Fluid Mechanics-I Lab (MEEN 2217)

Lab Report 01

Title:
Verification of Bernoulli’s theorem

Muhammad Waqar

ME172031
Date
26-11-2018

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 1. Abstract:
In this experiment, we use hydraulic bench for verification of Bernoulli’s theorem by venturi
tube. We let the water to flow through venturi tube, which have variable diameter. Venturi tube
have converging and diverging portion of increasing and decreasing velocity portions
respectively. Different flow rates flow through venturi tube and the manometers tubes indicates
the pressure in venturi tube according to varying dimeter. We use hydraulic bench to perform
practical. We also observed the time of flow of water per litter from venturi tube. We also
demonstrated the equation of continuity. During practical performance, we noted that where area
is large the pressure of fluid was also higher but the speed was low at that position. But where
the area was decreasing, the pressure was also decreasing but velocity of fluid was increasing.
The difference of speed of flow and pressure when we used Bernoulli’s equation and Continuity
equation to calculate velocity. At the end we conclude that the Bernoulli’s theorem is acceptable.

Table of Contents
1. Abstract:...................................................................................................................................1
2. Introduction:.............................................................................................................................2
3. Background and Theory:..........................................................................................................2
4. Apparatus:................................................................................................................................3
Hydraulic Bench, Venturi tube apparatus, Stop watch................................................................3
5. Experimental Procedure:..........................................................................................................3
6. Result:.......................................................................................................................................4
7. Discussion:...............................................................................................................................4
8. Conclusion:...............................................................................................................................4
9. Reference:.................................................................................................................................5
10. Appendix:.............................................................................................................................5

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 2. Introduction:
The flow of a fluid has to conform with a number of scientific principles in particular the
conservation of mass and the conservation of energy. The first of these when applied to a liquid
flowing through a conduit requires that for steady flow the velocity will be inversely proportional
to the flow area. The second requires that if the velocity increases then the pressure must
decrease. Bernoulli's apparatus demonstrates both of these principles and can also be used to
examine the onset of turbulence in an accelerating fluid stream. Both Bernoulli's equation and
the continuity equation are essential analytical tools required for the analysis of most problems in
the subject of mechanics of fluids.

3. Background and Theory:

The Swiss mathematician and physicist Daniel Bernoulli discovered the principle that bears his
name while conducting experiments concerning an even more fundamental concept the
conservation of energy.
Bernoulli's principle sometimes known as Bernoulli's equation holds that for fluids in an ideal
states pressure and density are inversely related in other words a slow-moving fluid exerts more
pressure than a fast moving fluid.
Fluid in this applies equally to liquids and gases the principle has as many applications with like
airflow and the flow of liquids. Everyday examples of Bernoulli's principle can be found in the
plane which lifted up due to pressure differences on the surface of its wing.
Bernoulli's equation is applicable to incompressible and inviscid fluid. Bernoulli's equation
shows sum of the three quantities :
P
Pressure head =
γ

v2
Velocity head=
2g
Elevation head=Z
are constant. Therefore, the three terms must be interchangeable for example, if
in a horizontal system the velocity head is increased then the pressure head must decrease.

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 4. Apparatus:
Hydraulic Bench, Venturi tube apparatus, Stop watch

Figure 1Bernoulli theorem apparatus

5. Experimental Procedure:

1-First of all we set the venturi tubes manometer whole apparatus on hydraulic bench and make
sure that the whole apparatus is set.
2-Now, we started to fill the water tank by opening valve from pump side to take the time of
flow rate.
3-Then, we bleed the air out fill present in manometer tubes to get accurate readings of pressure.
4-We slowly open the valve and also noted the time to fill 10 litter of water.
5-After that, we started to note the pressure levels on manometer tubes carefully.
6-First of all, we open the valve again to make flow steady and then we noted readings for
pressure head from different position of varying diameter.
7-We noted readings again and again to varying flow rate.

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 6. Result:

Area of Discharge Velocity Velocity Pressure Total

Taping flow ‘A’ ‘Q’ ‘V’ Head Head Head
m2 m 3
¿) (m) (m) (m)
( )
s
1- 0.000615 0.000312 0.51 0.013 0.44 0.374

2- 0.00036 0.000312 0.91 0.041 0.425 0.377

3- 0.000153 0.000312 2.03 0.210 0.25 0.40

4- 0.000301 0.000312 1.41 0.101 0.337 0.369

5- 0.000393 0.000312 1.03 0.054 0.375 0.356

6- 0.000498 0.000312 0.79 0.032 0.394 0.349

7- 0.000615 0.000312 0.51 0.013 0.311 0.347

7. Discussion:
In performance of experiment, we came to know about the use of hydraulic bench. We measure
the head at the cross-sectional area at stream section and the head at the throat of venturi. We
note also the pressure distribution along the rest of meter. We then repeat the procedure again by
reducing the flow rate in venturi tube and taking similar readings each time. We can compare
ideal pressure distribution to measured pressure distribution and calculate the coefficients of
discharge for the fluid. Water enter in the Venturi meter and its flow control valve sets the flow
rate. This valve is downstream so it nothing causes any upstream turbulence. To adjust water
level in the manometer tubes, we connect a hand pump included to the air valve above the
manometer tubes.
There may be some errors occurred in the results. Some errors might be occurred due to some
mistakes occurred during the experiment. So, results can be improved if some instructions are
taken during the experiment i.e. eye level should be placed parallel to scale when manometer
reading is being taken. And also, the valve is need to be controlled slowly to steady the water
level in the manometer. Further to this, before conducting experiment make sure all the bubble
inside the manometer tubes is removed fully. These measures influence taking the reading of
manometer and it also effect pressure inside manometer include the velocity flow.

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The manometer tubes have a scale behind tubes for getting correct reading of the water levels in
the tubes.
The apparatus consists of a receiving cylinder to store water to the desired head uniformly and
back one venturi tube to varying area take along the path of the conduit to measure the pressure
head at the point and a controlling valve to control rate of flow of water through. The collecting
tank is provided to find out the actual discharge.
According to Bernoulli’s theorem the sum of pressure head velocity head and elevation head is
constant for all points along a continuous of frictionless flow.

8. Conclusion:
In the conclusion, the velocity of fluid will increase if the fluid is flowing from a wider to
narrow tube and the velocity will decrease in the opposite side of tube where tube is expending
and pressure will increase at wider area of tube. Velocity depends on the diameter of the tube
also the pressure depends on the velocity of the flow. Increasing the flow rate leads to increasing
the velocity in tube thus will cause the pressure drop.
In venturi tube as water flow from larger area will having high pressure and low speed but
inward to converging side of venturi tube as gradually the area continuously decreases similarly
pressure decrease and velocity increases continuously and in the tube toward diverging side the
water expands and velocity continuously decrease due to increase in area of tube and pressure
also increase.
In conclusion from this experiment all the objectives are successfully obtained.
By all the data and results calculated it proves the validity of Bernoulli’s equation. The second
objective which is to measure flow rates and both static and total pressure heads in a rigid
converging and diverging tube of known geometry for a types of steady flow rates is attained. As
the pressure difference increase the time taken for 5ltr water increase and flow rates of the water
also increase. Thus, as the velocity of the same channel increase the total head pressure also
increases for both convergent and divergent flow.

9. Reference:
1-: http://www.scienceclarified.com/everyday/Real-Life-Chemistry-Vol-3-Physics-Vol-
1/Bernoulli-s-Principle.html#ixzz5XwT8BWG6
2-https://www.academia.edu/27469537/Bernoullis_Lab_Report

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3- Continuity equation Date accessed at 11 November 2013 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_equation

10.Appendix: