Gases & Vapors

Lecture 5
 Introduction

• Gases and vapors are naturally associated

with foods-processing systems
• The equilibrium between food and water
vapors determines temperatures during
processing
• Dissolve gases such as O2 affect shelf life
• Gases are used to flush packages to
eliminate oxygen and prolong shelf life;
e.g. modified atmosphere
• Air is used for dehydration
• Gases are used as propellants in
aerosol cans and as refrigerants
• Is vapor are gases??
• “vapor”  the gaseous phase of a
substance that exists as a liquid or a
solid at ambient temperature
 DEFINITION OF GAS

• Normal formless state of matter which

at room temperature and pressure has
low density/viscosity and readily and
uniformly distributes itself throughout
any container
• Can be organic or inorganic
• Examples: O2, SO2, O3, NO2,
formaldehyde (HCOH), methane (CH4)
 DEFINITION OF VAPOR

• Gaseous form of a substance which

coexists as a solid or liquid at normal
temperature and pressure
• Can be organic or inorganic
• Examples: Hg, H2O, benzene (C6H6),
acetone (C3H6O), ethanol (C2H6O)
 VAPOR PRESSURE

• Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted

when a solid or liquid is at equilibrium
with its own vapor; the higher the vapor
pressure, the more volatile the chemical
• Vapor pressure is measured in mmHg
and is temperature dependent; the
higher the temperature, the higher the
vapor pressure (and equilibrium
concentration)
 Kinetic Theory of
Gases
• i- Gases are composed of molecules, which are in
constant random motion, colliding with each other
and with the walls
• ii- The force resulting from the collision between the
molecules and the walls is responsible for the
pressure of the gas
• iii- The lower the pressure, the farther apart the
molecules  reduce forces
• iv- The average kinetic energy of the molecules is
directly proportional to the absolute temperature
 Pressure

• Pressure is a measure of the force exerted by a gas

per unit area. SI unit = Nm-2
• Standard Temperature Pressure (STP)  used
widely as a standard reference point for expression
of the properties and processes of ideal gas
• Standard temperature: 0oC = 273.15 K or 32°F
• Standard pressure = 1 atmosphere = 760 mm Hg =
760 Torr = 101.3 kPa = 29.921 in Hg = 14.696 lbf/in2 =
14.696 psia = 33.91 ft H2O = 406.92 in H2O
• Standard volume of 1 mole of an ideal gas at STP:
22.4 liters
 Absolute Temperature
& Pressure

• The pressure (P) of a gas

 Is the force of collisions of a gas molecules
against a surface in contact with the gas
 P = Force per unit area (F/A), thus  P is
proportional to the number of gas
molecules & their velocity  means?
 This is the ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
 Absolute Temperature
& Pressure

• Pressure sometimes expressed as;

 Gauge pressure : when the measured
quantity is GREATER than atmospheric
pressure
 Vaccum : when the measured quantity is
BELOW atmospheric pressure
 Gauge Pressure

• Flat tire has zero air pressure?? If it is completely

flat, it still has the atmospheric pressure air in it.
• Most gauges read the excess of pressure over
atmospheric pressure = called “gauge pressure”
• “vacuum” – indicate how much the pressure is
below atmospheric pressure
 The vacuum may be interpreted as a negative gauge
pressure and is related to the atmospheric pressure and
absolute pressure
• However, the pressure unit must be converted to
absolute pressure for applications like the ideal
gas law by adding actual atmospheric value
Unit in psi

The gauge pressure is said to be

zero. In this image, the system has
been opened so that it is at
equilibrium with the atmosphere.

The system has been closed and the

plunger pushed down until the pressure
reads about 15 lb/in2. This implies that
the absolute pressure has been
approximately doubled by compressing
the gas to half its volume (ideal gas law)
PRESSURE
 Pgauge Pabsolute  Patmospheric
Pabsolute Patmospheric  Pvacuum
•Gauge pressure
•“psig” – pound force per square inch gauge (lbf/in2
gauge) (American engineering system)
•“kPa” – SI system

•Absolute pressure
•“psia” – pound force per square inch absolute (lbf/in2
absolute)
•“kPa absolute”
 PRESSURE
• Absolute pressure
The pressure is referenced to zero absolute pressure and has
units of psia. Absolute pressure can only have a positive
value.

