LAB 3

FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN

MEKANIKAL DAN PEMBUATAN
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BMMH 2313 FLUID MECHANICS

LAB SHEET 3

FLUID FRICTION

Lecturer’s name MOHD KHAIRUL NIZAM BIN SUHAIMIN

No. Student’s name Matrix number

1. MUHAMMAD ARIEF RIDZUAN B MOHD ZAID B092110400
2. MUHAMMAD IMAN HAQIEMI BIN MOHAMAD ZAKI B092110414
3. AMIR ASYRAF BIN AZHAR B092110228
4. P`NG JIA XIN B092110351
5. GRETHAREN A/L GENGATHARAN B092110509

Learning Outcome LO2 To determine the relation between friction head loss and velocity for flow of
(LO): water through smooth bore pipes.

Program Outcome: PO5 To compare the head loss predicted by a pipe friction equation with direct
measure head loss.

Synopsis: This lab activity will enrich students’ knowledge on the principle examined in this
experiment was how the frictional flow of a fluid in a pipe relates to therelationship with
the fluids Reynolds number.

Related Lecture’s 1. Frictional flow of a fluid in a pipe

Topic:

Prepared by: Date: 20 Apr 2020

Approved by Dr Muhammad Ilman Hakimi Chua Bin Abdullah Date

LM/SLM/HOD
QMS : REVISION RECORDS

Revision Date Approved by

Description Prepared by :
No (DD/MM/YY) LM/SLM/HOD:

1.0 OBJECTIVE

To compare the head loss predicted by a pipe friction equation with direct measure head loss.

2.0 THEORY

Professor Osborne Reynolds demonstrated that two types of flow may exist in a pipe:-
i. Laminar flow at low velocities, where h∝u
ii. Turbulent flow at higher velocities h∝un
In laminar flow, head loss, h is directly proportional to flow velocity, u. While in turbulent flow, h is directly
proportional to un. These two types of flow are separated by transition phase where (in this phase) no
definite relationship between h and u exists. Graphs of h versus u and log h versus log u show these
zones :-

Figure 1 : Graphs of h versus u and Log h versus Log u

Having established the value of Reynolds’ number for flow in the pipe, the value of f maybe determined
using a Moody diagram.
Note:
 If Re<2000; indicate laminar flow
If 2000<Re<4000; indicate transition flow
If Re>4000; indicate turbulent flow

If the flow were laminar then, value of friction coefficient, f

f = 64/Re

For a circular pipe flowing full, the head loss due to friction may be calculated from the formula:

3.0 EQUIPMENT & TOOLS

1. Fluid friction apparatus

2. Piezometer

3. Stopwatch and thermometer.

 Figure 1 : Fluid friction apparatus

3.0 PROCEDURES/ METHODOLOGY

1. Switch on the pump and open the supply valve fully.

2. Switch on the equipment to allow water flowing in the pipe assembly. The flowing water will push
the air bubbles out of the rubber hose. Make sure no air bubbles present in the rubber hose.
3. If the air bubbles were not present in the rubber hose, quickly connect the rubber hose to the
piezometer.
4. Before making any measurement, make sure the condition of the Fluid Friction Apparatus is as
follow:-
i. Close the Globe valve and Ball valve (light blue and grey circuit). Open the Gate valve (dark
blue circuit) half of turn.
ii. Turn on the cold water supply and wait for any trapped air to leave the circuit, then close the
Gate valve.
iii. Connect one set of piezometer tubes to tapping 13 (upstream) and 14 (downstream)
iv. The level in each of the piezometer tubes should be the same, if not then check for air
bubbles or leaks.
v. Fully open the gate valve and wait for the flow to settle. Record the readings on the
piezometer into Table 1.
5. Record (into Table1) the time taken for 5 liters of water to fill in the volumetric tank. To do this, stop
the water from flowing into the sump with the ball in the arm field, so that water is retaining in the volumetric
tank. Its level will start to rise as may be seen at the sight gauge. Remember to lift the ball to allow water
flowing back into the sump after the time is recorded.
6. Record the pressured reading from the piezometer into Table1.
7. Take piezometer reading at several different flow rates by altering the flow using the supply valve in
sequence of quarter turn. It is suggested that ten readings are sufficient to produce a good head-flow curve.
8. Measure the internal diameter of the test pipe sample using an internal Vernier caliper.
9. Repeat procedures 2 to 8 for pipes between tapping 7, 8 and 10, 11.
10. Measure the water temperature using thermometer and check the mass density as well as the
dynamic viscosity of water using a given Table of Physical Properties of Water.

