Fluid Mechanics

Lab
Lab Report 5

Roll # 3462-Mech
SECTION E
CLASS # 166
Contents
 TITLE
 OBJECTIVES
 APPARATUS DESCRIPTION
 PROCEDURE
 THEORY
 CALCULATIONS

TO VERIFY THE VALIDITY OF BERNOULLI'S THEOREM

Objectives
 To investigate validity of Bernoulli’s theorem as applied to the
flow of water in a circular duct.

Apparatus Description
1. HYDRAULIC BENCH
The Hydraulic Bench Apparatus comprises of a self-contained,
water re-circulating unit provided with a top tray and a sump tank
and is mounted on wheels. Various Hydraulic experiments can be
conducted on this setup. A Centrifugal Pump is fitted for water
circulation. Flow control valve and by-pass valve are fitted in
water line to conduct the experiment on different flow rates. Flow
rate of water is measured with the help of measuring tank and stop
watch. Water collected on the top tray from experimental setup,
drains and return to sump tank.
The Following Experiments Can Be Carried Out With Common
Basic Table with Separate Experimental Setup which Can Be
Connected To Hydraulic Bench with Flexible Pipe

 Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus

 Orifice and Mouth Piece Apparatus
 Flow measurement by Venturimeter and Orificemeter
 Losses due to Friction in Pipe Lines & Verification of Darcy’s law
 Losses in Pipe fitting and pipe bends
 Flow over notches and weirs
 Impact of Jet on Vanes
 Pitot Static Tube

2. Circular Duct
The set-up consists of a horizontal converging diverging duct
having constant width but varying depth. The duct is made of
 transparent perspex sheets. A number of piezometers are fitted on
the duct to indicate the piezometric levels at various sections.
The duct is connected to a constant head supply tank at one end.
The supply tank is fitted with a piezometer to indicate the water
depth. The overflow pipe in the tank discharges the excess water
and thus keeps the water level constant.
The water is collected in a measuring tank for the determination of
the discharge.

Procedure
1. Measure the heights of the ducts at various sections using scale.
Also measure the distances of various sections from the inlet of the
duct.
2. Gradually open the outlet value. The water level rises in various
piezometers. When the flow becomes steady, measure the heights
of water columns at various sections.
3. Measure the water depth in the constant-head supply tank, as
indicated by its piezometer.
4. Take the initial water reading of the water level in the measuring
tank and start the stop watch.
5. Note the final water level after a suitable period.

Theory
The Bernoulli's theorem is one of the most important equations of fluid
mechanics. The theorem is based on the law of conservation of energy.
According to Bernoulli theorem, in an ideal, incompressible, steady and
continuous flow, the sum of the pressure energy, potential energy, and
the kinetic energy per unit weight of the fluid is constant.
The energy per unit weight of the fluid (N-m/N) has got the dimensions
of length (L) and can be expressed in meters of the fluid column,
commonly called head. Thus according to Bernoulli theorem, the sum of
the pressure head (P/ϒ), datum head (Z) and the velocity head (V2/2g) is
constant, i.e.
P/ϒ + Z + V2/2g = constant
In case of real fluids, because some energy is always lost in overcoming
frictional resistance, the Bernoulli equation for real fluid is
P1/ϒ + Z1 + V12/2g = P2/ϒ + Z2 + V22/2g + HL

Calculations
S.No. Diameter Volume(L Time t Discharge velocity Piezometer
) Q (mm)
1 27 3 46 6.25x10-5 5.24 27
2 13.5 3 46 6.25x10-5 20.96 21.5
3 16.88 3 46 6.25x10-5 13.41 24..5
4 20.25 3 46 6.25x10-5 9.315 25
5 23.62 3 46 6.25x10-5 6.84 25.3
6 27 3 46 6.25x10-5 5.24 26

Figures