Mechanics of Materials 7th Edition Beer Solutions Manual 1

Solution Manual for Mechanics of Materials 7th Edition Beer
Johnston DeWolf Mazurek 0073398233 9780073398235

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edition-beer-johnston-dewolf-mazurek-0073398233-9780073398235/
CHAPTER 6
PROBLEM 6.1
Three full-size 50  100-mm boards are nailed together to form a beam

that is subjected to a vertical shear of 1500 N. Knowing that the
allowable shearing force in each nail is 400 N, determine the largest
longitudinal spacing s that can be used between each pair of nails.
SOLUTION
1 3 1
I  bh  (100)(150)3  28.125  106 mm4
12 12
 28.125  106 m4
A  (100)(50)  5000 mm2
y1  50 mm
Q  Ay1  250  103 mm3  250  106 m3
q  VQ  (1500)(250  10 )
6
28.125  10 6
2Fnail (2)(400)
qs  2F s   60.0  103 m
13.3333  103
s  60.0 mm ◀
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893
PROBLEM 6.2
For the built-up beam of Prob. 6.1, determine the allowable shear if the
spacing between each pair of nails is s  45 mm.
PROBLEM 6.1 Three full-size 50  100-mm boards are nailed

together to form a beam that is subjected to a vertical shear of 1500 N.
Knowing that the allowable shearing force in each nail is 400 N,
determine the largest longitudinal spacing s that can be used between
each pair of nails.
SOLUTION
1 1
I  bh3  (100)(150)3  28.125  106 mm4
12 12
A  (100)(50)  5000 mm2

y1  50 mm
Q  Ay1  250  103 mm3  250  106 m3
VQ
q
Eliminating q,
2IFnail (2)(28.125  106)(400)

Solving for V, V    2.00  10 N
Qs (250  106)(45  103)
894
PROBLEM 6.3
Three boards, each 2 in. thick, are nailed together to form a beam
2 in. that is subjected to a vertical shear. Knowing that the allowable
shearing force in each nail is 150 lb, determine the allowable shear
4 in.
if the spacing s between the nails is 3 in.
2 in.
2 in.
6 in.
SOLUTION
1
I  bh3  Ad 2
12
1
 (6)(2)3  (6)(2)(3)2  112 in4
12
1 3 1
I  bh  (2)(4)3  10.6667 in4
12 12
I3  I1  112 in4
I  I1  I2  I3  234.67 in4
Q  A1 y1  (6)(2)(3)  36 in3
qs  Fnail (1)
VQ
q (2)
I
1 VQ
Dividing Eq. (2) by Eq. (1), 
s
FnailI (150)(234.67)
V   V  326 lb ◀
Qs (36)(3)
895
PROBLEM 6.4
A square box beam is made of two 20  80-mm planks and two 20

120-mm planks nailed together as shown. Knowing that the spacing
between the nails is s  30 mm and that the vertical shear in the beam
is V  1200 N, determine (a) the shearing force in each nail,
(b) the maximum shearing stress in the beam.
SOLUTION
1 1
I b2 h23  b1 h1 3
12 12
1 1
 (120)(120)3  (80)(80)3  13.8667 106 mm4
12 12
 13.8667 106 m4
(a) A1  (120)(20)  2400 mm2

y1  50 mm
Q1  A1 y1  120 103 mm3  120 106 m3
q  VQ  (1200)(120 10 )  10.3846 10 3 N/m

6
I 13.8667 106
qs  2Fnail
qs (10.3846 103 )(30 103 )
Fnail  
2 2
(b) Q  Q1  (2)(20)(40)(20)
 120 103  32 103  152 103 mm3
 152 106 m3
VQ (1200)(152 106 )
 
(13.8667 106 )(2  20 103 )
max
It
 329 103 Pa
896
PROBLEM 6.5
The American Standard rolled-steel beam shown has been reinforced by
attaching to it two 16  200-mm plates, using 18-mm-diameter bolts spaced
longitudinally every 120 mm. Knowing that the average allowable shearing
stress in the bolts is 90 MPa, determine the largest permissible vertical
shearing force.
SOLUTION
Calculate moment of inertia:
Part A (mm2) d (mm) Ad 2(106 mm4) I (106 mm4)
Top plate 3200 *160.5 82.43 0.07
S310  52 6650 0 95.3
*
Bot. plate 3200 160.5 82.43 0.07
 164.86 95.44
305 16
*d    160.5 mm
2 2
I  Ad 2  I  260.3  106 mm4  260.3  106 m4
Q  Aplatedplate  (3200)(160.5)  513.6  103 mm3  513.6  106 m3
 2 
A  d  (18  103)2  254.47  106 m2
4 4
Fbolt  all Abolt  (90  106)(254.47  106)  22.90  103 N
2Fbolt (2)(22.90  103)
qs  2Fbolt q   381.7  10 N/m
s 120  103
VQ Iq (260.3  106)(381.7  103)
q V    193.5  10 N
I Q 513.6  106
V  193.5 kN ◀
897
16 in. × 1 in.
PROBLEM 6.6
The beam shown is fabricated by connecting two channel shapes and two
plates, using bolts of 3 -in. diameter spaced longitudinally every 7.5 in.
Determine the average shearing stress in the bolts caused by a shearing
force of 25 kips parallel to the y axis.
SOLUTION
C12  20.7: d  12.00 in., Ix  129 in4
12.00  1  1 
For top plate, y      6.25 in.
2  2  2 
1  1 3 1
It  (16)    (16)  (6.25)2  312.667 in4
12 2 2
For bottom plate, Ib  312.667 in4

