INTRODUCTION

The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities will not be able to provide the
avenue for students to enhance independent learning activities and inculcate creativity and
innovation. The traditional method is fully prescriptive where the three elements namely
problem, ways & means and answers are provided/fully given to the students.

OBJECTIVES
The objective of the test is to verify experimentally the validity of Bernoulli’s Theorem for fluid
flow under steady condition.

THEOROTICAL BACKGROUND
In these laboratory activities students will be exposed to the Bernoulli’s principle, which is
normally known as Bernoulli’s equation, defines the conservation of energy in terms of non-
viscous, incompressible and frictionless fluid in steady flow. By considering two points, 1 and
2, on a streamline:

p1 v21 p2 v22
+ + z1 = + + z2 (1)
ρg 2g ρg 2g

The term in equation 9.1 represents the pressure head (𝑝⁄𝜌𝑔), velocity head (𝑣2 ⁄2𝑔) and
vertical elevation (𝑧). The sum these three terms is known as the total head or total energy.
When the locations of the points 1 and 2 in the pipe are in the same datum position where
𝑧1 = 𝑧2 and
𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ, Bernoulli’s equation can be written as:
(2)
v12 v22
h1 + = h2 +
2g 2g

The total pressure head, H can be measured from a probe with an end hole facing into the
flow such that it brings the flow to rest locally at the probe end. Thus;
v2
H=h+
2g (3)

The velocity of the flow is measured by measuring the volume of the flow, V, over time period,
t. This gives the rate of volume flow as;
(4)
V
Q=
t
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Students are required to perform experiment to measure the pressure head, calculate velocity
head and the total head and thus verify the Bernoulli’s Theorem. Prove that the Total Head is
constant for each point of observation.

APPARATUS

1. Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration Unit

2. Hydraulic bench
3. Measuring cylinder
4. Stopwatch

PROCEDURE

GENERAL START-UP PROCEDURE

1. The apparatus was located on the flat top of the bench.

2. The water was filled into the water tank of the hydraulic bench for approximately 90%
full.
3. A flexible inlet tube was connected using the quick release coupling in the bed of the
channel.
4. The flexible hose was connected to the outlet and connected into the channel.
5. The discharge valve was partially open at the Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration Unit.
6. The bench was fully closed then the pump was switched on.
7. The bench valve was gradually opened and the piping system, venturi tube and
manometer tube allowed to fill with water until all air had been expelled from the
system.
8. “trapped bubbles” were checked in the glass of manometer as well as plastic transfer
tube. It is removed for before better accuracy. The air bleed screw was unscrewed to
allow fluid and trapped air to escape out.
9. At this point, water flowing into the venturi meter and discharge into collection tank of
hydraulic bench was seen.
10. The water flow rate was increased by adjusting the bench valve. The discharge is
closed to reduce the flow when the flow is steady and no bubble trapped.
11. Water level in manometer was displaying different water height.
12. The static pressure was increased by opening the bench valve when the level in the
manometer was too low.
13. The static pressure was decreased by opening discharge valve when the level in the
manometer was too high.
14. Actual flowrate was measured using measuring cylinder and stopwatch.
 TO VERIFY BERNOULLI’S THEOREM

1. The Start-up Procedure A performed.

2. The apparatus was ensured to be levelled properly by using adjustable foot screws.
3. The diameter of the venturi tube was recorded at each point and the distance from
the first manometer tube to the other manometer tube was measured. The bench
valve and the discharge valve were ensured closed and the pump was started.
4. The bench valve was opened gradually to fill the manometer with water and no air
trapped in each manometer.
5. When the manometer levels reached the convenient height, the bench valves were
adjusted and the discharge valve was re-tightened.
6. The discharge valve was opened in order to give a convenient difference between
the highest and lowest manometer levels and the reading of all tubes (1 to 6) were
taken.
7. Three sets of reading for volume and time were taken in order to get the average flow
rate through the system.
8. Step 6 and 7 were repeated by adjusting the discharge valve to give high and low
flow rates for both highest and lowest static pressure.
 RESULTS

1) DATUM (mm) = 170

DISCHARGE ACTUAL (𝑚3 /s) = 6.497 𝑥 10−5

TAPPING DISCHARGE VELOCITY AREA VELOCITY TOTAL TOTAL PRESSURE

NUMBER THEORY (m/s) (𝑚2 ) HEAD HEAD HEAD HEAD
(𝑚3 /s) (m) ACTUAL THEORY (m)
(m) (m)
1 6.501 x 10^-5 0.192 3.386 x 1.878 x 10^- 0.020 0.117 0.115
10^-4 3