• Gauge pressure
The pressure is referenced to atmospheric pressure and by
convention is measured in the positive direction, i.e. 7 psig.

• Vacuum pressure
The pressure is referenced to atmospheric pressure and by
convention is measured in the negative direction, i.e. -50 mm
Hg.
 Absolute Temperature
& Pressure

• Two types of pressure-measuring

devices:
 A manometer
 A Bourdon tube
Wet meters
(Manometers)
 Manometer basics
Characterized by its
inherent accuracy and
simplicity of operation.

It’s the U-tube manometer,

which is a U-shaped glass
tube partially filled with
liquid.

This manometer has no

moving parts and requires
no calibration.
 Manometer
With both legs of a U-tube
manometer open to the
atmosphere or subjected to
the same pressure, the liquid
maintains the same level in
each leg, establishing a zero
reference
 Manometer
• With a greater pressure
applied to the left side
of a U-tube manometer,
the liquid lowers in the
left leg and rises in the
right leg.

• The liquid moves until

the unit weight of the
liquid, as indicated by
h, exactly balances the
pressure.
 Manometer
• When the liquid in the tube is mercury, for
example, the indicated pressure h is
usually expressed in inches (or
millimeters) of mercury.

Where
P2 = pressure, (kg/cm2)
ρ = density, (kg/cm3)
h = height, (cm)
 Manometer
• Gauge pressure is a
measurement relative to
atmospheric pressure
and it varies with the
barometric reading.
• A gauge pressure
measurement is positive
when the unknown
pressure exceeds
atmospheric pressure
(A), and is negative
when the unknown
pressure is less than
atmospheric pressure
(B).
 Variations on the U-Tube Manometer
• The pressure reading is
always the difference
between fluid heights,
regardless of the tube sizes.

• With both manometer legs

open to the atmosphere, the
fluid levels are the same
(A).

• With an equal positive

pressure applied to one leg
of each manometer, the fluid
levels differ, but the
distance between the fluid
heights is the same (B).
One end of manometer tube One end of manometer Is
is closed and sealed to open to atmosphere
vacuum
 Bourdon Tube

Helical Bourdon

“C” Type Bourdon Coiled Bourdon

• Is made of a thin-walled C-shape tube or spirally wound
helical or coiled tube.
• When pressure is applied to the measuring system through
the pressure port (socket), the pressure causes the Bourdon
tube to straighten itself, thus causing the tip to move. The
motion of the tip is transmitted via the link to the movement
which converts the linear motion of the bourdon tube to a
rotational motion that in turn causes the pointer to indicate
the measure pressure
 Exercise

Convert 340 mm Hg to in H2O

760 mm Hg = 407.189 in H2O
if 340 mm Hg =
Measurement of Pressure –
manometer
U- tube manometer – Range: 1 mbar to atmospheric
pressure
One end of the tube provides a reference pressure pref,
and is either open to atmospheric pressure or sealed
and evacuated to very low pressure. The other end of
the U-tube is exposed to the system pressure to be
measured, psys.
• The gas at each end of the tube applies a force to the liquid
column through collisions with the liquid surface.
• If the pressures at each end of the tube are unequal then
these forces are unbalanced, and the liquid will move along
the tube until the forces are balanced.
• At the equilibrium point, the liquid in its new position exerts
a force per unit area p = ρgΔh, where ρ is the density of the
liquid, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and Δh is the
height difference between the two arms of the U- tube.
• Since this quantity must be equal to the original pressure
differential between the two arms of the U-tube, the system
pressure is therefore psys = pref + ρgΔh.
 Example 1

in
 Temperature (T)

• Temperature is a thermodynamic quantity related to

the velocity of motion of molecules
• Conversion from the commonly used Celcius and
Fahrenheit temperature scales to the absolute or
thermodynamic scales are as follows:
 Kelvin (K) = oC + 273.16
 Rankine (R) = oF + 460
• The absolute temperature is used in equations of state
for gases
 Quantity of Gases

• Expressed as volume at specific temperature and pressure.