Moment of inertia of fabricated beam:
I  (2)(129)  312.667  312.667
 883.33 in4
1
Q  Aplate yplate  (16)  (6.25)  50 in3
2
VQ (25)(50)
q   1.41510 kips/in.
I 883.33
1 1
Fbolt  qs   (1.41510)(7.5)  5.3066 kips
2 2
Abolt  (dbolt )2     0.44179 in

2
4 4 4
Fbolt 5.3066
 bolt    12.01 ksi bolt
Abolt 0.44179
898
PROBLEM 6.7
A columm is fabricated by connecting the rolled-steel members shown by
bolts of 3 -in. diameter spaced longitudinally every 5 in. Determine the
average shearing stress in the bolts caused by a shearing force of 30 kips
parallel to the y axis.
S10 × 25.4
SOLUTION
Geometry:
d
f     (t )
2
10.0
  0.303  5.303 in.
2
x  0.534 in.
y1  f  x  5.303  0.534  4.769 in.
Determine moment of inertia.
Part A(in2) d (in.) Ad 2 (in4) I (in4)
C8  13.7 4.04 4.769 91.88 1.52
S10  25.4 7.45 0 0 123
C8  13.7 4.04 4.769 91.88 1.52
 183.76 126.04
I  Ad 2  I  183.76  126.04  309.8 in4

Q  Ay1  (4.04)(4.769)  19.2668 in3
VQ (30)(19.2668)
q   1.86573 kip/in.
I 309.8
1 1
F  qs   (1.86573)(5)  4.6643 kips
2 2
  3 2
Abolt  2
d bolt   0.44179 in2
4 4  4 
Fbolt 4.6643
   10.56 ksi
A 0.44179
899
PROBLEM 6.8
The composite beam shown is fabricated by connecting two W6  20 rolled-steel
members, using bolts of 5 -in. diameter spaced longitudinally every 6 in. Knowing
that the average allowable shearing stress in the bolts is 10.5 ksi, determine the largest
allowable vertical shear in the beam.
SOLUTION
W6  20: A  5.87 in2, d  6.20 in., Ix  41.4 in4
2
Composite: I  2[41.4  (5.87)(3.1)2]
 195.621 in4
Q  Ay  (5.87)(3.1)  18.197 in3
5
Bolts: d  in.,   10.5 ksi, s  6 in.
8
  5 2
Abolt     0.30680 in
2
4 8
Fbolt   all Abolt  (10.5)(0.30680)  3.2214 kips
2Fbolt (2)(3.2214)
q   1.07380 kips/in.
s 6
VQ V Iq  (195.621)(1.0780)
Shear: q I Q 18.197 V  11.54 kips ◀
900
15 15 30 15 15 PROBLEM 6.9
0.5 m
For the beam and loading shown, consider
a 72 kN
section n-n and determine (a) the largest shearing
stress in that section, (b) the shearing stress at
point a.
n
1.5 m
0.8 m
90
Dimensions in mm
SOLUTION
MB  0: 2.3A  (1.5)(72)  0

A  46.957 kN 
At section n-n, V  A  46.957 kN
Calculate moment of inertia:
1  1  1
I  2  (15)(40)3   2  (15)(80)3   (30)(1203 )
12  12  12
 5.76 106 mm4  5.76 106 m4
At a, ta  30 mm  0.030 m
Qa  (30  20)(50)  30 103 mm3
 30 106 m3
VQa (46.957 103 )(30 106 )
a  
Ita (5.76 106 )(0.030)
 8.15 106 Pa = 8.15 MPa
At b, tb  60 mm  0.060 m
Qb  Qa  (60  20)(30)  30 103  36 103  66 103 mm3  66 106 m4
VQb (46.957 103 )(66 106 )
b    8.97 10 6 Pa  8.97 MPa
Itb (5.76 10 )(0.060)
6
At NA, tNA  90 mm  0.090 m

QNA  Qb  (90  20)(10)  66 103  18 103  84 103 mm3  84 106 m3
VQNA (46.957 103 )(84 106 )
NA    7.61  106 Pa  7.61 MPa
ItNA (5.76 106 )(0.090)
(a)  max occurs at b.

(b)
901
0.3 m PROBLEM 6.10
40 mm For the beam and loading
12 mm shown, consider section n-n
150 mm and determine (a) the largest
12 mm
shearing stress in that section,
(b) the shearing stress at point
1.5 m 200 mm
a.
SOLUTION
At section n-n, V  10 kN.

