PRESSURRE MEASUREMENTS AND DIMENSIONAL

ANALYSIS BASED ON BERNOULLI’S THEOREM

PROCESS ENGINEERING I

KAGO EDSON – SAUL

17000084
INTRODUCTION
BERNOULLI’S DEMOSTATION -HB5/EV
Pressure can be determined by employing venturi to measure the fluid flow rate through a pipe
hence determining the pressure of such incompressible fluid based on flow rates. The venturi
tube has converging and diverging portion that function to increasing and decreasing the
velocity of fluid hence bringing a total effect on static pressure. This is a typical Bernoulli’s
theorem experimental test. Bernoulli’s theorem states that the total head of the liquid flowing
between two points remains constant provided there is no loss due to friction and no gain due to
an application of external work between these two points which is also consistent to continuity
principle. The total head is due to static head, velocity head (dynamic head) and pressure head.
Bernoulli’s principle is vastly applied in modern days technology e.g Bernoulli’s principle plays
pivotal role along with venturi and pilot tubes in determining the speed of aircrafts.

HB5/EV (Bernoulli’s equipment) enables to study the Bernoulli’s theorem through the use of a
classical Venturi tube equipped with 6 static tapping points and a Pilot tube for the
measurement of dynamic pressure along the duct. The tapping points and Pilot tube are
connected with a 7 tubes differential pressure gauge. The water flow rate is controlled by two
valves placed at the inlet and outlet of the Venturi meter.

The Hydraulic Bench in detail:

 Ensures a controlled flow rate of the water supplied to the Bernoulli equipment and a pump
for feeding the Bernoulli’s equipment
 It enables to determine the flow rate of water used in the test, with volumetric method
 It enables to measure the flow rate of water used in the test with a flowmeter
PROCEDURE

Volumetric Flowrate measurement

 Close the valve V5 and use a chronometer to determine the time required to fill the
compartment of 10 litres. This compartment is suitable to measure low flow rates.
The flow rate is obtained from applying the following formula ………Q = V/t

Head measurements using the Bernoulli apparatus

 The Bernoulli’s equipment will be connected with hydraulic bench
 Position the unit on the worktop of HB-E/EV or on a table which can accommodate its
weight
 Screw the quick connection of the equipment onto the drain available on the bottom of the
flow channel of bench HB-E/EV.
 Using the pipe with quick connections of the equipment, connect the inlet of equipment
HB5/EV with bench mod HB-E/EV
 Operate inlet valve V1 and outlet valve V2 of mod. HB5/EV
 Open valve V5 of mod. HB-E/EV
 Open the bleed valve V3 of mod HB5/EV so that the tubes of pressure gauge attain the
atmospheric pressure, then close it again
 Position the point of pilot tube onto the first wall-type pressure tube
 Start pump G1 of mod HB-E/EV and open its valve V1 slowly adjusting the flow rate at
approximately 1m3/h
 Adjust the closing degree of valves V1 and V2 of mod HB57EV so that water columns are
include in the range of pressure gauge
 Measure the flow rate by using the volumetric tank of 10 litres of mod HB-E/EV and a
chronometer
 Record the value of flow rate and the corresponding values of pressure
 Repeat the measurement by positioning the point of the pilot tube onto the next wall-type
pressure tube, up to the sixth static -pressure tube.
 This test can be repeated at different flow rates, but do not forget to adjust the position of
valves V1 and V2 of mod HB57EV again so that measures are included in the range of
differential pressure gauge
 At the end of these tests, switch pump G1 of mod HB-E/EV off.
RESULTS
Volumetric flowrate measurement
t V V/t F11
(s) (litres) (m3/h) (m3/h)

37.0 10 0.973 1
39.1 10 0.921 1
37.1 10 0.970 1
37.2 10 0.968 1
Table 1:Volumetric flowrate

EXERCISE
6.1

6.2
H1` H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 Q (from
chronometer)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (m3/s)

HStat 455 438 407 137 293 342

Htot 477 456 456 441 431 394

22 18 49 304 138 52 0.955

Hdym

Vmeas 0.657 0.594 0.980 2.44 1.65 1.01

Vcalc 0.304 0.304 0.504 1.21 0.540 0.304

Water temp (°C) = 25 Water density (g.cm3) = 1

Table 2:Heads of water measured at room temp and pressure

Areas of the 6 static pressure tubes
Di Ai
(mm) (m2 10-4)

1 20 3.14
2 20 3.14
3 15 1.77
4 10 0.79
5 15 1.77
6 20 3.14
Table 3:Area of sections corresponding to 6 static pressure tubes
CONCLUSION

As Bernoulli state that high velocity of fluid flow result in low pressure and based on continuity
equation, the smaller the area, the higher the velocity. The results proved both equations could
be used to determine the velocity of fluid flow in manometer. Even if the values obtained were
not exactly the same, the pattern of increasing and decreasing at the converging and diverging
portion was consistent, as when velocity increased, the total head pressure for both convergent
and divergent flow increased.