For M16 class B Ps = 4.94 ton
For grade 10.9 no decrease in Ps
30 45
For case II. Ps increase by 20%

Hints:
• This connection always consist of two plates each one connected with the same
number of bolts but not with the same bolts
• Each plate connected as single shear connection
• The given forces must divided by 2
• Find the centroid of Bolts and move forces to centroid with moment
 Examples 8 ton
Eccentric Shear Connection (Torsion) 6 18 6

3 ton

8 4
For the shown connection with shown number and distribution
of Bolts M20 Grade 10.9. the shown forces are Case I. If used

40 cm
8
plates are safe, and bolts are friction type Class B. Check of

8
Bolts are safe or not.

4 8
Solution
Table
For M16 class B Ps = 4.94 ton
For grade 10.9 no decrease in Ps
30 45
For case II. Ps increase by 20%

30
Forces On Bolts
Vertical Load = 8/2 = 4.0 ton
Horizontal Load = 3/2 = 1.5 ton
1.5 t
40 cm
Moment = 4 x (45+30/2)/100 + 1.5 x (40/2)/100 = 2.7 t.m

Find Most Critical Bolt and its Dimention from Centroid

Xmax = 9 cm
Ymax = 16 cm
2.7 t.m
4 t
 Examples 8 ton
Eccentric Shear Connection (Torsion) 6 18 6

3 ton

8 4
For the shown connection with shown number and distribution
of Bolts M20 Grade 10.9. the shown forces are Case I. If used

40 cm
8
plates are safe, and bolts are friction type Class B. Check of

8
Bolts are safe or not.

4 8
Solution
Forces On most critical bolt Due to Vertical Load
V1 = V / 10 = 4 / 10 = 0.4 ton
Forces On most critical bolt Due to Horizonal Load 30 45

H1 = H / 10 = 1.5 / 10 = 0.15 ton x Max

9 V1
Forces On most critical bolt Due to Moment 6 18 6
M.R H1
qM =

8 4
σ R2 qM

yMax
16

R
σ R2 = σ X2 + σ Y2 =810+1280=2090 cm2 1.5 t

8
8
෍ X2 =5.(−9)2 +5.(9) 2 =810 cm2
4 8

෍ Y2 =2.(16)2 +2.(8) 2 +2.(−8) 2 +2.(−16)2 =1280 cm2

2.7 t.m
4t
 Examples x Max
Eccentric Shear Connection (Torsion) 9 V1
6 18 6

H1

8 4
For the shown connection with shown number and distribution
qM

yMax
16

R
of Bolts M20 Grade 10.9. the shown forces are Case I. If used
1.5 t

8
plates are safe, and bolts are friction type Class B. Check of

8
Bolts are safe or not.
Solution

4 8
Forces On most critical bolt Due to Vertical Load
2.7 t.m
V1 = V / 10 = 4 / 10 = 0.4 ton 4t
Forces On most critical bolt Due to Horizonal Load
H1 = H / 10 = 1.5 / 10 = 0.15 ton

forces dut to moment can be analyze in two directions

M.XMax 2.7x100 x 9
V2 = = =1.16 ton
q
σR 2 2090
M.YMax 2.7x100 x 16 V2 M
H2 = = =2.07 ton
σ R2 2090 H1 H2
Resultant of force on the most critical bolt
V1 q
qb = H1 +H2
2
+ V1 +V2
2
= 0.15+2.07 2 + 0.4+1.16 2 =2.71 t/cm2 b

< Ps = 4.94 ton Safe V2

 Examples
Pure Tension Connection
60x6
The given connection is the connection between truss lower chord and
main column, connected together with 2L60*60*6 back to back with F = 25 (II)

Bolts M16 Grade 8.8. if the lower chord member subjected to force 25
ton case II. find min number of bolts to make connection safe.

Solution

Table
For M16 Ts = 9.89 ton
For grade 8.8 Ts = 9.89x0.7 = 6.92 ton
For case II. Ts increase by 20%

Find Min Number of Bolts

25
= = 5.02 Bolts
0.6 x 6.92 x1.2

N = 6 Bolts : 3 Bolts/angle
 Examples
Pure Tension Connection
60x6
For the same previous connection. It’s required to check if 6M16 grade
8.8 are safe. F = 25 (II)

Solution

Table
For M16 Ts = 9.89 ton
For grade 8.8 Ts = 9.89x0.7 = 6.92 ton
For Case II Ts = 1.2x6.92 = 8.3 ton

Check Safty
25
= = 4.17 𝑡𝑜𝑛
6
< 0.6Ts = 0.6x8.3 = 4.98 ton Safe
 Examples
Tension & Shear Connection
60x6

The given connection is the connection between

truss Diagonal and main column, connected
together with 2L60*60*6 back to back with Bolts
12M16 Grade 8.8 class B. if the diagonal member

6
30

0
x6
subjected to force 30 ton case I. check if that
F = 30 (I)

number of bolts are safe.