I  I1  4I2
1  1 
 bh  4 b h  A d2
3 3
 12 
 1 (100)(150)  4  1  (50)(12)  (50)(12)(69) 
12  12  
 28.125  10  4 0.0072  10  2.8566  10 
6 6 6
 
 39.58  106 mm4  39.58  106 m4
(a) Q  A1y1  2A2 y2

 (100)(75)(37.5)  (2)(50)(12)(69)
 364.05  103 mm3  364.05  106 m3
t  100 mm = 0.100 m
VQ (10  103)(364.05  106)
   920  10 Pa  max  920 kPa ◀
It (39.58  106)(0.100)
(b) Q  A1 y1  2A2 y2
 (100)(40)(55)  (2)(50)(12)(69)
 302.8  103 mm3  302.8  106 m3
t  100 mm  0.100 m
VQ (10  103)(302.8  106)
   765  10 Pa   765 kPa ◀
It (39.58  106)(0.100)
902
PROBLEM 6.11
18 in. 3 in. For the beam and loading shown,

consider section n-n and determine
3 in. (a) the largest shearing stress in that
section, (b) the shearing stress at point a.
3 in. t = 0.25 in.
25 in.
8 in.
SOLUTION
1 1 2
I  (8 in.)(9 in.)3  (7.25 in.)(8.5 in.)3  (0.25 in.)(3 in.)3
12 12 12
I  113.8 in4
V = 25 kips
M  (25 kips)(18 in.) = 450 kip  in.
(a) m: At neutral axis, thickness  0.25 in.
Q  2(3 in.  0.25 in.)(3 in.)  (7.5 in.)(0.25 in.)(4.375 in.)  (4.25 in.)(0.25 in.)(2.125 in.)
Q  4.5 in3  8.203 in3  2.258 in3  14.96 in3
t  0.25 in.
V (25 kips)(14.96 in3)
 Q    13.15 ksi ◄
It (113.8 in4)(0.25 in.)
903
PROBLEM 6.11 (Continued)
(b) a: At point a, t = 0.25 in.

See sketch above.
Qa  4.5 in3  8.203 in3  12.70 in3

VQa (25 kips)(12.70 in3)
    11.16 ksi ◄
It (113.8 in4)(0.25 in.)
904
PROBLEM 6.12
8 in.
For the beam and loading shown, consider section
4 in. n-n and determine (a) the largest shearing stress in
that section, (b) the shearing stress at point a.
4 in.
16 in. 12 in. 16 in.
SOLUTION
By symmetry, RA  RB.
Fy  0: RA  RB  10  10  0
RA  RB  10 kips
From the shear diagram, V  10 kips at n-n.

1 1
I  b h3  b h3
1 1
 (4)(4)3  (3)(3)3  14.5833 in4
12 12
1 1
(a) Q  A y  A y  (3)   (1.75)  (2)  (2)(1)  4.625 in3
2 2
1 1
t    1 in.
2 2
VQ (10)(4.625)
   3.17 ksi ◀
It (14.5833)(1)
1
(b) Q  Ay  (4)   (1.75)  3.5 in3
2
1 1
t    1 in.
2 2
VQ
   (10)(3.5)   2.40 ksi ◀
It (14.5833)(1)
905
10 10 PROBLEM 6.13
30
For a beam having the cross section shown, determine the largest
40 allowable vertical shear if the shearing stress is not to exceed 60 MPa.
40
SOLUTION
Calculate moment of inertia.
1  1
I  2  (10 mm)(120 mm)   (30 mm)(40 mm)
12  12
 2[1.440  106 mm4]  0.160  106 mm4
 3.04  106 mm4
I  3.04  106 m4
Assume that  m occurs at point a.

t  10 mm  0.01 m
Q  (10 mm  40 mm)(40 mm)
 16  103 mm3 Q  16  106 m3
VQ
For   60 MPa,  
It
V (16  106 m3)

60  10 Pa 
(3.04  106 m4)(0.01m)
Check  at neutral axis:

t  50 mm  0.05 m
Q  2[(10  60)(30)]  (30  20)(10)  42  103 m3  42  106 m3
VQ (114.0 kN)(42  106 m3)

   31.5 MPa  60 MPa OK
It (3.04  106 m4)(0.05 m)
906
PROBLEM 6.14
For a beam having the cross section shown, determine the largest
allowable vertical shear if the shearing stress is not to exceed 60 MPa.
30
Dimensions in mm 40
30
SOLUTION

1  1
I  (50 mm)(120 mm)3  2  (30 mm)4  (30 mm  30 mm)(35 mm)2
12 12 
I  7.2  106 mm4  2[1.170  106 mm4]  4.86  106 mm4
 4.86  106 m4
Assume that  m occurs at point a.
t  2(10 mm)  0.02 m

Q  (10 mm  50 mm)(55 mm)  2[(10 mm  30 mm)(35 mm)]
 48.5  103 mm3  48.5  106 m3
907
VQ
For   60 MPa,  
It
V (48.5  106 m3)
60  10 Pa 
(4.86  106 m4)(0.02 m)
Check  at neutral axis: t  50 mm  0.05 m
Q  (50  60)(30)  (30  30)(35)  58.5  103 mm3
29.0 MPa  60 MPa OK

It (4.86  106 m4)(0.05 m)
908
1.5 in. PROBLEM 6.15
2 in. For a timber beam having the cross section shown, determine the largest allowable
vertical shear if the shearing stress is not to exceed 150 psi.
4 in.
w = 2.5 in.
2 in.
1.5 in.
SOLUTION
1
I  (1.5  83  2(0.5)(4)3)
12
I  69.333 in4
all  150 psi
At point a: Q  (1.5 in.)(2 in.)(3 in.)  9 in3;

