FLUIDS

• Fluids – a substance that can flow. 𝑷 = 𝜸𝒉 = 𝝆𝒈𝒉

• Specific Gravity – defined as the ratio of 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
= (600 3 ) (9.8 2 ) (0.15 𝑚)
the mass density of the substance and the 𝑚 𝑠
mass density of the reference material. = 𝟖𝟖𝟐. 𝟗 𝑷𝒂
𝑠 = 𝜌𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠 /𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 • Pascal’s Principle – a pressure change
• Mass Density – mass per unit volume of a occurring anywhere in a confined
substance. incompressible fluid is transmitted
𝑚
𝜌= throughout the fluid such that the same
𝑣 change occurs everywhere.
Example 1
Example 3
A container has glycerin of mass 800 kg
If the atmospheric pressure is 13.99 psia
and a volume of 0.423 m3. What is the
and a gage attached to a tank reads 7.4 inHg
specific gravity of the glycerin?
vacuum, find the absolute pressure within
𝑚 800 𝑘𝑔 the tank.
𝜌= = = 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑
𝑣 0.423 𝑚3
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠
𝑙𝑏𝑠
= 13.99
• Pressure – ratio of force and unit area. 𝑖𝑛2
25.4𝑚𝑚 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐹 − (7.4 𝑖𝑛𝐻𝑔) ( )( )
𝑃= 1𝑖𝑛 760𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
𝐴
• Gage Pressure – function of depth. 𝒍𝒃𝒔
𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ = 𝜌𝑔ℎ 𝑷𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟓
𝒊𝒏𝟐
Example 2 • Archimedes’ Principle – the buoyant
force on an object is equal to the weight
A barrel contains a 0.15 m layer of oil
of the fluid displaced by the object.
floating on water that is 0.03 m deep. If the
density of the oil is 600 kg/m3, what is the Example 4
pressure at the oil-water interface?
The density of ice is 917 kg/m3, and the
approximate density of sea water in which an
iceberg floats is 1025 kg/m3. What fraction of
iceberg is beneath the water surface?
Oil 0.15 m
𝛾𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝛾𝑠𝑤 𝑣𝑠𝑤
𝑉𝑠𝑤 𝛾𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑐𝑒
H2O 0.03 m = =𝜌
𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝛾𝑠𝑤 𝑠𝑤
 𝑘𝑔 b. an unobstructed opening that has only half
917
= 𝑚3 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟒𝟔 as much area.
𝑘𝑔
1025 3
𝑚 𝑄1 = 𝑄2
Example 5 𝑉 5𝑥 10−3 𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄= = = 5 𝑥10−4
𝑡 10 𝑠 𝑠
One of King Hiero’s crowns was found to
have weight 13 N in air. What is its specific −4
𝑚3
5 𝑥 10 = (1𝑥 10−4 𝑚2 )𝑉2
gravity if Archimedes found it weighing 11.8 𝑠2
N in water? 𝑚3
5 𝑥 10−4 𝑠
𝑉2 = = 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
𝐹𝑏 = 13𝑁 − 11.8𝑁 1 𝑥 10−4 𝑚2
• Bernoulli’s Principle – total energy per
= 1.2𝑁
unit volume is constant at any point in
1.2𝑁 = 𝛾𝐻2𝑂 𝑉𝑑 fluid.
1 1
1.2 𝑁 𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑣12 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦1 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑣22 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦2
𝑉𝑑 = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑵 2 2
9810 𝑁/𝑚3
Example 7
• Ideal fluid – a fluid that is incompressible
and has no friction. Find the velocity of water leaving a
• Continuity Equation – the rate a fluid tank through a hole in the side 1 meter below
enters a pipe must be equal to the rate the water level.
the fluid leaves the pipe. 𝑚 𝒎
𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉 𝑉 = √2 (9.8 ) (1𝑚) = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟑
𝑠 𝒔
𝑚1 = 𝑚2
𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
Example 6
Water from a garden hose fills a bucket in
10 s. The volume of the bucket is 5 𝑥 10−3 𝑚3.
Find the speed of the water that leaves the hose
through . . .

a. an unobstructed opening with a cross-

sectional area of 2 𝑥 10−4 𝑚2.
𝑄1 = 𝑄2
𝑉 5𝑥 10−3 𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄= = = 5 𝑥10−4
𝑡 10 𝑠 𝑠
𝑚3
5 𝑥 10−4 = (2𝑥 10−4 𝑚2 )𝑉2
𝑠2
𝑚3
5 𝑥 10−4
𝑉2 = 𝑠 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
2 𝑥 10−4 𝑚2