2 6.491 x 10^-5 0.278 2.335 x 3.939 x 10^- 0.020 0.119 0.115

10^-4 3

3 6.497 x 10^-5 0.768 8.460 x 0.0301 0.194 0.0301 0.100

10^-5

4 6.502 x 10^-5 0.382 1.702 x 7.438 x 10^- 0.193 0.112 0.105

10^-4 3

5 6.508 x 10^-5 0.255 2.552 x 3.314 x 10^- 0.193 0.108 0.105

10^-4 3

6 6.501 x 10^-5 0.192 3.386 x 1.879 x 10^- 0.193 0.112 0.110

10^-4 3
 CALCULATION

From the data that we obtained,

𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸 (𝑀3)
Qactual = 𝑇𝐼𝑀𝐸(𝑆)

1 1
= ( 675 𝑥 𝑥 ) ÷ 10.39
1000 1000

= 6.497 𝑥 10−5 𝑚3 /s

Qtheory (1) = AREA x VELOCITY

= (3.386 x 10^-4) x (0.192)

= 6.501 x 10^-5 𝑚3 /s

Velocity Head (1) = Velocity / 2g

= (3.386 x 10^-4) / (2 x 9.81)

= 1.878 x 10^-3 m

Total Head theory (1) = { Pressure / 𝛾 } + { Velocity^2 / 2g } + Z1

= 0.117 m
 2) DATUM (mm) = 170
DISCHARGE ACTUAL (𝑚3 /s) = 3.2 𝑥 10−5

TAPPING DISCHARGE VELOCITY AREA VELOCITY TOTAL TOTAL PRESSURE

NUMBER THEORY (m/s) (𝑚2 ) HEAD (m) HEAD HEAD HEAD
3 ACTUAL THEORY (m)
(𝑚 /s)
(m) (m)

1 6.501 x 10^-5 0.192 3.386 x 1.879x 10^- 0.127 0.052 0.050

10^-4 3

2 3.199 x 10^-5 0.137 2.335 x 9.566 x 10^- 0.127 0.0435 0.0425

10^-4 4

3 3.198 x 10^-5 0.378 8.460 x 7.283 x 10^- 0.127 0.0228 0.0155

10^-5 3

4 3.200 x 10^-5 0.188 1.702 x 1.801 x 10^- 0.127 0.0318 0.030

10^-4 3

5 3.190 x 10^-5 0.125 2.552 x 7.964 x 10^- 0.127 0.0358 0.035

10^-4 4

6 3.200 x 10^-5 0.0945 3.386 x 4.552 x 10^- 0.127 0.1105 0.110

10^-4 4
 ( A) Pressure Head vs Horizontal distance

0.14

0.12

0.1
Pressure Head (m)

0.08

0.06 Series 1
Series 2
0.04

0.02

0
0 0.03 0.06 0.1 0.135 0.178
Horizontal Distance (m)

(B ) Head Vs Horizontal Distance

0.08

0.07

0.06
Velocity Head (m)

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0 0.03 0.06 0.1 0.135 0.178

Horizontal Distance (m)

Series 1 Series 2
 (c )Total Head Vs Horizontal Distance
0.14

0.12

0.1
Total Head (m)

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 0.03 0.06 0.1 0.135 0.178
Horizontal Distance (m)

Series 1 Series 2
DISCUSSION

After we have done the calculation of the total head, the magnitude of total head of
different distance from inlet is different .Compared with tapping 1 and tapping 6, although the
value of flow area is the same, the total head of tapping 1 and tapping 6 is different. The same
problem existed in tapping 2, tapping 3, tapping 4 and tapping 5.
We can see that, from the error for total head is really high. It means that this problem
effect the final results and error is existed during this experiment. Cause pipe inner surface
cannot frictionless absolutely. When fluid flow through the pipe, fluid and pipe will produce
frictional resistance. This frictional resistance will consume the fluid pressure. That is the
reason why after fluid flow through a certain length pipe, the pressure of fluid will decrease.
To solve the problem of the frictional resistance, we can shorten the distance from the inlet.
By that, the error will be decreased.
The density of the fluid, v is the velocity of the object relative to the fluid, is the drag
coefficient-a dimensionless number and the cross sectional area. When we record the height
of the water level in tubes, it is impossible to keep the same level with water level entirely
accurate. There may have an error in taking reading which known as parallax error. The first
way to curb this error is to orient the eyes in a straight line. Eyes should be in a straight line
directly above the marking on the tubes so that the data will be more accurate.
CONCLUSION

In this experiment, aim objective of this experiment was to discuss the behavior of ideal
and real fluid and on the basis of the test result it can be concluded that the experiment was
successful because there is difference in measured and theoretical values. This is because of
the friction losses in the real fluid; ideal fluid does not have friction losses. From the experiment
it can be conclude that with decrease in area of flow there is an increase in velocity and
decrease in the flow pressure of the fluid. Bernoulli’s equation is an application of the general
energy equation to a steady flow system in which no work is done on or by the fluid, no heat
is transferred to or from the fluid, and no change occurs in the internal energy of the fluid. As
fluid flows in a piping system, changes in elevation, velocity, and pressure heads must be
consistent so that Bernoulli’s equation is satisfied.