• Because molecules of a gas have very weak attraction toward
each other, they will disperse and occupy all space within a
confining vessel.
• The volume of a gas is the volume of the confining vessel and is
not definitive of the quantity of the gas unless the pressure and
temperature are also specified
• The most definitive quantification of gases is by mass, or as the
number of moles (n)
• The number of gas molecules in 1 gmole is 6.023 x 1023
molecules / gmole
• At 273 K and 760 mm Hg, 1 gmole occupies 22.4L, 1 kgmole
occupies 22.4 m3 and 1 lbmole occupies 359 ft3
 Perfect Gases – The
gas laws
• Robert Boyle was the
first to discover that, at a
constant temperature,
the volume of a gas V
varies inversely with its
pressure P

“Father of Modern Chemistry”

Robert Boyle
Chemist & Natural Philosopher
Listmore, Ireland
January 25, 1627 – December 30, 1690
Boyle’s Law: P1V1 = P2V2
Boyle’s Law: P1V1 = P2V2
Charles’ Law
 Volume of a gas varies
directly with the absolute
temperature at constant
pressure.
 V = KT
 V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
Jacques-Alexandre Charles
Mathematician, Physicist, Inventor
Beaugency, France
November 12, 1746 – April 7, 1823
Charles’ Law: V1/T1 = V2/T2
 Avogadro’s Law

At constant temperature

and pressure, the volume of
a gas is directly related to
the number of moles.
V = K n
V1 / n1 = V2 / n2
Amedeo Avogadro
Physicist
Turin, Italy
August 9, 1776 – July 9, 1856
Avogadro’s Law: V1/n1=V2/n2
 Gay-Lussac Law
 At constant volume,
pressure and absolute
temperature are
directly related.
P=kT
 P1 / T1 = P2 / T2

Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac
Experimentalist
Limoges, France
December 6, 1778 – May 9, 1850
 Dalton’s Law
 The total pressure in a
container is the sum of the
pressure each gas would exert if
it were alone
in the container.
 The total pressure is the sum of
the partial pressures.
 PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5 ... John Dalton
Chemist & Physicist
(For each gas P = nRT/V) Eaglesfield, Cumberland, England
September 6, 1766 – July 27, 1844
Dalton’s Law
 Perfect Gases – The
gas laws
• This curve represents a
line of constant
temperature and is
known as an isotherm.
• This simple
relationship holds for
many common gases at
moderate pressure.
• A perfect gas, or ideal
gas is by definition one
which obeys the ideal
gas law
PV = nRT
 GAS LAWS
• pV = constant ……….. Boyle’s law
• V1/T1 = V2/T2 ……… Charles’ law
• pV ∝ n ……….. Avogadro’s principle
• pV = nRT ……………. Ideal gas law
R = gas constant = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1.
R = NAkB, where kB = Boltzmann constant
NA = Avogadro’s number
Equations of state  expressions for the
relationship between pressure, volume,
temperature and quantity of gases
 The Ideal Gas
Equation
• PV = nRT
 R = the gas constant
= 0.08206 L (atm)/ gmole.K
= 8315 Nm/ kmole.K
= 1545 ft (lbf)/ lbmole.oR
n= mass / relative molecular weight
T = absolute temperature
n = the molar mass of the gas in kmol
PV = mRT/M
PM = mRT/V = ρRT
The Ideal Gas
Equation
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
 Ideal gas vs Real
gas
The ideal gas model is an approximate model of gases
that is often used to simplify calculations on real
gases.
An ideal gas has the following properties:
1. There are no intermolecular forces between the gas
particles.
2. The volume occupied by the particles is negligible
compared to the volume of the container they occupy.
3. The only interactions between the particles and with
the container walls are perfectly elastic collisions.
 Real gas
 Most gases deviate from ideal gas behavior (e.g at
high pressure (> 1 atm) & high temperature)
• The deviations of a real gas from ideal gas
behaviour may also be quantified by a parameter
called the compression factor, usually given the
symbol z. PV=nzRT
• As temperature is decreased below a critical value,
the deviation from ideal gas behavior becomes
severe, because the gas CONDENSES to become a
LIQUID.
 Differences Between Ideal
and Real Gases
Ideal Gas Real Gas
Obey PV=nRT Always Only at very low
P and high T
Molecular volume Zero Small but
nonzero
Molecular attractions Zero Small

Molecular repulsions Zero Small

Ideal gas: PV/RT =1
 Real Gases
 Real molecules do take up space and do interact
with each other (especially polar molecules).
 Need to add correction factors to the ideal gas
law to account for these.
Ideally, the VOLUME of the molecules was neglected:

  Ar gas, ~to scale, in a box 3nm x 3nm x3nm

at 1 Atmosphere Pressure

at 10 Atmospheres Pressure

at 30 Atmospheres Pressure
But since real gases do have volume, we need:

Volume Correction
 The actual volume free to move in is less
because of particle size.
 More molecules will have more effect.
 Corrected volume V’ = V – nb
 “b” is a constant that differs for each gas.
 Pressure Correction
 Because the molecules are
attracted to each other, the
pressure on the container will
be less than ideal.
 Pressure depends on the
number of molecules per liter.
 Since two molecules interact,
the effect must be squared.
n 2
Pobserved P  a ( )
V
 Real Gases: Deviations
from Ideal Behavior
The van der Waals Equation
nRT n 2a
P  2
V  nb V

Corrected for Corrected for molecular

molecular volume attraction or pressure

• General form of the van der Waals equation:

 2 
 P  a  V  nb  nRT
n
 2 
 V 
 Van der Waal’s equation
n 2
[Pobs  a ( ) ] (V  nb) nRT
V

Corrected Pressure Corrected Volume

 “a” and “b” are
determined by experiment
 “a” and “b” are
different for each gas
 bigger molecules have larger “b”
 “a” depends on both Johannes Diderik van der Waals
Mathematician & Physicist
size and polarity Leyden, The Netherlands
November 23, 1837 – March 8, 1923
 Van der Waal’s
Constant
• For “Real Gas”
Table 1: Values of Van der Waal’s Constants for Different Gases
determined by experiments
Gas a b
Pa (m3/ kgmole)2 m3 /kgmole
Air 1.348 x 105 0.0366
Ammonia 4.246 x 105 0.0373
Carbon dioxide 3.648 x 105 0.0428
Hydrogen 0.248 x 105 0.0266
Methane 2.279 x 105 0.0428
Nitrogen 1.365 x 105 0.0386
Oxygen 1.378 x 105 0.0319
Water vapor 5.553 x 105 0.0306
 Example 5

• Calculate the density of 1 m3 of air at 150oC

and 5 atm pressure using van der Waal’s
equation of state and the ideal gas equation
• *density = m / V = PM / RT
n = m / MR = mass / relative molecular weight
MR air = 29
Refer table 1 for a and b values
 Critical Conditions
for Gases
• When P of gas ↑ by compression, the molecules
are drawn closer together and attractive forces
between the molecule become strong enough to
restrict movement of the molecules
• At a certain T and P, a saturation point of gas is
reached and an equilibrium condition between gas
and liquid exist.
• If the energy level in the gas is reduced by removal
of latent heat of vaporization, it will condense into
a liquid.
• The higher the pressure, the higher the saturation
temperature of the gas.
 Critical Conditions
for Gases (cont.)
• If the pressure of the gas is increased as the
temperature is maintained following the
saturation temperature curve, a point will be
reached where gas and liquid become
indistinguishable.
• This particular temperature and pressure is
called the critical point.
• The property of the gas at the critical point is
similar to that of liquid in terms of dissolving
certain solutes, and this property is put into
practice in a process called supercritical fluid
extraction.
Van der Waals
Isotherms
• Once the liquid transition is reached, however,
continued decrease in volume will only result
in a flat pressure response as more and more
gas is compressed into a liquid.
• By contrast, a gas beginning at point C (above
the critical temperature) will never see a
liquid/gas transition since the distinction
between gas and liquid is lost above the
critical point.
 Gas Mixtures

• The concept of partial pressure and partial

volumes will be used to elucidate P-V-T
relationships of individual component in a gas
mixture.
• If the component of a gas mixture at constant
volume are removed one after the other, the
drop in pressure accompanying complete
removal of one component is the partial
pressure of that component.
• Pt = Pa + Pb + Pc + ……+ Pn (Eq 1)
 Gas Mixtures (cont.)

• Eq. 1 is Dalton’s law of partial pressures.