Solution
Table
For M16 Class B Ps = 3.17 ton , Ts = 9.89 ton
For grade 8.8 Ps = 3.17x0.7 = 2.22 ton
Ts = 9.89x0.7 = 6.92 ton
60x6

Analysis the given force in X,Y direction

T = F sin(30)
T = F .Sin(30) = 30xcos(30) = 26 ton T = 15 t

Q = F .Cos(30) = 30xsin(30) = 15 ton

6
30

0
x6
Q = F Cos(30) F = 30 (I)
Q = 26 t
 Examples 60x6
Tension & Shear Connection

T = F sin(30)

The given connection is the connection between T = 15 t

truss Diagonal and main column, connected

together with 2L60*60*6 back to back with Bolts

6
30

0
x6
12M16 Grade 8.8 class B. if the diagonal member
subjected to force 30 ton case I. check if that Q = F Cos(30) F = 30 (I)
Q = 26 t
number of bolts are safe.
Solution
Table
For M16 Class B Ps = 3.17 ton , Ts = 9.89 ton
For grade 8.8 Ps = 3.17x0.7 = 2.22 ton
Ts = 9.89x0.7 = 6.92 ton

Forces on Bolt
Tb = T/N = 26/12 = 2.17 ton < 0.8Ts = 0.8x6.92 =5.54 ton Safe

𝑇𝑏 2.17
qb = Q/N= 15/12 = 1.25 ton > 𝑃𝑠 1 − = 2.22 1 − = 1.06 𝑡𝑜𝑛 UnSafe
𝑇𝑠 4.15

Bolts are unsafe: Increase diameter or number

 Examples
Pure Moment Connection x TM

For the given cantilever, made of steel 37. Bolts M16

40

60
grade 8.8 are used for connection. If connection subjected
to moment 6 t.m Case I. find the number of bolts which
make that connection safe. x CM
25
Solution 6 t.m
Sec. x-x
Table
For M16 Ts = 9.89 ton
For grade 8.8 Ts = 9.89x0.7 = 6.92 ton

Transfer the moment to Tension and comp. couples

TM = CM = M/Yct = (6x100)/40 = 15 ton

Find number of required bolts in tension

NT = TM / 0.8 TS = 15 / (0.8x6.92) = 2.71 Bolts NT = 4 Bolts
Hint: number of bolts must be even and
Find number of required bolts in Compression can divided on 4

NC = NT = 4 Bolts

Total Number of Bolts N = 8

 Examples 4 ton

Moment & Shear Connection x

For the given cantilever, made of steel 37. Bolts M16

40

60
grade 8.8 Class B are used for connection. If connection
subjected to vertical load 4 ton Case I. find the number of
bolts which make that connection safe. x
150 cm
25
Solution
Sec. x-x
Table
For M16 Class B Ps = 3.17 ton , Ts = 9.89 ton
For grade 8.8 Ps = 3.17x0.7 = 2.22 ton
Ts = 9.89x0.7 = 6.92 ton

Move Force to axis of bolts

Q = 4 tom
M = Q x 1.5 = 6t.m

Transfer the moment to Tension and comp. couples

TM = CM = M/Yct = (6x100)/40 = 15 ton

Find number of required bolts Due to Moment

NT = TM / 0.8 TS = 15 / (0.8x6.92) = 2.71 Bolts NT = 4 Bolts
NC = NT = 4 Bolts

Total Number of Bolts N = 8

 Examples 4 ton

Moment & Shear Connection x

For the given cantilever, made of steel 37. Bolts M16

40

60
grade 8.8 Class B are used for connection. If connection
subjected to vertical load 4 ton Case I. find the number of
bolts which make that connection safe. x
150 cm
25
Solution
Sec. x-x
Table
For M16 Class B Ps = 3.17 ton , Ts = 9.89 ton
For grade 8.8 Ps = 3.17x0.7 = 2.22 ton
Ts = 9.89x0.7 = 6.92 ton

