Contents

Aim ................................................................................................................................................. 1

Theory ............................................................................................................................................. 1

Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................ 1

Material ....................................................................................................................................... 1

Equipment ................................................................................................................................... 2

Procedure ........................................................................................................................................ 2

Calculation ...................................................................................................................................... 3

Result and discussion ...................................................................................................................... 5

Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 5

Reference ........................................................................................................................................ 6

List of figures
Figure 1 Hydrodynamic trainer ....................................................................................................... 2
Figure 2: Stop watch ....................................................................................................................... 2
Figure 3:Measuring tape ................................................................................................................. 2

List of tables
Table 1 Result ................................................................................................................................. 5

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Aim
To determine actual flowrate and theoretical flowrate and discharge and to obtain a graph between
flow rate and pressure loss.

Theory
Bernoulli’s principle application is to determine the flow speed of a fluid. The devices such as
venturi meter or an orifice plate is used and can be placed into a pipeline to reduce the diameter of
the flow. The reduction in diameter will cause an increase in the fluid flow speed, thus according
to Bernoulli’s there must be decrease in pressure (Bansal, 2005). There are many different meters
used to measure fluid flow: the turbine-type flow meter, the rotameter, the orifice meter, and the
venturi meter are only a few. Each meter works by its ability to alter a certain physical property of
the flowing fluid and then allows this alteration to be measured. The measured alteration is then
related to the flow. A venturi meter is a measuring or also considered as a meter device that is
usually used to measure the flow of a fluid in the pipe. A Venturi meter may also be used to
increase the velocity of any type fluid in a pipe at any particular point. It basically works on the
principle of Bernoulli's Theorem. The pressure in a fluid moving through a small cross section
drops suddenly leading to an increase in velocity of the flow. The fluid of the characteristics of
high-pressure and low velocity gets converted to the low pressure and high velocity at a particular
point and again reaches to high pressure and low velocity. The point where the characteristics
become low pressure and high velocity is the place where the venturi flow meter is used (Baker,
2005). The Bernoulli test apparatus consists of a tapered duct (venturi), a series of manometers
tapped into the venturi to measure the pressure head, and a hypodermic probe that can be traversed
along the center of the test section to measure the total head. The test section is a circular duct of
varying diameter with a 14° inclined angle on one side and a 21° inclined angle on other side.
Series of side hole pressure tapings are provided to connect manometers to the test section
(Pendleton and Tuttle, 2012).

Apparatus
Material
Water

1
 Equipment
Hydrodynamic trainer: used to determine flow rate shown in figure 1.

Stop watch: use to measure time shown in figure 2.

Measuring tape: use to measure distance shown in figure3.

Figure 1 Hydrodynamic trainer Figure 2: Stop watch

Figure 3:Measuring tape

Procedure
A. Measuring the length and width of the tank.
B. Close the outlet valve.
C. Turn on the motor. Water flows through the venturi meter.
D. Remove the gas bubbles that produced.
E. Open the outlet valve.
F. Read the heights of the water level.
G. Pour the water into the tank.
H. Record the level of water (h1) in the tank after pass the required time to record the new
level of water (h2).
I. Measure the time when the water level in (h1) reach (h2).
J. Find the difference between h2 and h1. Then determine the volume of water.
K. Repeated the procedure for the other heights

2
Calculation

3
4
Result and discussion
Table 1 Result

NO. H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 Q actual Q theory Cd R (%)

(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) m3/s m3/s
1 31.5 31 30.8 25.5 28 29.5 30 1.53*10-4 2.35*10-4 0.652 75
2 28 27 25 13 18.5 21 22 2.19*10-4 3.725*10-4 0.588 60
3 25.5 24.5 23 9.5 16 19 19.5 2.49*10-4 3.847*10-4 0.649 62.5
4 24 23.5 21.5 7 14.5 17 17.5 2.41*10-4 3.96*10-4 0.607 61.76

From the calculation it is very clear that with decrease in area of the flow velocity increase and
pressure decrease As shown in graph of all three test that the decrease in area of flow decrease the
height of water in manometer column means they are directly proportional to each other Difference
in the theoretical and measured value it can be said that water is not an ideal fluid Height of water
in the final column was not equal to the initial values which show that there are friction losses in
water particle This type of information is very useful in the case if nozzles, jets and diffusers. One
of the possible causes of errors that lead to discrepancies in the results is when taking the
measurement of each data, it is when the observer did not read the level of the static head properly.
The proper way of the reading the manometer is that the observe is eyes must be perpendicular to
the water level and that the fluid must be in a steady state.

Conclusion
As Bernoulli state high velocity of fluid flow result in low pressure and based on continuity
equation, smaller area result in high velocity. Thus, the result proved both equations could be used
to determine the velocity of fluid flow in manometer. Even the value is not exactly the same, but
the pattern of increasing and decreasing at the converging and diverging portion is same. So that,
as the velocity increases, the total head pressure also increases for both convergent and divergent
flow.

5
Reference
Bansal, R.K. (2005), A textbook of fluid mechanics, Firewall Media.

Baker, R.C. (2005), Flow measurement handbook: industrial designs, operating principles,
performance, and applications, Cambridge University Press.

Pendleton, R. and Tuttle, M. eds. (2012), Manual on experimental methods for mechanical testing
of composites, Springer Science & Business Media.