Fluid at rest

• The pressure exerted by a static fluid depends only upon the depth of
the fluid, the density of the fluid, and the acceleration of gravity
P=ρgh
• Static pressure does not depend upon mass or surface area of liquid
and the shape of container due to pressure exerted by walls.
• If the container of the fluid is open, the absolute pressure is:
P = Patm + ρ g h
Ex 1. A vertical test tube has 2 cm of oil floating on 8cm of water. What
is the pressure at the bottom of the tube due to the fluid in it? ( density of
fluid is 0.8 g/cm3 and density of water is 1g/cm3)
2. A certain tower receives its water directly from a water tower. If the
top of the water in the tower is 26m above the water faucet in a house,
what should be the water pressure at the faucet? (Neglect the effect of
other water users?

3.Estimate the difference in fluid pressure between the neck and base of a
bottle of wine when ρ = 1.08 x 103 kg m-3 h = 0.23 m
 U- tube manometer
A mercury manometer consists of a vertical U-shaped tube, containing
some mercury, with one side typically open to the atmosphere and the
other connected to a vessel containing a gas whose pressure we want to
measure.
Exercise
1. A mercury manometer measures a pressure of 200 mmHg. What is this
pressure in Pa? (density of mercury is 13.6 x 103kg/m3)
2. A student measures the pressure of a gas in a tube using below
equipment.

If the atmospheric pressure is 76 cm Hg, and h = 3 cm, find the pressure

of the gas in the tube!
3. Given U-pipe filled with water to measure the density of a fluid that
then is dropped into the right side of U-pipe.
 Barometer
• A barometer is a device that measures atmospheric pressure.

• Patm = ρgh
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdbWOAfXceA
Ex1: Mercury has a density of 13,600 kg/m3. What is the column of
mercury that would produce a pressure of 1.0135  105 N/m2?

2. How tall must a column of mercury be to exert a pressure equal to the

atmosphere? ρ= 1.36 x 104 kg/m3
 Pascal’s Principle
• A change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted
undiminished to all portions of the fluid and to the walls of its container.
• One of the most important technological applications of Pascal’s
principle is found in a hydraulic system

P1 = P2
• According to Pascal’s principle, this pressure is transmitted
undiminished throughout the fluid and to all walls of the container.
Thus, a pressure P2 is felt at the other piston that is equal to P1. That is
P1 = P2
𝐹1 𝐹2
=
𝐴1 𝐴2

Hydraulic can multiply force.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=svdsbL4PLL4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vsF95qA1x7I
Exercise 1.
The force applied on a hydraulic press of small piston of cross sectional area 20m2
is 150N. What amount of force lifted up the car if the cross sectional area of the
large piston is 2000m2? What is the mass of the car?
2. A hydraulic lift with piston radius r1 and r2 as shown below. r1 = 5 cm
and r2 = 15 cm. If the weight of the block w = 1800 N, find the minimum
force F to lift up the weight w!
3. In a car lift used in a service station, compressed air exerts a force on a
small piston that has a circular cross section of radius 5.00 cm. This
pressure is transmitted by a liquid to a piston that has a radius of 15.0 cm.
What force must the compressed air exert to lift a car weighing 13, 300
N?
 Archimedes principle and Buoyancy
Archimedes principle states that: “ When a body is wholly or partially
submerged in a fluid, it experiences an upward force (buoyant force)
equal to the weight of the displaced fluid”

FB = Buoyant force = Weight of displaced fluid

FB = mdis g , mdis – mass of displaced fluid
FB = f Vdis g , Vdis – density of displaced fluid
Ex.1. The mass of a 10kg block of Aluminum suspended in a string is completely
in water. Density of aluminum is 2700kg/m3.
a. What is the buoyant force
b. What is the tension on the string

