Ministry of Higher Education and

Scientific Research
Al-Muthanna University
Engineering College
Chemical Engineering Department

Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration

Prepared by

Hydaer Muayad Hassan Riad

Ali Abd AL imam Mohsen Abd Al shahid
Assel Ahmed Zainab Kareem
Class: Third Class
Subject: Fluid Flow Lab
Date of Submission: Friday 25/6/2021

Submitted to

Dr. Rafea Dakhil

Contents
1.Introduction ..................................................................................................................................2
1.1 Objective .......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Method ............................................................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Equipment ........................................................................................................................................ 3
1.4 Procedure ......................................................................................................................................... 3
2.Data .............................................................................................................................................. 4
3.Calculation ................................................................................................................................... 4
4. Results ......................................................................................................................................... 8
5. Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 10
6. References ................................................................................................................................. 10

1
 1.Introduction
The Bernoulli’s equation can be considered to be a statement of the conservation of energy
principle appropriate for flowing fluids. It is one of the most important equations in fluid
mechanics. It puts into a relation pressure and velocity in an inviscid incompressible flow.
Bernoulli’s equation has some restrictions in its applicability, they summarized in following points:
• steady flow system,
• density is constant
• no heat is transferred to or from the fluid,
• no change occurs in the internal energy,
the equation relates the states at two points along a single
𝑃1 𝜐12 𝑃2 𝜐22
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
Variables are defined as:
• 𝑃 is the pressure of the liquid
• 𝜌 is the density of fluids
• 𝜐 is the velocity of the liquid
• 𝑔 is the gravitational acceleration
• 𝑍 is the height of the fluid above a fixed reference point
The Bernoulli’s equation describes the qualitative behavior flowing fluid that is usually
labeled with the term Bernoulli’s effect. This effect causes the lowering of fluid pressure in regions
where the flow velocity is increased.
Thermodynamics is the branch of science which describes the macro scale properties of a
fluid. One of the principal results of the study of thermodynamics is the conservation of energy;
within a system, energy is neither created nor destroyed but may be converted from one form to
another. derive Bernoulli's equation by starting with the conservation of energy equation.
Sometimes the fluids problem is low speed flow through a tube with changing cross-sectional
area. For a streamline along the center of the tube, the velocity decreases from station one to two.
Bernoulli's equation describes the relation between velocity, density, and pressure for this flow
problem.
Bernoulli's equation is also used on aircraft to provide a speedometer called a pitot-static tube.
A pressure is quite easy to measure with a mechanical device. In a pitot-static tube, we measure the
static and total pressure and can then use Bernoulli's equation to compute the velocity.

1.1 Objective
• The objective of this experiment is to investigate the validity of the Bernoulli equation when
it is applied to a steady flow of water through a tapered duct.

1.2 Method
• In this experiment, the validity of Bernoulli’s equation will be verified with the use of a
tapered duct (venturi system) connected with manometers to measure the pressure head and
total head at known points along the flow.

2
 1.3 Equipment
• F1-10 hydraulics bench,
• F1-15 Bernoulli’s apparatus test equipment, and
• A stopwatch for timing the flow measurement.

1.4 Procedure
❖ The device is placed on the hydraulic base horizontally depending on the shaft.
❖ Make sure that the converging section with an angle of 14 ° is on the left side of the device.
❖ A rubber tube must be connected to the path leaving the device, and the free end of the
rubber tube should be placed on the volumetric tank for the purpose of measuring the
volume of water collected at a certain time.
❖ A rubber tube is connected between the valve that comes out of the hydraulic base and the
fluid entry port into the device.
❖ Both those who fast outside the hydraulic base and those who fast outside the device are
closed, and the hydraulic base pump is turned on.

❖ The hydraulic base valve opens gradually to fill the device with water.
❖ For the purpose of getting rid of the air in the manometers, both the shutters coming from
the hydraulic base and the ones coming out of the device are closed, the hydraulic base
pump is closed and the air leakage bolts are opened on top of the manometer, then the cover
is removed from the air leakage bolts.
❖ A rubber tube connects the air leak valve to the volumetric tank, then the out valve opens
the hydraulic base and allows the J to pass through the manometers until all the air and
monomers come out.

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 ❖ The air leakage screws are closed, and both the valves outside the device and the ones
coming from the hydraulic base are opened.
❖ The air leakage screws are opened, and the valves coming from the hydraulic base and the
outlets from the device are regulated so that the water level reaches the top of the
manometers.
❖ It is possible to control the water level in the manometers by using the manual air pump and
the air leakage screws. The results should be taken for three different flow rates and test
tube reversal can be done, knowing the effect of faster shrinkage on the results. The
readings are taken at the highest possible rate of flow, AL manometer readings are recorded
from h1 to h5 and it must be ensured that the total pressure gauge is outside the test
segment.