VQ V (9 in3)
 150 psi 
It
At neutral axis:
Q  (1.5 in.)(2 in.)(3 in.)  (2.5 in.)(2 in.)(1 in.)  14 in3, t  2.6 in.
VQ V (14 in3)
 150 psi  ; V  1857 lb ◁
It (69.333 in4)(2.5 in.)
We choose smaller shear.
909
PROBLEM 6.16
Two steel plates of 12  220-mm rectangular cross section are welded to the
W250  58 beam as shown. Determine the largest allowable vertical shear if
the shearing stress in the beam is not to exceed 90 MPa.
SOLUTION

Part A(mm2) d (mm) Ad 2(106 mm4) I (106 mm4)
Top plate 2640 *132 45.999 0.032
W250 × 58 7420 0 0 87.3
Bot. plate 2640 *132 45.999 0.032
 91.999 87.364
252 12
*d  
2 2
I  Ad 2  I  179.363  106 mm4  179.363  106 m4

 max occurs at neutral axis. t  8.0 mm  8.0  103 m
Part A(mm2) y (mm) Ay (103 mm3)

 Top plate 2640 132 348.48
 Top flange 2740.5 119.25 326.805
 Half web 900 56.25 50.625
 725.91
Dimensions in mm:  12  220 ;  13.5  203 ;  8.0  112.5
Q  Ay  725.91  103 mm3  725.91  106 m3

VQ It (179.363  106)(8.0  103)(90  106)
  V  
It Q 725.91  106
 177.9  103 N V  177.9 kN ◀
910
PROBLEM 6.17
Two W8  31 rolled-steel sections may be welded at A and B in either
of the two ways shown in order to form a composite beam. Knowing
B that for each weld the allowable shearing force is 3000 lb per inch of weld,
determine for each arrangement the maximum allowable vertical shear in
the composite beam.
(b)
SOLUTION
A  9.12 in2
W8  31 I x  110 in4
I y  37.1 in4
(a) I  2[I x  Ad 2]
 2[110 in4  (9.12 in2)(4 in.)2]
I  511.84 in4
Q  Ay  (9.12 in2)(4 in.)  36.4 in3
For two welds each with allowable shearing force of 3 kips/in.,

q  2(3 kips/in.)  6 kips/in.
q  VQ ; V (36.4 in3)
6 kips/in.  V  84.2 kips ◀
I (511.84 in4)
(b)
I  2[I y  Ad 2]
 2[37.1 in4  (9.12 in2)(4 in.)2]
I  366.04 in4
Q  Ay  (9.12 in2)(4 in.)  36.4 in3
q  6 kips/in. (same as in part a)
3
q  VQ ; 6 kips/in.  V (36.4 in ) V  60.2 kips ◀
I (366.04 in4)
911
2.4 kN 4.8 kN 7.2 kN
PROBLEM 6.18
For the beam and loading shown, determine the

minimum required width b, knowing that for the
grade of timber used, and
1m 1m 1m 0.5 m
SOLUTION
MD  0: 3A  (2)(2.4)  (1)(4.8)  (0.5)(7.2)  0

A  2 kN 
Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams.
|V |max  7.2 kN  7.2 103 N

|M |max  3.6 kN  m  3.6 103 N  m
M
Bending: 
S
|M |max
Smin 
3.6 103

12 106
 300 106 m3
 300 103 mm3
1
For a rectangular section, S  bh2
6
6S (6)(300 103 )
b 2   80 mm
h (150)2
Shear: Maximum shearing stress occurs at the neutral axis of bending for a rectangular section.
1
A  bh,
2 4 8
1
I  bh3 t  b
12
VQ 3V
  1
8
3 
It ( 12 bh )(b) 2 bh
3V (3)(7.2 103 )
b   87.3 10 3 m
2h (2)(150 10 )(825 10 )
3 3
The required value of b is the larger one.
912
PROBLEM 6.19
A timber beam AB of length L and rectangular cross section carries a

single concentrated load P at its midpoint C. (a) Show that the ratio
 m /  m of the maximum values of the shearing and normal stresses in the
beam is equal to 2h/L, where h and L are, respectively, the depth andthe
length of the beam. (b) Determine the depth h and the width b of the
beam, knowing that L  2 m, P  40 kN,  m  960 kPa, and
 m  12 MPa.
SOLUTION
Reactions: RA  RB  P/2 
P
(1) V R 
2
(2) A  bh for rectangular section.
3 Vmax 3P
(3)    for rectangular section.
2 A 4bh
PL
(4) M 
4
1 2
(5) S  bh for rectangular section.
6
M max 3PL
(6)   
S 2bh2
m h
(a) 
m 2L
2L m (2)(2)(960  103)

(b) Solving for h, h   320  10 m h  320 mm ◀
12  106
Solving Eq. (3) for b,

3P (3)(40  103)
b   97.7  10 m b  97.7 mm ◀
4h m (4)(320  103)(960  103)
913
PROBLEM 6.20
A timber beam AB of length L and rectangular cross section carries a
uniformly distributed load w and is supported as shown. (a) Show that
the ratio  m /  m of the maximum values of the shearing and normal
stresses in the beam is equal to 2h/L, where h and L are, respectively,
the depth and the length of the beam. (b) Determine the depth h and
the width b of the beam, knowing that L  5 m, w  8 kN/m,
 m  1.08 MPa, and  m  12 MPa.
SOLUTION
wL
R R 
2
wL
From shear diagram, |V |  (1)
4
For rectangular section, A  bh (2)
3 Vm 3wL
  (3)
2 A 8bh
From bending moment diagram, |M |m  (4)