• Because the same volume is occupied
by all components, the ideal gas
equation may be used on each
component to determine the number of
moles of that component, from the
partial pressure.
• PaV = naRT (Eq. 2)
 Gas Mixtures (cont.)
• The partial volume is the change in volume of a
gas mixture when each component is removed
separately at constant pressure.
Vt = Va + Vb + Vc + ….. + Vn (Eq. 3)
• Eq. 3 is Amagat’s law of partial volumes.
• The ideal gas equation may also be used on the
partial volume of each component to determine
the number of moles of that component in the
mixture.
PVa = naRT (Eq. 4)
• Compositions of gases are expressed as % by
volume.…. Which is similar to % of mole
Example 6
Example 7
 Exercise

A mixture of H2, N2 and CO2 at 250oF give a volume

of 1000 ft3. Partial pressure for each gas is 0.26
atm, 0.32 atm and 1.31 atm. Assume that the gases
behave as ideal gases. R= 0.73024 atm.ft3/(lbmol.oR)
i. What is the amount of H2 present in lbmole? [0.516
lb-mol] PV=nRT
ii. What is the mole fraction and mole percentage of
H2? [13.8%]
iii. What is the pressure fraction of H2? [0.138]
iv. What is the partial volume of H2 ? [138 ft3]
v. What is the volume fraction and percentage
volume of H2? [13.8%]
vi. What is the mass of H2? [1.01 lb]
vii. What is the average molecular weight of the
mixture? [35.6] (total of (mole fraction x
MW))
viii. What is the mass fraction of H2? [0.0077]
 Thermodynamics
• A branch of science that deals with energy
exchange between components within a system or
between a system and its surroundings
• “system” – any matter enclosed within a boundary
• “surroundings” – anything outside the boundary
• “properties” – a state, “extrinsic” (measureable),
“intrinsic” (unmeasureable)
• However, changes in the “intrinsic” properties may
be measureable through changes in energy
associated with the change
 Laws of
Thermodynamics
• The study of thermodynamics is about
energy flow in natural systems

• The Laws of Thermodynamics deals

with system in equilibrium
0th law of
Thermodynamics
 Thermodynamic
Variables
• “heat (Q)” – energy that crosses a system’s
boundaries due to a difference in temperature.
Heat can be transferred either by conduction,
convection or radiation
• “work (W)” – energy associated with force
displacement (not temperature)
• “internal energy (E)” – intrinsic property. Energy
NOT associated with work or heat. E cannot be
measured, but changes in E can be measured.
• “entropy (S)” – intrinsic property. Possessed by
a system and is a measure of the disorder that
exist within a system
 Work, w
If the system does the work, then V is
+ve and w is –ve.
If the surrounding does the work to
the system, then V is –ve and w is +ve
Heat, Q

ENDOTHERMIC
 First Law of
Thermodynamics
• Law of conservation of energy

• Energy is neither created nor destroyed

but can be transformed from one form
to another

• Energy of the universe is constant

 To Understand 1st Law
of Thermodynamics
• Test tube represents system (SYS) where
chemical reaction take place.
• Everything else represent surroundings (SUR).
• Energy (E) may enter of leave SYS but matter
may not. (closed system)
 continue

• DE = E2 – E1  Simplest way to represent change

in energy for SYS
• Since E1 & E2 difficult to measure, dE can be
expressed in terms of heat (Q) and work (W):
dE = Q + W
• At constant pressure, the above equation can be
restated by substituting:
• Q= dH
• W= - PdV (P= pressure, dV = change in volume) –
work done by system
• dE = dH – PdV Convenient way to state first law of
thermodynamics
• Q (+) Heat absorbed by system
• Q (-) Heat released by system
• W (+) Work done on system
• W (-) Work done by system
 SYS expands from 5L to 10L:
Work done by SYS on SUR.
W = -PDV = -(1 atm)(5L) = -5 atm-L
Conversion factor: (1 atm-L = 101 J)

W = (-5 atm-L)(101J/1atm-L) = -505 J

By expanding, SYS loses equivalent
of 505 J

SYS contracts from 20L to 5L at 2 atm:

Work done on SYS by SUR.
W = -PDV = -(2 atm)(-15L)(101J/1atm-
L) = +3000 J
By contracting, SYS gains equivalent
of 3000 J
 Example 8

1) 2NH3  N2 + 3H2. 1 L. atm = 101.325 J

At 1.0 atm, this reaction is endothermic by 92.0
kJ while contracting 44.8L. Calculate dE .

