POWER POINT PRESENTATION FOR H&P

By; 1JT12ME058
Objectives

• Explain fundamental hydraulic principles.

• Apply the laws of hydraulics.
• Calculate force, pressure, and area.
• Describe the function of pumps, valves, actuators, and motors.
• Describe the construction of hydraulic conductors and couplers.
Hydraulics
• The term hydraulics is used to specifically describe fluid
power circuits that use liquids—especially formulated oils
—in confined circuits to transmit force or motion.
• Hydraulic circuits:
• Hydraulic brakes
• Power steering systems
• Automatic transmissions
• Fuel systems
• Wet-line kits for dump trucks
• Torque converters
• Lift gates
Pascal’s Law
• Pressure applied to a confined liquid is transmitted undiminished in all
directions and acts with equal force on all equal areas, at right angles
to those areas.
Fundamentals
• Hydrostatics is the science of transmitting force by pushing on a confined
liquid.
• In a hydrostatic system, transfer of energy takes place because a confined
liquid is subject to pressure.
• Hydrodynamics is the science of moving liquids to transmit energy.
• We can define hydrostatics and hydrodynamics as follows:
• Hydrostatics: low fluid movement with high system pressures
• Hydrodynamics: high fluid velocity with lower system pressures
Atmospheric Pressure
• A column of air measuring 1 square inch
extending 50 miles into the sky would
weigh 14.7 pounds at sea level.
• If we stood on a high mountain, the
column of air would measure less than
50 miles and the result would be a
lower weight of air in the column.
• Similarly, if we were below sea level, in a
mine for instance, the weight of air
would be greater in the column.
• In North America, we sometimes use
the term atm (short for atmosphere) to
describe a unit of measurement of
atmospheric pressure.
• Europeans use the unit bar (short for
barometric pressure).
Force
• Force is push or pull effort.
• The weight of one object placed upon another exerts force on it proportional to its weight.
• If the objects were glued to each other and we lifted the upper one, a pull force would be
exerted by the lower object proportional to its weight.
• Force does not always result in any work done.
• If you were to push on the rear of a parked transport truck, you could apply a lot of force,
but that effort would be unlikely to result in any movement of the truck.
• The formula for force (F) is calculated by multiplying pressure (P) by the area (A) it acts on.
• F=PxA
Pressure Scales
• There are a number of different pressure scales used today but all are based on atmospheric
pressure. One unit of atmosphere is the equivalent of atmospheric pressure and it can be
expressed in all these ways:
• 1 atm = 1 bar (European)
= 14.7 psia
= 29.920 Hg (inches of mercury)
= 101.3 kPa (metric)
• However, each of the above values is not precisely equivalent to the others:
1atm = 1.0192 bar
1 bar = 29.530 Hg = 14.503 psia
10 Hg = 13.60 H2O @ 60° F
Torricelli’s Tube
• Evangelista Torricelli (1608–1647)
discovered the concept of
atmospheric pressure.
• He inverted a tube filled with
mercury into a bowl of the liquid
and then observed that the
column of mercury in the tube fell
until atmospheric pressure acting
on the surface balanced against
the vacuum created in the tube.
• At sea level, vacuum in the column
in Torricelli’s tube would support
29.92 inches of mercury.
Manometer
• A manometer is a single tube
arranged in a U-shape used to
measure very small pressure
values.
• It may be filled to the zero on
the calibration scale with either
water H2O) or mercury (Hg),
depending on the pressure
range desired.
• A manometer can measure
either push or pull on the fluid
column. Examples:
• Crankcase pressure
• Exhaust backpressure
• Air inlet restriction
Absolute Pressure
• Absolute pressure uses a scale in which the zero point is a complete
absence of pressure.
• Gauge pressure has as its zero point atmospheric pressure.
• A gauge therefore reads zero when exposed to the atmosphere.
• To avoid confusing absolute pressure with gauge pressure
• Absolute pressure is expressed as: psia.
• Gauge pressure is usually expressed as: psi or psig.
Hydraulic Levers (1 of 2)
• Hydraulic levers can be
used to demonstrate
Pascal’s law:
• Pressure equals force
divided by the sectional
area on which it acts.
• (P=F\A)
• Force equals pressure
multiplied by area.
• ( F = P x A)
Hydraulic Levers (2 of 2)
• One of the cylinders has a sectional area
of 1sq.” and the other 50 sq.”
• Applying a force of 2 lbs. on the piston
in the smaller cylinder would lift a
weight of 100 lbs.
• Applying a force of 2 lbs. on the piston
in the smaller cylinder produces a circuit
pressure of 2 psi.
• The circuit potential is 2 psi and because
this acts on a sectional area of 50 sq.”, it
can raise 100 lbs.
• If a force of 10 lbs. was to be applied to