Video Link :

LAB 3 FLUID FRICTION

https://youtu.be/RCPv5FkyUcA

4.0 RESULTS

EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND RESULTS

EXPERIMENT DATA
Density of water (from table) = 995.7 kg/𝑚3
Dynamic viscosity of water (from table) = 0.798 x 10−3 kg/ms
Length of pipes, L = 0.918 m
Internal diameter of pipe, d = 0.262 m
Volum Time Flowrate Piezometer Readings Flow R f Calculate Measure
e (mm) e
Q Velocity Head HeadLos
V T From s
u Loss
(m3/s) Moody
(litre
Diagram
s) (mH2O)
(s)
(m/s) (m H2O)

Upstream Downstre Differ

am ence

(∆h)

5 45.88 1.090 x10−4 1140 1122 18 2.02 x10−3 660 0.097 7.07 x10−8 0.001
5 40.54 1.233 x10−4 1138 1120 18 2.29 x10−3 749 0.085 7.96 x10−8 0.002
5 36.98 1.352 x10−4 1134 1118 16 2.51 x10−3 820 0.078 8.78 x10−8 0.002
5 30.15 1.658 x10−4 1132 1116 16 3.08 x10−3 1006 0.064 1.08 x10−7 0.002
5 25.76 1.941 x10−4 1128 1112 16 3.60 x10−3 1177 0.054 1.25 x10−7 0.001
5 23.17 2.158 x10−4 1122 1106 16 4.00 x10−3 1308 0.049 1.40 x10−7 0.003
5 17.50 2.857 x10−4 1118 1096 22 5.30 x10−3 1733 0.037 1.86 x10−7 0.004
5 16.24 3.079 x10−4 1114 1094 20 5.71 x10−3 1867 0.034 1.98 x10−7 0.004
5 15.36 3.255 x10−4 1112 1092 20 6.04 x10−3 1975 0.032 2.08 x10−7 0.004
Table 1 : Fluid Friction Experimental Data
Plot a graph of h versus u. Identify the laminar, transition and turbulent zones on the graphs.
Confirm that the graph is a straight line for the zone of laminar flow

Graph explanation

Graph slope = 1.9 x10−8

This graph indicates that pressure drop,h and velocity,u is directly proportional to each
other. The straight line shows the laminar zone. In calculation, the Reynold number is less
than 2000 to ensure the trend of flow rate is correct to the theory
Plot a graph of log h versus log u. Confirm that the graph is a straight line for the zone of turbulent
flow h. Determine the slope of the straight line to find n.

Graph explanation
Graph slope = 0.0635
Based on the Reynolds number data, it is calculated to be mostly turbulent in the pipe under
test, which exceeds 2000 re. However, both graphs show somewhat correct transitions,
and the curves imply that calculations and theory are related.

5.0 DISCUSSION
For discussion, you should answer all questions as follows:

i. Discuss the relationship of head loss and velocity based on Graph h versus u:

Based on the graph, the relationship between head loss, h and velocity, u is directly proportional
when it is in laminar flow. Basically, laminar flow happens when dealing with small pipe and slow flow
rate. However, in a turbulent flow, the relationship in graph of head loss, h and velocity, u show as
inversely proportional. Turbulent flow happens when high flow rate and larger pipe are used

ii. Analyses the transition phase value and explain how it could be happening.

At the beginning, the phase is laminar which means it smooth and slow rate flow. But somehow the
phase of fluid is change turbulent flow as it is chaotic and unpredictable. This is because the fluid
velocity increase and make the flow rate changes. From the experiment, we can see that flow rate of
fluid and pressure are related to the Reynold number. When Reynold number is increasing and
exceeds to the certain value, we can consider the phase of flow becomes turbulent.

iii. Compare and discuss the values of head loss obtained from calculation and measurement.

The calculated head loss is 0.003 mH2O and increased to 0.35mH2O. whilst, the value of head loss
that determine by measurement is increasing from 0.003 mH2O to 0.029 mH2O. but this
measurement value might be lower or higher than the actual value. This is because this might be
human error in calculating or taking the data. Otherwise, the instrument error also can cause the
inaccuracy in reading the data. Although, the value is not really accurate but the value ranges of
measured head loss are fairly similar due to mathematical procedures and using the standard unit in
comparison.

6.0 CONCLUSION

Give your conclusion of this experiment work / report. Summarize its main findings.
All in all, we can conclude that, there are three types of flow which are laminar, transition and
turbulent. This flow indicates the fluid friction and can be determined by calculating the Reynold
number and head loss. The friction factor was significantly higher for the larger diameter pipe than for
the smaller diameter pipe. It can be seen from the values obtained that fittings, pipes, enlargement
and contractions lead to a considerable amount of time. The discrepancies in the values were
caused due to possible human errors along with wear and tear associated with frequent use of the
experimental set up
7.0 OTHERS

The report must be prepared as APPENDIX.

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
Your response to each task will be graded separately based on the checklist attached. To obtain
maximum marks, ensure that your response addresses each of the tasks in the question accordingly.

Assessment checklist for Lab Activity 1

Assessment tasks Mark LO PO C/P/A level

allocation

Procedure 10 LO2 PO5 P1 - Perception

Work Process 10 LO2 PO5 P2 - Set

Work Process 15 LO2 PO5 P4 – Mechanism

Outcome (Results) 25 LO2 PO5 P4 – Mechanism

Outcome (Explanation of the 15 LO2 PO5 P5 - Complex

results) Overt Response

15 LO2 PO5 P5 - Complex

Outcome (Discussion) Overt Response

Discipline 10 LO2 PO5 P2 - Set

TOTAL 100

SPECIFIC INSTRUCTION

1. Answer in ENGLISH .
2. Must include list of references .
3. Submit your assignment ONCE only in a SINGLE file.
4. Submit your assignment ONLINE.
5. Submission date: Week 4
6. This lab report/activity accounts for 5% of the total marks for the course.