32
For a rectangular cross section,
1
S  bh2 (5)
6
|M |m 3wL2
  (6)
S 16 bh2
m 2h
(a) Dividing Eq. (3) by Eq. (6),  ◀
m L
(b) Solving for h,

L m (5)(1.08  106)
h   225  10 m h  225 mm ◀
2m (2)(12  106)
Solving Eq. (3) for b,

3wL (3)(8  103)(5)
b 
8h m (8)(225  103)(1.08  106)
 61.7  103 m b  61.7 mm ◀
914
PROBLEM 6.21
7.25 in.
For the beam and loading shown,
b
1.5 in. consider section n-n and determine the
a shearing stress at (a) point a, (b) point b.
1.5 in.
20 in. 20 in.
10 in.
8 in.
SOLUTION
At section n-n, V  25 kips
Locate centroid and calculate moment of inertia.

Part A(in2 ) y (in.) Ay (in3 ) d(in.) Ad 2 (in4 ) I (in4 )
① 4.875 6.875 33.52 2.244 24.55 0.23
② 10.875 3.625 39.42 1.006 11.01 47.68
 15.75 72.94 35.56 47.91
Ay 72.94
Y   4.631 in.
A 15.75
I  Ad 2  I  35.56  47.91  83.47 in4
3
(a) Qa  Ay    (1.5)(4.631  0.75)  4.366 in 3
4
3
t   0.75 in.
VQ (25)(4.366)
a
  a
It (83.47)(0.75)
3
(b) Qb  Ay    (3)(4.631  1.5)  7.045 in 3
4
t  0.75 in.
VQ (25)(7.045)
b    b  2.81 ksi ◀
It (83.47)(0.75)
915
PROBLEM 6.22
For the beam and loading

shown, consider section n-n
and determine the shearing
stress at (a) point a, (b) point b.
SOLUTION
Draw the shear diagram. |V |max  90 kN
Part A(mm2) y (mm) Ay (103 mm3) d(mm) Ad 2(106 mm4) I (106 mm4)
① 3200 90 288 25 2.000 0.1067
② 1600 40 64 25 1.000 0.8533
③ 1600 40 64 25 1.000 0.8533
 6400 416 4.000 1.8133
Ay 416  103

Y    65 mm
A 6400
I  Ad 2  I  (4.000  1.8133)  106 mm4
 5.8133  106 mm4  5.8133  106 m4
(a) A  (80)(20)  1600 mm2

y  25 mm
Qa  Ay  40  103mm3  40  106 m3
VQa (90  103)(40  106)
   31.0  10 Pa
It (5.8133  106)(20  103)
 a  31.0 MPa ◀
(b) A  (30)(20)  600 mm2 y  65  15  50 mm

Qb  Ay  30  103mm3  30  106m3
VQb (90  103)(30  106)

   23.2  10 Pa
It (5.8133  106)(20  103)
b  23.2 MPa ◀
916
PROBLEM 6.23
7.25 in.
For the beam and loading shown,
b
1.5 in. determine the largest shearing stress
a in section n-n.
1.5 in.
20 in. 20 in.
10 in.
8 in.
SOLUTION
At section n-n, V  25 kips
Locate centroid and calculate moment of inertia.
Part A(in2 ) y (in.) Ay (in3 ) d(in.) Ad 2 (in4 ) I (in4 )

① 4.875 6.875 33.52 2.244 24.55 0.23
② 10.875 3.625 39.42 1.006 11.01 47.68
 15.75 72.94 35.56 47.91
Ay 72.94
Y    4.631 in.
A 15.75
I  Ad 2  I  35.56  47.91  83.47 in4
Largest shearing stress occurs on section through centroid of entire cross section.
3  4.631 
Q  Ay    (4.631)    8.042 in 3
 4  2 
3
t   0.75 in.
4
VQ (25)(8.042)
   m  3.21 ksi ◀
It (83.47)(0.75)
917
180 kN
160 mm PROBLEM 6.24
For the beam and loading

100 mm shown, determine the largest
30 mm
shearing stress in section n-n.
500 mm 500 mm
30 mm 30 mm
20 mm
SOLUTION
Draw the shear diagram. |V |max  90 kN
Part A (mm2) x Ay(103 mm3) d(mm) Ad 2(106 mm4) I (106 mm4)

① 3200 90 288 25 2.000 0.1067
② 1600 40 64 25 1.000 0.8533
③ 1600 40 64 25 1.000 0.8533
 6400 416 4.000 1.8133
Ay 416  103

Y    65 mm
A 6400
I  Ad 2  I  (4.000  1.8133)  106 mm4
 5.8133  106 mm4  5.8133  106 m4
Part A(mm2) y (mm) Ay (103 mm3)
① 3200 25 80
④ 300 7.5 2.25
⑤ 300 7.5 2.25
 84.5
Q  Ay  84.5  103mm3  84.5  106m3

t  (2)(20)  40 mm  40  103m
VQ (90  103)(84.5  106)
 