2) When a hydrocarbon undergoes combustion

at 5.0 atm, this reaction is exothermic by 125
kJ while expanding 12 L. Calculate dE.
2nd law of
thermodynamics
 Enthalphy
• Another intrinsic thermodynamic variable is the
enthalpy (H) defined as:
• H = E + PV (4.13)
• Another intrinsic thermodynamic variable is the enthalpy (H)
defined as:
• H = E + PV (4.13)
 Relationship btwn Cp
and Cv

A useful property in calculating P-V-T and other thermodynamic variables

involved in expansion and compression of a gas is the specific heat ratio,
Cp/Cv, designated by the symbol Q. The ratio Cp/R is expressed in terms of Q
as follows: Cp/ R = /-1
P-V-T Relationships for Ideal
Gases in Thermodynamic
Processes

Cp/ R = /-1

γ/γ-1 ln (T2/T1) = ln [(P2/P1)]

Continue
Continue
Work and Enthalpy Change on
Adiabatic Expansion or
Compression of an Ideal Gas
Continue
Work and Enthalpy Change on
Isothermal Expansion or
Compression of an Ideal Gas
 Continue
• Isothermal processes are those where the
temperature is maintained constant. Thus, P1 V1
= P2 V2.
• Isobaric processes are those where the pressure
is maintained constant. Thus, V1/T1 = V2/T2.
• Isocratic processes are those where the volume
is maintained constant. Thus, P1/T1 = P2/T2.
• Adiabatic processess are those where no heat is
added or removed from the system (Q=S=0)
 Exercise

• An ideal gas at 300 K and 200 kPa contained in

a cylinder. The gas is slowly push the
cylinder’s cover and expand from 0.1 m3 to 0.2
m3. Calculate the work that had been done by
the gas on the cylinder’s cover by these 2
ways: V2

W  PdV
V1

 A) Expansion at constant pressure (P = 200 kPa)

 B) Expansion at constant temperature (T = 300K)
 Solution
V2
•A)
W  PdV 200 000 Pa x 0.1 m3 =20 000 J
V1
1 Pa.m3 = 1 J

V2 V2 V2
•B) nRT 1
W  PdV   dV  nRT  dV
V1 V1
V V1
v

PV =n RT
n= PV/RT = 200,000 x 0.1 / (8.315 x 573) = 4.20 mole

W= 4.2 x 8.315 x 573 ln (0.2/0.1) = 13870 J

Example 9
Vapor-liquid equilibrium
Vapor-liquid equilibrium
Liquid condensation
from gas mixture
 Example 10

Example 4.11. A canned food at the time of sealing is at

a temperature of 80◦C, and the atmospheric pressure
is 758 mm Hg. Calculate the vacuum (in mm Hg)
formed inside the can when the contents cools down
to 20◦C
 Pair= 101.066 – 47.3601 kPa

Thus, Pair = 44575 Pa (at 20oC)

At 20oC,
Pt = Pair + Pwater = 44574 + 2336.6 = 46910.6 Pa = 351.9 mm Hg absolute
Vacuum = 758 − 351.9 = 406.1 mm Hg vacuum
 Example 11

• Air at 5 atm pressure is`saturated with water vapor

at 50oC. If this air is`allowed to expand to 1 atm
pressure and the temperature is dropped to 20oC,
calculate the amount of water that will be
condensed per m3 of high pressure at 50oC.

• Refer saturated steam table metric unit (Appendix

Table A.4)
• The vapor pressure of water at 50oC dan 20oC are
12.3354 and 2.3366 kPa.
Saturated steam table
 Air

Number of mole of air will be the same after

cooling
Basis 1 m3 of air at 5 atm pressure and 50oC.
nair=PV/RT = 5 atm x(101325 kPa/atm -12335.4)x1m3
8315 N(m)/(kgmole oK)x 323oK
= 0.1840 kg-mole
 Air

• At 20oC,
nair = 0.1840 =PV/RT = (101325-2336.6) V
8315 X 293
0.1840 = 0.04063 V
Thus, V= 4.529 m3
 Water

• At 50oC, V=1m3
nwater = PV/RT = 12335.4 x 1 = 0.004593
8315 x 323

At 20oC, V= 4.529 m3
nwater = PV/RT = 2336.6 x 4.529 = 0.004344
8315 x 293
Moles water condensed = the difference in mole of
water in vapor form at 2 conditions = 0.000249
kg mole