2. A 2 kg block suspended from a spring balance is completely immersed in oil of

density 840 kg/m3 and displaced 100cm3 of oil. What is the reading of the
balance as the block is completely submerged?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mmc1whyS78k
 The apparent weight
The apparent weight of the object is equal to the difference between its
true weight and the buoyant force of the fluid.
Wapp = W true – FB
Wapp = mg – FB
• The net upward force on the object is the difference between weight
and buoyant force .
• If this net force is positive, the object sinks; if negative, the object
rises; and if zero, the object is neutrally buoyant - that is, it remains in
place without either rising or sinking.
• If the density of the object is less than the density of the fluid, the
downward gravitational force is less than the buoyant force and the
unsupported object accelerates upward.
• If the density of the object is greater than the density of the fluid, the
upward buoyant force is less than the downward gravitational force
and the unsupported object sinks.
• If the density of the submerged object equals the density of the fluid,
the net force on the object is zero and the object remains in
equilibrium.
Case 1: Totally Submerged Object
• When an object is totally submerged in a fluid of density f, the volume
Vdisp of the displaced fluid is equal to the volume Vobj of the object; so,
the magnitude of the upward buoyant force is FB = f Vdis g
• If the object has a mass m and density obj, its weight is equal to
W = mg = objVobjg, and the net force on the object is
Fnet = W -FB = ( objVobjg - f Vdis g )

Fnet = ( obj - f )Vobj g

Case 2: Floating Object
• When a body of mass m floats in a liquid, the upward buoyant force is
balanced by the downward gravitational force acting on the object.
W = FB
mg = f Vdis g
obj Vobj g = f Vdis g

obj Vobj = f Vdis

Ex 1. A substance whose density is s = 0.2 x 103 kg/m3 floats in fresh
water (f = 103 kg/m3). What fraction of its volume is submerged?

2. A block of wood (density = 0.8 x 103 kg/m3) having a volume of 0.2

m3 floats on a water (density 103 kg/m3 ). What mass should be placed
on top of the block in order for its top surface to be at the same level
with the surface of the liquid?
3. A 40 m3 balloon has a mass 30kg. The balloon is filled with hydrogen
at a height where the density of air is 1.2 kg/m3. Find the maximum
mass of load that can be lifted by the balloon. The density of hydrogen
= 0.1 kg/m3.
 Homework
1. A block of metal has a mass of 12kg and density of 5 x 104kg/m3. If it
is suspended from a string and completely immersed in water of
density 103 kg/m3, find the tension in the string.

2. A cube of wood floats in oil of density 0.8 x 103 kg/m3 with one –
fourth of its volume immersed . What is the density of the wood?
 Fluid Dynamics
In our simplification model of ideal fluid flow, we make the following four
assumptions:
1. The fluid is non-viscous. In a non-viscous fluid, internal friction is
neglected. An object moving through the fluid experiences no viscous
force.
2. The flow is steady. In steady (laminar) flow, all particles passing through a
point have the same velocity.
3. The fluid is incompressible. The density of an incompressible fluid is
constant.
4. The flow is irrotational. In irrotational flow, the fluid has no angular
momentum about any point. If a small paddle wheel placed anywhere in
the fluid does not rotate about the wheel’s center of mass, the flow is
irrotational.
 Fluid flow
Consider a liquid flowing through a cylindrical pipe as shown in the
figure. If the average speed of the liquid at section P is u, the distance S
through which the stream moves in time t is ut. If A is the cross-section
area then the volume of the cylindrical section is:
P
u

s
 P

V = A.S = Aut ,Where S = ut.

The volume flow rate of the liquid is given by:
𝑉 𝐴𝑢𝑡
= = Au
𝑡 𝑡
The unit of rate of flow of liquid through a pipe is measured as cm3/s or
m3/s.
 Equation of continuity
Let an incompressible liquid flow through a pipe of varying cross-
sectional area.

• The figure represents a portion of a tube, between two fixed cross-

sections of area A1 and A2. Let u1 and u2 be the speeds at these sections.
• The mass of liquid passing through the cross-section, A1 with speed u1
must be equal to the mass passing in the same time t through the cross-
section A2.
m 1 = m2
V1 = V2
 Where V1 = A1u1t and V2 = A2u2t . Hence
A1u1t  t = A2u2t  t
A1u1 = A2u2 = constant

• The cross-sectional area is inversely proportional to the velocity.