It (5.8133  106)(40  103)
 32.7  106 Pa  m  32.7 MPa ◀
918
PROBLEM 6.25
A beam having the cross section shown is subjected to a vertical shear V. Determine (a) the
horizontal line along which the shearing stress is maximum, (b) the constant k in the following
expression for the maximum shearing stress
V
 k
A
where A is the cross-sectional area of the beam.
SOLUTION

I  c4 and A  c 2
4
 2 4c
For semicircle, A  c y 
2 3
 4c  2 c
Q Ay  c 
2 3 3
(a)  max occurs at center where t  2c ◀
VQ V  2 c3 4V 4V 4
(b)  max     k   1.333 ◀
 2
It 4
c  2c 3A 3
919
PROBLEM 6.26
V
 k
A
SOLUTION
For a thin-walled circular section, A  2 rmtm
1
J  Ar2  2 r3t , I  J  r t
2
2rm
For a semicircular arc, y 
As   rmtm
2r
Q  A y  r t  2r t
(a) t  2tm at neutral axis where maximum occurs. ◀
VQ V (2r2t ) V 2V
(b)  max     k  2.00 ◀
It ( rmtm )(2tm )  rmtm A
920
PROBLEM 6.27
V
 k
A
SOLUTION
1   1 3 1 3
A  2  bh   bh I  2  bh   bh
2   12  6
For a cut at location y, where y  h,
1  by 
A( y)   y 
2 h  2h
2
y( y)  h  y
3
Q( y)  Ay  
2 3h
by
t( y) 
h
VQ 6 h by2 by3 V   y  y 2 
V 3     3   2  
It bh by 2 3h bh   h   h  
(a)
dy
d V [3  4 ym ]  0

dy bh2 h h 4 4
V  3 2
(b) ) 3    2  3   9 V  1.125 V k  1.125 ◀
bh   4   4   8 bh A
921
PROBLEM 6.28
A beam having the cross section shown is subjected to a vertical shear V. Determine
(a) the horizontal line along which the shearing stress is maximum, (b) the constant k in
the following expression for the maximum shearing stress
V
 k
A
SOLUTION
1 1
A bh I  bh3
2 36
For a cut at location y,
1  by 
A( y)   y 
2 h  2h
2 2
y( y)  h  y
3 3
Q( y)  Ay  (h  y)
3
by
t( y) 
h
VQ V by
(h  y) 12Vy(h  y) 12V
 (hy  y2)
It  
3
(a)
dy
1
y  h, i.e., at mid-height ◀
dy bh3 2
12V  1  1   3V 3 V
2
12V 3
(b) m  (hym  y2 )   h 
2 h     k   1.500 ◀
bh3  2  2   bh 2A 2
922
2 in. PROBLEM 6.29
The built-up timber beam shown is subjected to a vertical shear of

10 in. 1200 lb. Knowing that the allowable shearing force in the nails is 75 lb,
determine the largest permissible spacing s of the nails.
2 in.
2 in.
SOLUTION
1
I  bh  Ad
1
 (2)(2)3  (2)(2)(4)2  65.333 in4
12
1 1
I  b h3  (2)(10)3  166.67 in4
12
I  4I1  I2  428 in4
Q  Q1  A1y1  (2)(2)(4)  16 in3
VQ (1200)(16)
q   44.86 lb/in.
I 428
Fnail  qs
Fnail 75
s   1.672 in.
q 44.86
923
50 mm PROBLEM 6.30
The built-up beam shown is made by gluing together two 20  250-mm
plywood strips and two 50  100-mm planks. Knowing that the allowable
average shearing stress in the glued joints is 350 kPa, determine the largest
permissible vertical shear in the beam.
50 mm
SOLUTION
1 1
I  (140)(250)3  (100)(150)3  154.167  106 mm4
12 12
 154.167  106 m4
Q  Ay  (100)(50)(100)  500  103 mm3
 500  106 m3
t  50 mm  50 mm  100 mm  100  103 m
VQ
 
It
V  It  (154.167  10 )(100  10 )(350  10 )

6 3 3
Q 500  106
 10.79  103 N V  10.79 kN ◀
924
0.8 0.8 PROBLEM 6.31
1.5 1.5
0.8
The built-up beam was made by gluing together several wooden planks.
Knowing that the beam is subjected to a 1200-lb vertical shear, determine
3.2 the average shearing stress in the glued joint (a) at A, (b) at B.
0.8
SOLUTION
1 1
I  2 (0.8)(4.8)3  (7)(0.8)3  (7)(0.8)(2.0)2
12 12 
 60.143 in4
(a) Aa  (1.5)(0.8)  1.2 in2 ya  2.0 in.
Qa  Aa ya  2.4 in3
ta  0.8 in.
VQa (1200)(2.4)
    59.9 psi ◀
It (60.143)(0.8)
(b) Ab  (4)(0.8)  3.2 in2 yb  2.0 in.
Qb  Ab yb  (3.2)(2.0)  6.4 in3
tb  (2)(0.8)  1.6 in.
VQb (1200)(6.4)
    79.8 psi ◀
It (60.143)(1.6)
925
20 mm 60 mm 20 mm PROBLEM 6.32
20 mm
Several wooden planks are glued together to form the box beam shown.
Knowing that the beam is subjected to a vertical shear of 3 kN, determine the
30 mm average shearing stress in the glued joint (a) at A, (b) at B.
20 mm
30 mm
20 mm
SOLUTION
1 1
I  bh3  Ad 2  (60)(20)3  (60)(20)(50)2
12 12
 3.04  106 mm4
1 3 1
I  bh  (60)(20)3  0.04  106 mm4
12 12
1 3 1
I  bh  (20)(120)3  2.88  106 mm4
12 12
I  2I A  IB  2IC  11.88  106 mm4  11.88  106 m4
QA  Ay  (60)(20)(50)  60  103 mm3  60  106 m3
t  20 mm  20 mm  40 mm  40  103 m
(3  103)(60  106)
(a)  A  VQA   379  10 Pa
It (11.88  10 )(40  10 )
QB  0
VQB
(b)   0  0 ◀
It
926
50 300 50 PROBLEM 6.33
The built-up wooden beam shown is subjected to a vertical shear of