the smaller piston, the resulting circuit
pressure would be 10 psi and the circuit
would have the potential to raise a
weight of 500 lbs.
Flow
• Flow is the term we use to describe the movement of a hydraulic fluid
through a circuit.
• Flow occurs when there is a difference in pressure between two points.
• In a hydraulic circuit, flow is created by a device such as a pump.
• A pump exerts push effort on a fluid.
• Flow rate is the volume or mass of fluid passing through a conductor over
a given unit of time.
• An example would be gallons per minute (gpm).
Flow Rate and Cylinder Speed
• Given an equal flow rate, a small cylinder will move faster than a larger
cylinder. If the objective is to increase the speed at which a load moves,
then:
• Decrease the size (sectional area) of the cylinder.
• Increase the flow to the cylinder (gpm).
• The opposite would also be true, so if the objective were to slow the
speed at which a load moves, then:
• Increase the size (sectional area) of the cylinder.
• Decrease the flow to the cylinder (gpm).
• Therefore, the speed of a cylinder is proportional to the flow to which it is
subject and inversely proportional to the piston area.
Pressure Drop
• In a confined hydraulic circuit, whenever there is flow, a pressure drop
results.
• Again, the opposite applies. Whenever there is a difference in pressure,
there must be flow.
• Should the pressure difference be too great to establish equilibrium, there
would be continuous flow.
• In a flowing hydraulic circuit, pressure is always highest upstream and
lowest downstream. This is why we use the term pressure drop.
• A pressure drop always occurs downstream from a restriction in a circuit.
Flow Restrictions
• Pressure drop will occur whenever there is a restriction to flow.
• A restriction in a circuit may be unintended (such as a collapsed line)
or intended (such as a restrictive orifice).
• The smaller the line or passage through which the hydraulic fluid is
forced, the greater the pressure drop.
• The energy lost due to a pressure drop is converted to heat energy.
Work
• Work occurs when effort or force produces an observable result.
• In a hydraulic circuit, this means moving a load.
• To produce work in a hydraulic circuit, there must be flow.
• Work is measured in units of force multiplied by distance, for
example, in pound-feet.
• Work = Force x Distance
Bernoulli’s Principle (1 of 2)
• Bernoulli’s Principle states that if flow in a circuit is constant, then the sum
of the pressure and kinetic energy must also be constant.
• Pressure x Velocity IN = Pressure x Velocity OUT
• When fluid is forced through areas of different diameters, fluid velocity
changes accordingly.
• For example, fluid flow through a large pipe will be slow until the large pipe
reduces to a smaller pipe; then the fluid velocity will increase.
Bernoulli’s Principle (2 of 2)
Laminar Flow
• Flow of a hydraulic medium through a circuit should be as streamlined
as possible.
• Streamlined flow is known as laminar flow.
• Laminar flow is required to minimize friction.
• Changes in section, sharp turns, and high flow speeds can cause
turbulence and cross-currents in a hydraulic circuit, resulting in
friction losses and pressure drops.
Types of Hydraulic Systems
• Hydraulic systems can be grouped into two main categories:
• Open-center systems
• Closed-center systems
• The primary difference between open-center and closed-center
systems has to do with what happens to the hydraulic oil in the circuit
after it leaves the pump.
Open-center Systems
• In an open-center system, the
pump runs constantly and oil
circulates within the system
continuously.
• An open-center valve manages
flow through the circuit. When
this valve is in its neutral
position, fluid returns to the
reservoir.
• An example of an open-center
hydraulic system on a truck is
power-assisted steering.
Closed-center Systems
• In a closed-center system, the pump can be “rested” during operation
whenever flow is not required to operate an actuator.
• The control valve blocks flow from the pump when it is in its “closed” or
neutral position.
• A closed-center system requires the use of either a variable displacement
pump or proportioning control valves.
• Closed-center systems have many uses on agricultural and industrial
equipment, but on trucks, they would be used on garbage packers and
front bucket forks.
Calculating Force
• In hydraulics, force is the product of pressure multiplied by area.
• Force = Pressure x Area
• For instance, if a fluid pressure of 100 psi acts on a piston sectional
area of 50 square inches it means that 100 pounds of pressure acts on
each square inch of the total sectional area of the piston. The linear
force in this example can be calculated as follows:
• Force = 100 psi x 50 sq. in. = 5000 lbs.
 Interesting, right?
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