Ex1. A liquid flows through a tube having a uniform cross-section of
0.04m2 at an average velocity of 20m/s. Find the rate of flow?
2. A horizontal pipe of cross-section area of 4cm2 has a constriction of
cross-section 0.01cm2. Water flows with a speed of 6 m/s in the large
pipe. Find the speed of water in the constriction.
 Bernoulli’s Equation
• As a fluid moves through a region where its speed or elevation above
the Earth’s surface changes, the pressure in the fluid varies with these
changes.
• The relationship between fluid speed, pressure, and elevation was first
derived in 1738 by Swiss physicist Daniel Bernoulli.
• Consider the flow of a segment of an ideal fluid through a non-uniform
pipe in a time interval t as illustrated in Figure below.
• The force exerted on the segment by the fluid to the cross-section of A1
has a magnitude P1A1.
• The work done by this force on this segment in a time interval t is
W1 = F1x1 = P1A1x1 = P1V1,
where V is the volume of fluid passing point 1 (A1).
• In a similar manner, the work done on the segment by the fluid to the
right of the segment in the same time interval t is
W2 = F2x2 = P2A2x2 = P2V2,
where V is the volume of fluid passing point 2 (A2)
• Therefore, the net work done on the segment by these forces in the time
interval t is:
W = (P1 - P2)V
• The net work done is equal to the change in energy( both potential and
kinetic)
Therefore
W =  K.E +  U
(P1 - P2)V = (½ mv22 – ½ mv12 ) + ( mgy2 – mgy1)
Divide each term by the portion volume V and recall that  = m/V
P1 - P2 = (½  v22 – ½  v12 ) + ( gy2 -  gy2)
Rearranging terms gives
P1 + ½  v12 + gy1 = ½  v22 + P2 +  gy2
P1 + ½  v12 +  g y1 = Constant
This is known as Bernoulli’s equation
• Bernoulli’s equation shows that the pressure of a fluid decreases as the
speed of the fluid increases.
• In addition, the pressure decreases as the elevation increases.
• The sum of the pressure, kinetic energy per unit volume, and
gravitational potential energy per unit volume has the same value at all
points along a streamline for an ideal fluid.
Ex 1. Water flows through a horizontal pipe with a speed of 2m/s and
pressure of 1.5 x 105 Pa and the cross-sectional area is 4cm2. What is
the pressure at a point where the cross-sectional area of pipe is 12cm2?
2. Water flows at the rate of 6000 cm3/min through the pipe as shown in
the figure below, where the diameter is 0.2m, the pressure is 100N/m2.
What is the pressure at C2, where the diameter is 0.1m and the center
of the pipe is 0.05m lower than at C1?

C1
C2
3. The pipe shown in the figure has a diameter of 16cm at section 1 and
10cm at section 2. At section 1 the pressure is 200kPa. Point 2 is 6m
higher than point 1. When oil of density 800kg/m3 flows at a rate of
0.03 m3/s, find the pressure at point 2 if viscous effect are negligible.
Venturi meter - is used to measure the flow rate through a tube.
Exercise: The air of velocity 15 m/s and of density 1.3 kg/m3 is entering
the Venturi tube (placed in the horizontal position) from the right. The
radius of the wide part of the tube is 1.0 cm; the radius of the thin part of
the tube is 0.5 cm. The tube of shape U connecting wide and thin part of
the main tube (see the picture) is filled with the mercury of the density
13 600 kg/m3. Determine what height difference will be stabilized
between the surfaces of the mercury in U-tube.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNBWI6MV_lY
 p1-p2 =gh
Bernoulli eqn
Eqn of contunity

Homework
Physics Giambattista book
Page 354 # 10
Page 356 #35
Page 357 #47,56