8 kN. Knowing that the nails are spaced longitudinally every 60 mm
50 at A and every 25 mm at B, determine the shearing force in the nails
400 (a) at A, (b) at B. (Given: Ix  1.504  109 mm4.)
50
200
SOLUTION
Ix  1.504  109mm4  1504  106m4

sA  60 mm  0.060 m
sB  25 mm  0.025 m
(a) QA  Q1  A1 y1  (50)(100)(150)  750  103mm3

 750  106m3
FA  qAsA
VQ1sA (8  103)(750  106)(0.060)
 
I 1504  106
FA  239 N ◀
(b) Q2  A2 y2  (300)(50)(175)  2625  103 mm3
QB  2Q1  Q2  4125  103 mm3
 4125  106 m3
VQBsB (8  103)(4125  106)(0.025)

FB  qBsB   FB  549 N ◀
I 1504  106
927
PROBLEM 6.34
Knowing that a W360  122 rolled-steel beam is subjected to a 250-kN vertical shear,
determine the shearing stress (a) at point A, (b) at the centroid C of the section.
SOLUTION
For W360  122, d  363 mm, bF  257 mm, tF  21.70 mm, tw  13.0 mm
I  367  106 mm4  367  106 m4
(a) Aa  (105)(21.70)  2278.5 mm2
d tF 363 21.70
y      170.65 mm
2 2 2 2
Qa  Aa ya  388.8  103 mm3  388.8  106 m3
ta  tF  21.70 mm  21.7  103 m
VQa (250  103)(388.8  106)
   12.21  10 Pa
It (367  106)(21.7  103)
(b) A1  bFtF  (257)(21.70)  5577 mm2
d tF 363 21.70
y      170.65 mm
2 2 2 2
d 
A  t   tF   (13.0)(159.8)  2077 mm
2 
1d 
y   t F   79.9 mm
 
Qc  Ay  (5577)(170.65)  (2077)(79.9)  1117.7  103 mm3
 1117.7  106 m3
tc  tw  13.0 mm  13  103 m
VQc (250  103)(1117.7  106)
   58.6  10 Pa c  58.6 MPa ◀
It (367  106)(13  103)
928
PROBLEM 6.35
An extruded aluminum beam has the cross section shown. Knowing

that the vertical shear in the beam is 150 kN, determine the shearing
stress at (a) point a, (b) point b.
150
Dimensions in mm
SOLUTION
1 1
I  (150)(80)3  (126)(68)3
12 12
 3.098  106 mm4  3.0985  106 m4
(a) Qa  A1 y1  2A2 y2
 (126)(6)(37)  (2)(12)(40)(20)
 47.172  103 mm3  47.172  106 m3
ta  (2)(12)  24 mm  0.024 m
VQa (150  103)(47.172  106)
   95.2  10 Pa
It (3.0985  106)(0.024)
(b) Qb  A1 y1  (126)(6)(37)  27.972  103 mm3

 27.972  106 m3
tb  (2)(6)  12 mm  0.012 m
VQb (150  103)(27.972  106)
   112.8  10 Pa
It (3.0985  106)(0.012)
b  112.8 MPa ◀
929
PROBLEM 6.36
An extruded aluminum beam has the cross section shown. Knowing that the
vertical shear in the beam is 150 kN, determine the shearing stress at
(a) point a, (b) point b.
80
Dimensions in mm
SOLUTION
1 1
I (80)(80)3  (56)(68)3  1.9460  106 mm4
12 12
 1.946  106 m4
(a) Qa  A1 y1  2A2 y2
 (56)(6)(37)  (2)(12)(40)(20)  31.632  103 mm3
 31.632  106 m3
ta  (2)(12)  24 mm  0.024 m
VQa (150  103)(31.632  106)

   101.6  10 Pa
It (1.946  106)(0.024)
(b) Qb  A1 y1  (56)(6)(37)  12.432  103 mm3

 12.432  106 m3
tb  (2)(6)  12 mm  0.012 m
VQb (150  103)(12.432  106)
   79.9  10 Pa
It (1.946  106)(0.012)
b  79.9 MPa ◀
930
PROBLEM 6.37
50
10 Knowing that a given vertical shear V causes a maximum shearing stress of