2.Data
FIRST READING SECOND READING
3
VOLUME (CM ) 440*10-6 480*10-6
TIME (SEC) 4.04 4.02
PRESSURE HEAD H1 (M) 210*10-3 225*10-3
PRESSURE HEAD H2 (M) 185*10-3 200*10-3
PRESSURE HEAD H3 (M) 145*10-3 169*10-3
PRESSURE HEAD H4 (M) 115*10-3 142*10-3
PRESSURE HEAD H5 (M) 15*10-3 59*10-3
DIAMETER 1 (MM) 25
DIAMETER 2 (MM) 13.9
DIAMETER 3 (MM) 11.8
DIAMETER 4 (MM) 10.7
DIAMETER 5 (MM) 10

3.Calculation
1) First Reading:
Equations:
𝑉
𝑄=
𝑡
Where:
• 𝑄 is flow rate of fluid in 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐.
• 𝑉 is volume of fluid in 𝑚3 .
• 𝑡 is time period in sec.

𝟒𝟒𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
𝑄= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝟒. 𝟎𝟒
𝑄 4𝑉
𝜐= =
𝐴 𝜋𝑡𝐷 2
𝜐2
ℎ𝑡 = ℎ +
2𝑔

4
Where:
• 𝜐 is velocity of fluid in 𝑚2/𝑠𝑒𝑐.
• ℎ is pressure head in m.
• 𝜐2 /2𝑔 is velocity head in m.
1- Calculate the total head1:
4𝑉
𝜐1 =
𝜋𝑡𝐷12
4 ∗ 440 ∗ 10−6
𝜐1 = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟓 𝒎𝟐 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝜋 ∗ 4.04 ∗ 25 ∗ 10−3
𝜐12
ℎ𝑡1 = ℎ1 +
2𝑔
−3
(0.221871445)2
ℎ𝑡1 = 210 ∗ 10 +
2 ∗ 9.80665
𝒉𝒕𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝒎
2- Calculate the total head2:
4𝑉
𝜐2 =
𝜋𝑡𝐷22
4 ∗ 440 ∗ 10−6
𝜐2 = −3 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟖 𝒎𝟐 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝜋 ∗ 4.04 ∗ 13.9 ∗ 10
𝜐22
ℎ𝑡2 = ℎ2 +
2𝑔
−3
(0.71771468)2
ℎ𝑡2 = 185 ∗ 10 +
2 ∗ 9.80665
𝒉𝒕𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟑𝟓𝟐𝟑 𝒎
3- Calculate the total head3:
4𝑉
𝜐3 =
𝜋𝑡𝐷32
4 ∗ 440 ∗ 10−6
𝜐3 = −3 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟓𝟗𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟓𝟗 𝒎𝟐 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝜋 ∗ 4.04 ∗ 11.8 ∗ 10
𝜐32
ℎ𝑡3 = ℎ3 +
2𝑔
−3
(0.995903859)2
ℎ𝑡3 = 145 ∗ 10 +
2 ∗ 9.80665
𝒉𝒕𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟓𝟔𝟖𝟗𝟕𝟔 𝒎
4- Calculate the total head4:
4𝑉
𝜐4 =
𝜋𝑡𝐷42
4 ∗ 440 ∗ 10−6
𝜐4 = −3
= 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟕 𝒎𝟐 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝜋 ∗ 4.04 ∗ 10.7 ∗ 10

5
 𝜐42
ℎ𝑡4 = ℎ4 +
2𝑔
−3
(1.211194457)2
ℎ𝑡4 = 115 ∗ 10 +
2 ∗ 9.80665
𝒉𝒕𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟕𝟗𝟓𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎
5- Calculate the total head5:
4𝑉
𝜐5 =
𝜋𝑡𝐷52
4 ∗ 440 ∗ 10−6
𝜐5 = −3
= 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖𝟔𝟔𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟑𝟒 𝒎𝟐 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝜋 ∗ 4.04 ∗ 10 ∗ 10
𝜐52
ℎ𝑡5 = ℎ5 +
2𝑔
−3
(1.386696534)2
ℎ𝑡5 = 15 ∗ 10 +
2 ∗ 9.80665
𝒉𝒕𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟔 𝒎
2) Second Reading:
𝟒𝟖𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
𝑄= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟎𝟑 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝟒. 𝟎𝟐
1- Calculate the total head1:
4𝑉
𝜐1 =
𝜋𝑡𝐷12
4 ∗ 480 ∗ 10−6
𝜐1 = −3
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟕𝟔𝟒 𝒎𝟐 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝜋 ∗ 4.02 ∗ 25 ∗ 10
𝜐12
ℎ𝑡1 = ℎ1 +
2𝑔
−3
(0.243245764)2
ℎ𝑡1 = 225 ∗ 10 +
2 ∗ 9.80665
𝒉𝒕𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟓𝟒 𝒎
2- Calculate the total head2:
4𝑉
𝜐2 =
𝜋𝑡𝐷22
4 ∗ 480 ∗ 10−6
𝜐2 = −3
= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟓𝟔𝟖 𝒎𝟐 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝜋 ∗ 4.02 ∗ 13.9 ∗ 10
𝜐22
ℎ𝑡2 = ℎ2 +
2𝑔
−3
(0.7868568) 2
ℎ𝑡2 = 200 ∗ 10 +
2 ∗ 9.80665
𝒉𝒕𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟕𝟓𝟒 𝒎

