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TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE
Table of Content
1.0 Abstract 3
2.0 Introduction 4-5
3.0 Objectives 5
4.0 Theory 6-7
5.0 Apparatus and material 7-8
6.0 Experimental procedure 8
7.0 Results and calculation 9-11
8.0 Discussion 11-12
9.0 Conclusion 13
10.0 Recommendations 13
References 13
Appendices 14
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ABSTRACT
First of all, the objectives that wanted to success in this experiment are to determine
the discharge coefficient of the venturi meter, to calculate flow rate with venturi meter and to
demonstrate Bernoulli’s Theorem. The combination of venturi meter complete with the
manometer tubes and hydraulic bench were used. The experiment was proceed in order to
find the time taken to collect 3L of water, the volumetric flow rates of the water, difference of
the pressure at all manometer tubes which known as static head, dynamic head and last but
not least the total head. The data was recorded at three adjusted head differences which were
78mm, 116mm and 160mm. All the related procedure in this experiment is referred to
Bernoulli’s principle. In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli’s principle states that for an in viscid flow,
an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a
decrease in the fluid’s potential energy. The values for the total head when 78mm pressure
difference is 0.162m (Ha), 0.152m (Hb), 0.080m (Hc), 0.121m (Hd), 0.129m (He) and 0.136m
(Hf). Besides that, at the pressure difference is 116mm H20, the value of the total head is
0.146m (Ha), 0.139m (Hb), 0.079m (Hc), 0.114m (Hd), 0.122m (He) and 0.130m (Hf). Lastly,
the value of total head that measured at 160mm H20 is 0.175m (Ha), 0.164m (Hb), 0.076m
(Hc), 0.132m (Hd), 0.144m (He) and 0.154m (Hf).
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INTRODUCTION
In the Bernoulli’s Theorem, states that an increase in the speed of moving air or a
flowing fluid is accompanied by a decrease in the air fluid’s pressure. This theorem also
known as Bernoulli’s principle. Daniel Bernoulli which is Swiss scientist (1700-1782),
demonstrated that, in most cases the pressure in a liquid or gas decreases as the liquid or gas
move faster. This is an important principle involving the movement of a fluid through the
pressure difference. Normally, a fluid is moving in a horizontal direction and encounters a
pressure difference. This pressure difference will result in a net force, which is by Newton’s
Second Law will cause an acceleration of the fluid.
Bernoulli’s Theorem also states that the total energy involves the pressure energy,
potential energy and kinetic energy of an incompressible and non-viscous fluid in steady flow
through a pipe remains constant throughout the flow, provided there is no source or sink of
the fluid along the length of the pipe. This statement is depend to the assumption that there is
no loss energy due to friction.
P + gh + ½ V 2 = constant
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The converging-diverging nozzle apparatus also can be used to identify the validity of
Bernoulli’s equation. It is also used to show the validity of the continuity equation where the
fluid flows is relatively incompressible. In addition, the results that have been recorded will
show the presence of fluid energy losses, often attributed to friction and the turbulence with
eddy currents associated with a separation of the flow from the conduit walls.
OBJECTIVES
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THEORY
Clearly state that the assumption made in driving Bernoulli’s principle equation is:
z = elevation head of the center of the cross section with respect to a
datum z=0
The terms on the left-hand-side of the above equation represent the pressure head (h),
velocity head (hi ), and elevation head (z), respectively. The sum of these terms is known as
the total head (hT). According to the Bernoulli’s theorem of fluid flow through a pipe, the
total head hT at any cross section is constant (based on the assumptions given above). In a real
flow due to friction and other imperfections, as well as measurement uncertainties, the results
will deviate from the theoretical ones.
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In our experimental setup, the center line of all the cross sections we are considering lie on
the same horizontal plane (which we may choose as the datum, z=0), and thus, all
the ‘z’ values are zeros so that the above equation reduces to:
p v2
+ = hT = constant (This is the total head at a cross section).