Check on bolt for tension

Tb,M = TM/NT = 15/4 = 3.5 ton < 0.8Ts = 0.8x6.92 =5.54 ton Safe

Check on bolt for Shear

qb,Q = Q/N = 4 / 8 = 0.5 ton < Ps = 6.92 ton Safe
 Examples 4 ton

Moment, Shear & Tension Connection x

For the given cantilever, made of steel 37. Bolts M16

5 ton

40

60
grade 8.8 Class B are used for connection. If connection
subjected to vertical load 4 ton Case I and horizontal load
5 ton case I. find the number of bolts which make that x
150 cm
connection safe. 25
Sec. x-x
Solution
Table
For M16 Class B Ps = 3.17 ton , Ts = 9.89 ton
For grade 8.8 Ps = 3.17x0.7 = 2.22 ton
Ts = 9.89x0.7 = 6.92 ton
Move Force to axis of bolts
Q = 4 tom, Text = 5 ton
M = Q x 1.5 = 6t.m

Transfer the moment to Tension and comp. couples

TM = CM = M/Yct = (6x100)/40 = 15 ton

Find number of required bolts Due to Moment

NT = (TM +Text/2) / 0.8 TS = (15+5/2) / (0.8x6.92) = 3.16 Bolts NT = 4 Bolts
NC = NT = 4 Bolts
Total Number of Bolts N = 8
 Examples 4 ton

Moment, Shear & Tension Connection x

For the given cantilever, made of steel 37. Bolts M16

5 ton

40

60
grade 8.8 Class B are used for connection. If connection
subjected to vertical load 4 ton Case I and horizontal load
5 ton case I. find the number of bolts which make that x
150 cm
connection safe. 25
Sec. x-x
Solution
Table
For M16 Class B Ps = 3.17 ton , Ts = 9.89 ton
For grade 8.8 Ps = 3.17x0.7 = 2.22 ton
Ts = 9.89x0.7 = 6.92 ton

Check on bolt for tension

Tb,M = TM/NT = 15/4 = 3.5 ton
Tb,Text = Text/N = 5/8 = 0.625 ton
Tb = Tb,M + Tb,Text = 3.5 + 0.625 = 4.125 t < 0.8Ts = 0.8x6.92 =5.54 ton Safe

Check on bolt for Shear

𝑇𝑏,Text 0.625
qb,Q = Q/N = 4 / 8 = 0.5 ton < 𝑃𝑠 1 − = 2.22 1 − = 1.89 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑇𝑠 4.15
Safe
Given: The shown bracket in the figure below which is constructed using St.37 for
both of the bracket and the column.
Required: Redesign this connection using M22 H.S.B of quality 10.9 assuming the connection
as a friction type connection and the surfaces to be connected are classified as class B.

Q=8.5 ton
M=8.5x25=212.5 t.cm
- Least resistance of a bolt Ps: in a single shear is given in table and
equal to 6.11t where the loading in the bracket contains only vertical
force i.e. case I loading and =0.4 (class B). Assuming the thickness
of the bracket plate to be 14mm
2- Assuming that this connection should contain 2 columns of bolts and
assuming that the distance between these columns is controlled by
10cm according to specifications of the steel column, and that the
distance between rows of bolts will not be less than 3 i.e. 6.6cm
which is taken 8cm then the required number of bolts in each
column of bolts will be given by:
6M 6x 8.5x 25 / 2 
n   3.6  4
Rp 6.11x8
Then take n = 4 bolts for each column to compensate for the effect
 For vertical shearing force:
1- For this bolt arrangement the most stressed bolt will be subjected to:
8.5
a. Vertical shearing force of Q v / b   1.0625t
8
b. Vertical and horizontal shearing forces due to the torque caused by
transmitting the acting force 8.5t to the centroid of the bolt group,
therefore:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 ( x  y )  4(5  12 )  4(5  4 )  840cm
M t .y max 212.5x12
Q M / bx    3.04t
2 2 840
 (x  y )
M t .x max 212.5x 5
Q M / by    1.26t
2 2 840
 (x  y )
c- The resultant force in the most stressed bolt is

Q / b  (1.0625  1.26) 2  (3.04) 2  3.83t  6.11t

O.K. safe.
2- Now let’s check the safety of the bracket plate against:
a- The normal stresses acting where M=20x8.5=170t.cm
b- The net section modulus is given by Znet = [1.4x323/12-1.42.22
(122+42)]/16=171.73cm3
c- The normal stress is given by f = M/Znet = 170/171.73 = 0.99t/cm2
O.K. safe
d- Checking the shear stresses  = Q/Anet =8.5/(1.432-42.41.4) =
0.27 t/cm2 < 0.35fy (0.352.4t/cm2 ) O.K. safe
e- d/tw =32/1.4=22.86 which is < 105 / f y  67.78 , therefore there is

no need for checking shear buckling.

