CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY #2

Candidate Name: Ali Rasheed Rashed

Student ID: SUKD1503428
Group Members Name: Mazen Mamoon, Tashi Kipchu,
Mark Lordye, Kamel Fakhri
Lecturer/Supervisor: Dr.Ong
Date of Submission: 1/12/2016

BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To investigate Bernoulli’s law and pressure distribution along venture tube.

2.0 ABSTRACT
The main aim of this experiment is to prove that the fluid flow velocity is directly proportional to
the fluid pressure. This is done with the aid of Bernoulli’s theorem by using the venture meter
which consist of six different areas.

3.0 THEORY/INTRODUCTION
Bernoulli’s principle lines with the principle of conservation of energy in the sum of all forms of
mechanical energy of a steady flow of fluid provided the kinetic and potential energy remain
constant. When it come to the viscid flow, the decreases in pressure will affect the speed of the
fluid to increase at the same time. An example is the volumes in wider and narrower pipes, at the
narrow pipes the kinetic energy of that volume is greater than the wider pipe and it because of
the speed is greater in the pipes with smaller area.
The experiment is conduct in order to find the time taken to collect 10 liter of water, to
volumetric flow rate of the water, velocity, the pressure difference, dynamic head and total head
as well. The data will be collected from the six static head and total head. When the flow of the
fluids is horizontal, the lowest speed occurs where the pressure is the highest at when the
pressure is lowest, the highest speed occurs.
In Bernoulli equation there is some restrictions, such as the flow must be steady with constant
density and the fluids can’t compressed. Pressure head which is even called static head is
representing the internal energy of fluid, and it is because of the exerting in pressure on its
container. At the whole tube, flow rate is constant since it is closed system. The Bernoulli
equation is mathematically expressed in the equation below:

P1 V 12 P2 V 22
+ = + =
ρg 2 g ρ 2 g Constant
Allowance for friction losses and conversion of the pressure, P 1 and P2 into static pressure heads,
h1 and h2 yields:
V V
12 22
h1 + =h2 + + hf
2g 2g
Where, P1 = pressure at cross-section, A1
h1 = pressure head at cross-section, A1
V1 = flow velocity at cross-section, A1
P2 = pressure at cross-section, A2
h2 = pressure head at cross-section, A2
V2 = flow velocity at cross-section, A2
Ρ = density of the medium
hf = pressure loss head

Figure 1: Conditions in venturi tube with 6 measurement points

Figure 2: Mass flow conditions in venturi tube

4.0 APPARATUS
I. HM150.07 Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration as shown in Figure 4.

a) Assembly board
b) Single water pressure gauge
c) Discharge pipe
d) Outlet valve
e) Venturi tube with 6 measurement points
f) Compression gland
g) Probe for measuring overall pressure
h) Hose connection (water supply)
i) Valve at water inlet
j) 6-fold water pressure gauge (pressure distribution in venture tube)

Figure 3: HM150.07 Bernoulli’s theorem demonstration

Figure 4: Detail view of X

 Figure 5: Detail view of Y

Figure 6: Six measurement points

Table 1: Cross Section Area of venturi tubes

Point, i Area, A (mm²) Area, A (10-4 m²)
1 338.6 3.386
2 233.5 2.335
3 84.60 0.846
4 170.2 1.702
5 255.2 2.552
6 338.6 3.386

5.0 EXPIREMENTAL PROCEDURES

 1. Inspection was performed to ensure that the unit was in proper operating condition.
2. A hose connection was made and the unit was connected to the nearest power supply.
3. The discharge pipe was opened.
4. The cap nut (1) of probe compression gland was set such that the slight resistance was
felt on the moving probe.
5. The inlet and outlet valves were opened.
6. The pump was switched on while slowly opening the main valve.
7. The vent valves (2) on water pressure gauge were opened and the outlet cock was slowly
closed until the pressure gauges were flushed.
8. The water level in pressure gauges was regulated by simultaneously setting the inlet and
outlet cock such that neither upper nor lower range limit (UL, LL) were overshot or
undershot.
9. The pressures at all measurement points were recorded. The overall pressure probe was
moved to the corresponding measurement level and the overall pressure was noted.

10. The volumetric flow rate was determined using a stopwatch by establishing the time
required to raise the level in the volumetric tank from 20 to 30 liters.
11. Steps 8,9 and 10 were repeated using different flow rates
6.0 RESULTS
Table 1. Flow rate and pressure measurement at point 1
Sl.no htotal hstat hdyn Time in Flow Velocity
(s) for rate
(mmWs) (mmWs) (mmWs) (m/s)
(10L)
(m3/s)

1 245 115 130 204 4.902 × 1.447

10-4
2 230 135 95
3 205 180 25
Table 2. Flow rate and pressure measurement at point 3
 Sl.no htotal hstat hdyn Time in Flow Velocity
(s) for rate
(mmWs) (mmWs) (mmWs) (m/s)
(10L)
(m3/s)

1 250 130 120 216 4.629 × 0.5471

10-5
2 260 145 115
3 230 185 45

Sample Solution
 h dyn=htot −hstat
245−115=130mmWs

 1m3 = 1000L
10 L
Q= =¿ 4.902 ×10 -4 m3/s
204 s

Q
 = v, A = 3.386 ×10-4 m2
A
4.902 ×10 -4 m3/s  3.386 ×10-4 m2
= 1.447 m/s

7.0 DISCUSSION
The following results for this experiment was tabulated. Observing the results, it is noticed that
the Wmeans is directly proportional to the dynamic pressure which means that when the dynamic
pressure increases the Wmeans increases too and for the static pressure when it decreases so does
the Wmeans. The velocity calculated was less than the measured velocity, this may be because of
human error because it was hard trying to get the liquid’s exact point. And another cause may be
because of gravitational force. Two separate flowrates where used in this experiment to get a
satisfactory result.

8.0 CONCLUSION
 The following experiment was a success because the following objective was achieved,
however they were some errors involved which led to not getting an accurate result. One of
the factors that contributed to not getting an accurate result was the efficiency of the
equipment. Most equipment efficiency reduce after being used for a long time but however
this can be averted by proper maintenance of the equipment. Another major factor is human
error. But in conclusion the main aim of this experiment was acquired.

9.0 REFERENCES

Douglas, J.F., Gasiorek, J.M. and Swaffield, J.A. (1995) Fluid Mechanics, 3rd ed.
Singapore: Longmans.

R.K. Bansal 1983, A Textbook of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, 1st Edition,
Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd, India

Giles, R.V., Evett, J.B. and Cheng Liu (1994) Schaumm’s Outline Series Theory and
Problems of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic, McGraw Hill Intl.