ρ' g 2. g
Total head, hT = hs + hv
For our experiment, we denote the pressure head as h and the total head as h*i, where ‘i’
represents the cross section we are referring to.
APPARATUS
1. Venture meter
3. Hydraulic bench
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4. Stop watch
5. Water
PROCEDURE
2. The flow control valve is fully opened to let the water flow into the venture meter and
manometer tubes.
4. The air bleed screw is regulated until water level in manometer tubes reach 150 mm.
5. The flow control valve is fully opened and waited for some time for the level in
manometer tube h is in steady state.
6. After the steady state is achieved, the water tank is closed with water controller and
the time to for volume of water to reach the 3 litre is recorded.
7. The Pitot (total head measuring) tube that connected to manometer h is pushed gently
and its end reaches the cross section of the venture tube at a. After waited some time,
the reading of manometer h and a are taken.
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RESULT
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F 0.163 0.130 0.8046 5.30 x 10-4 0.3330 0.4716
CALCULATION
Volume collected
Flow Rate, QAC =
Time
0.003
=
16
= √ 2(9.8) (0.188-0.162)
= 0.7142 m/s
Q
Using Continuity Equation, Vic =
Ai
1.875 x 10−4
=
5.31 x 10−4
10
= 0.3531 m/s
= 0.3611 m/s
DISCUSSION
Based on the objective, this experiment is being conduct to investigate the validity of
the Bernoulli’s equation when applied to the steady flow of water in a tapered duct. As we
already know water is fluid and all fluid have properties to take the shape of the container or
wherever they flow or stored. Since the volume passing through at given length of pipe
during a given period of time will be the same, there must be a decrease in pressure. From the
Bernoulli’s principle, it states that the slower the rate of flow, the higher the pressure, and the
fastest the rate flow the lower the pressure.
The Bernoulli’s equation forms the basis for solving a wide variety of fluid flow
problems such as jets issuing from an orifice, jet trajectory, flow under a gate and over a weir,
flow metering by obstruction meters, flow around submerged objects, flows associated with
pumps and turbines etc. The equipment is designed as a self-sufficient unit it has a sump tank,
measuring tank and a pump for water circulation as shown in figure1. The apparatus consists
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of a supply tank, which is connected to flow channel. The channel gradually contracts for a
length and then gradually enlarges for the remaining length.
From the experiment, we knew that as the fluid flow from wider to narrower one, the
velocity of flowing fluid increases. This shown in all the results table, where the velocity of
water that flows in the tapered duct increases as the duct area decreases. From the analysis
we can conclude that for this flow, the difference velocity increases as the pressure difference
increases.
In addition to find the velocity difference we use Bernoulli Equation and Continuity
Equation. As for the Bernoulli Equation : ViB = √ 2g (hH-hi)
hH – Reading at Tube A
hi – Reading at Tube H
Q
As for the continuity Equation : , Vic =
Ai
As we can see from table above, as the pressure difference increase, the velocity difference
increase. From the Bernoulli’s Principle Theorem, as the pressure increase, the velocity must
be decrease. Thus, we can conclude that there must be error during the experiment as the
value of difference velocity are not constantly decreased. One of them is, the observer must
have not read the level of static head properly, where the eyes are not perpendicular to the
water level on the manometer. Other than that, the pressure on A until F are not stable yet but
the reading are already taken. Thus, there are some minor effects on the circulations due to
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the errors. From the experiment has been found that the Bernoulli’s principle is valid for
steady flow of fluid in tapered duct .
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
John F.Douglas, (2001), Fluid Mechanics (4th ed.), Pearson Education Limited.
B.R. Munson, D.F. Young, and T.H. Okiishi, (1998), Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics (3rd ed.), Wiley.
Lab Manual: Bernoulli’s Theorem demonstration Unit.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/39165346/Bernoulli-s-Theorem-Distribution-Experiment
http://www.solution.com.my/pdf/FM24(A4).pdf
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APPENDICES
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