6
3- Calculate the total head3:
4𝑉
𝜐3 =
𝜋𝑡𝐷32
4 ∗ 480 ∗ 10−6
𝜐3 = −3 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟓𝟕𝟓𝟏 𝒎𝟐 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝜋 ∗ 4.02 ∗ 11.8 ∗ 10
𝜐32
ℎ𝑡3 = ℎ3 +
2𝑔
−3
(1.091845751)2
ℎ𝑡3 = 169 ∗ 10 +
2 ∗ 9.80665
𝒉𝒕𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟗𝟕𝟖𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟗 𝒎
4- Calculate the total head4:
4𝑉
𝜐4 =
𝜋𝑡𝐷42
4 ∗ 480 ∗ 10−6
𝜐4 = −3 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟔𝟗𝟏 𝒎𝟐 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝜋 ∗ 4.02 ∗ 10.7 ∗ 10
𝜐42
ℎ𝑡4 = ℎ4 +
2𝑔
−3
(1.327876691)2
ℎ𝑡4 = 142 ∗ 10 +
2 ∗ 9.80665
𝒉𝒕𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟐 𝒎
5- Calculate the total head5:
4𝑉
𝜐5 =
𝜋𝑡𝐷52
4 ∗ 480 ∗ 10−6
𝜐5 = −3
= 𝟏. 𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟔𝟎𝟐𝟒 𝒎𝟐 /𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝜋 ∗ 4.02 ∗ 10 ∗ 10
𝜐52
ℎ𝑡5 = ℎ5 +
2𝑔
−3
(1.520286024)2
ℎ𝑡5 = 59 ∗ 10 +
2 ∗ 9.80665
𝒉𝒕𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟒 𝒎

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 4. Results
A. First reading:

Test Flow Rate Velocity Pressure Velocity Calculated

Section Head Head Total Head
h1 0.000108911 0.221871445 0.21 0.002509875 0.212509875
h2 0.000108911 0.71771468 0.185 0.026263523 0.211263523
h3 0.000108911 0.995903859 0.145 0.050568976 0.195568976
h4 0.000108911 1.211194457 0.115 0.074795777 0.189795777
h5 0.000108911 1.386696534 0.015 0.098042006 0.113042006

0.22

0.2

0.18

0.16

0.14
High (m)

0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Distance (m)
Pressure Head Velocity Head Calculated Total Head

8
B. Second reading:

Test Flow Rate Velocity Pressure Velocity Calculated

Section Head Head Total Head
h1 0.000119403 0.243245764 0.225 0.003016754 0.228016754
h2 0.000119403 0.7868568 0.2 0.03156754 0.23156754
h3 0.000119403 1.091845751 0.169 0.060781569 0.229781569
h4 0.000119403 1.327876691 0.142 0.089901062 0.231901062
h5 0.000119403 1.520286024 0.059 0.117841954 0.176841954

0.24

0.22

0.2

0.18

0.16

0.14
High (m)

0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Distance (m)

Pressure Head Velocity Head Calculated Total Head

9
 5. Discussion
Q1/ Discuss the difference in velocity between all area of the duct?
Ans/ We see an increase in the viscosity values due to the decrease in the diameter and therefore
the decrease in the area according to the law:
𝑸 𝟒𝑽
𝝊= =
𝑨 𝝅𝒕𝑫𝟐
Test Section Test Section Velocity
Diameter First Reading Second Reading
h1 0.025 0.221871445 0.243245764
h2 0.0139 0.71771468 0.7868568
h3 0.0118 0.995903859 1.091845751
h4 0.0107 1.211194457 1.327876691
h5 0.01 1.386696534 1.520286024

Q2/ Discuss the errors that occurs in the experiment?

Ans/ Not taking into account the error rate when measuring the flow rate, as it should be at least
one minute, when recording the manometer readings from h1 to h5, it must be ensured that the total
pressure gauge is outside the test section, one of the errors is also taking the readings manually as
well as when making calculations.
Q3/ Discuss the difference in h static and h dynamic?
Ans/ The relationship between h static and h dynamic is inverse relationship, according to the law:

𝝊𝟐 𝑷
+ + 𝒁 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈
𝝊𝟐 𝑷
Where is dynamic pressure and or h are static pressure.
𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈

Test Section First Reading Second Reading

Pressure Head Velocity Head Pressure Head Velocity Head
h1 0.21 0.002509875 0.225 0.003016754
h2 0.185 0.026263523 0.2 0.03156754
h3 0.145 0.050568976 0.169 0.060781569
h4 0.115 0.074795777 0.142 0.089901062
h5 0.015 0.098042006 0.059 0.117841954

6. References

❖ Streeter, Victor Lyle (1966). Fluid mechanics. New York: McGraw-Hill.

❖ Babinsky, Holger (November 2003), "How do wings work?", Physics Education, 38 (6):
497–503.
❖ Resnick, R. and Halliday, D. (1960), section 18-4, Physics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
❖ Tipler, Paul (1991). Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Mechanics (3rd extended ed.). W.
H. Freeman.
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