M Q
Given: The shown frame joint in a gable frame where the bending moment at that
joint is 15tm and the shearing force is 5.37t.
Required: Redesign this connection using M20 H.S.B of quality 10.9 as friction type
connection using a cover plate of steel 44 assuming the surfaces satisfy Class C.

15t.m 5.37t
1- For the rafter of cross section I.P.E. 450 assume that the head plate is
extended 15mm outside the flange edge to ease welding process and
80mm on the tension side to facilitate the bolt erection as 3 = 3 
2.0 = 6.0cm O.K.
2- The moment is replaced by a couple T = C = M/h = 1500/(45-1.46)
= 34.45t
3- The required number of bolts to resist this tension force whether for
friction or bearing type connection is:
T 34.45
nt    2.8  4
0.8T 15.43x 0.8
 4- Determining the head plate thickness tp. Assuming the weld size S is
8mm, and W = 11cm, b=11+24+16-1.5-45-0.8=3.7cm

30mm

Then we have to determine the prying force P

 W.t p 4   
 1
  1 11x34
  
 2 30.a.b 2 .A s  2 2
.Text ,b,M orText ,b   8.61
P 30x 4x3.7 x 2.45
  3a  a W.t p 4  4 
   3x 4  4  11x 3 
    1     1 
2
  4  4x3.7  30x 4x3.7 x 2.45 
  4  4 b  30.a.b 2 .A s 
 P  0.59t

This force is nearly 7% of the original force in the bolt.

Safety conditions
Then Text / b  P  0.8T O.K. safe
8.61  0.59  9.2 t  0.8x15.43t
Approximate end plate thickness
Prying Force
  Providing another two bolts in the compression side, therefore the
total number of bolts will be 4+2 = 6.
Checking the shear stress in bolts for friction type connection where
Ps = 3.7t, then Q/b=5.37/(6) = 0.9t <3.7t O.K. safe

1- If the prying force is taken into consideration in determining the

head plate thickness then, the moment at Sec. 1-1 is equal 0.594-
6M 2 6x29.5
8.61 3.7=-29.5t.cm t p    3.17cm  32mm
WFb 11x1.6
Exact end plate thickness
Exact end plate
thickness
Exact end plate thickness
 2- Crippling of the column web is prevented if the following equation
is satisfied:
b b .t b
t wc 
t b  2 t p  5K

Where twc = column web thickness

bb, tb = beam flange width and thickness
K = flange thickness plus fillet of beam rolled section
19x1.46
t wc  1.2   0.94cm O.K. safe
1.46  2 x3.2  5x 4.3
If Equation is not satisfied, use a pair of horizontal stiffeners fulfilling the following condition
:

In order to prevent the local buckling of these stiffeners:

 3- Bending of column flange at the location of the tension flange of the
beam is prevented if the following equation is satisfied
t fc  0.4 b b .t b

Where: tfc = column flange thickness

0.4 19x1.46  2.1cm
t fc  1.9cm  2.1cm

Therefore a pair of horizontal stiffeners should be used with the

following equation to be satisfied 2b st t st  b b t b  ( t b  2 t p  5k ) t wc

where bst, tst are the breadth and thickness of the stiffener. Assuming that
bst =10.4cm, bb=19, tb=1.46cm, tp=3.2cm, k=4.3 and twc=1.2cm, then
19x1.46  (1.46  2 x3.2  5x 4.3) x1.2
t st   0.36cm  bst/(25/fy0.5) =
2 x10.4
0.7cm  8mm
4- Checking distortion of column web: the following condition should
be satisfied:
t wc  (M / d b ) /[(0.35Fy )h c ]
t wc  1500 /(45  1.46)  /[0.35x2.8x 60]  0.586cm O.K. safe
Frame Connections
Frame Connections
Frame Connections