Results

Jar A B C D E F
Alum dosage 0 50 75 100 125 150
(ppm)
Alum volume 0 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
(mL)
Fast (1 min), 100 100 100 100 100 100
(rpm)
Slow (20 min), 30 30 30 30 30 30
(rpm)
Temperature 27.0 26.6 27.0 26.3 26.8 27.1
(°C)
pH value 7.47 6.78 6.55 6.53 6.77 6.56
Turbidity (NTU) 114 55.3 16.14 1.88 54.1 162

Graph of Turbidity (NTU) agaisnt Alum Dosage (ppm)

180

160

140

120
Turbidity (NTU)

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Alum dosage (ppm)
1. Suggest alternative chemicals that can be used as coagulants.

 The main chemicals used for coagulation are aluminium sulphate (alum),
polyaluminium chloride (also known as PAC or liquid alum), alum potash, and
iron salts (ferric sulphate or ferric chloride).
 The iron coagulants include ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride and
ferric chloride sulfate. Other chemicals used as coagulants include hydrated
lime and magnesium carbonate.