75 MPa in an extruded beam having the cross section shown, determine the
shearing stress at the three points indicated.
30
a 160
30
40
10
Dimensions in mm
SOLUTION
VQ
  τ is proportional to Q/t.
It
Point c: Qc  (30)(10)(75)
 22.5  103mm3
tc  10 mm
Qc/tc  2250 mm2
Point b: Qb  Qc  (20)(50)(55)
 77.5  103mm3
tb  20 mm
Qb/tb  3875 mm2
Point a: Qa  2Qb  (120)(30)(15)

 209  103 mm3
ta  120 mm
Qa /ta  1741.67 mm2
(Q/t)m occurs at b.  m  b  75 MPa
 
Qa/ta Qb/tb Qc/tc
75 MPa
 
1741.67 mm2 3875 mm2 2250 mm2
 a  33.7 MPa ◀
b  75.0 MPa ◀
 c  43.5 MPa ◀
931
0.5 in. d 5 in. PROBLEM 6.38
The vertical shear is 1200 lb in a beam having the cross section
shown. Knowing that d  4 in., determine the shearing stress at
8 in. a
(a) point a, (b) point b.
4 in.
0.5 in.
SOLUTION
1
I  (4)(0.5)3  (4)(0.5)(3.75)2  28.167 in4
12
1
I  (5)(4)3  106.67 in4
3
I  4I1  2I2  326 in4
(a) Qa  2A1 y1  A2 y2
 (2)(4)(0.5)(3.75)  (5)(4)(2)  55 in3
ta  5 in.
VQa (1200)(55)
   40.5 psi
It (326)(5)
(b) Qb  A1 y1  (4)(0.5)(3.75)  7.5 in4
tb  0.5 in.
VQb (1200)(7.5)
   55.2 psi
It (326)(0.5)
932
0.5 in. d 5 in. PROBLEM 6.39
The vertical shear is 1200 lb in a beam having the cross section
shown. Determine (a) the distance d for which a  b, (b) the
8 in. a
corresponding shearing stress at points a and b.
4 in.
0.5 in.
SOLUTION
A1  0.5d in2, y1  3.75 in., tb  0.5 in.

A2  (5)(4)  20 in2, y2  2 in., ta  5 in.
Qb  A1 y1  1.875d in3
VQb V 1.875d Vd
   3.75
It I 0.5 I
Qa  A2 y2  2Qb  (20)(2)  (2)(1.875d )
 40  3.75d
ta  5 in.
VQa V (40  3.75d ) V Vd Vd

(a)     8  0.75    3.75
It I (5) I I I
8
8  0.75d  3.75d d   2.6667 in.
3
1
(b) I  (2.6667)(0.5)3  (2.6667)(0.5)(3.75)2  18.780 in4
12
1
I  (0.5)(4)3  106.667 in4
3
I  4I1  2I2  288.46 in4
Vd (3.75)(1200)(2.6667)
    3.75    41.6 psi ◀
I 288.46
933
PROBLEM 6.40
1.25 in.
The extruded aluminum beam has a uniform wall thickness of 1 in. Knowing
that the vertical shear in the beam is 2 kips, determine the corresponding shearing
stress at each of the five points indicated.
1.25 in.
1.25 in. 1.25 in.
SOLUTION
1 1
I (2.50)(2.50)3  (2.125)(2.25)3  1.23812 in4
12 12
t  0.125 in. at all sections.
V  2 kips
VQa
Q 0   0◀
It
 1.25 
Q  (0.125)(1.25)    0.097656 in
 2 
VQb (2)(0.097656)
 
It (1.23812)(0.125)
Qc  Qb  (1.0625)(0.125)(1.1875)  0.25537 in.2
VQc (2)(0.25537)
    3.30 ksi ◀
It (1.23812)(0.125)
Qd  2Qc  (0.125)2(1.1875)  0.52929

VQd (2)(0.52929)
    6.84 ksi ◀
It (1.23812)(0.125)
 1.125 
Q  Q  (0.125)(1.125)    0.60839
 2 
VQ (2)(0.60839)
    7.86 ksi ◀
It (1.23812)(0.125)
934
c b PROBLEM 6.41
d
1.25 in.
The extruded aluminum beam has a uniform wall thickness of 1 in. Knowing
e
a that the vertical shear in the beam is 2 kips, determine the corresponding shearing
stress at each of the five points indicated.
1.25 in.
1.25 in. 1.25 in.
SOLUTION
1 1
I (2.50)(2.50)3  (2.125)(2.25)3  1.23812 in4
12 12
Add symmetric points c’, b’, and a’.
Qe  0
 1.125 
Q  (0.125)(1.125)    0.079102 in t  0.125 in.
 2 
Qc  Qd  (0.125)2(1.1875)  0.097657 in4 tc  0.25 in.
Qb  Qc  (2)(1.0625)(0.125)(1.1875)  0.41309 in3 tb  0.25 in.
 1.25 
Q  Q  (2)(0.125)(1.25)    0.60840 in t  0.25 in.
 2 
VQa (2)(0.60840)
 
It (1.23812)(0.25)
VQb (2)(0.41309)
    2.67 ksi ◀
It (1.23812)(0.25)
VQc (2)(0.097657)
 
It (1.23812)(0.25)
VQd (2)(0.079102)
  
It (1.23812)(0.125)
VQe
  0◀
It
935
40 mm 12 mm 40 mm PROBLEM 6.42
Knowing that a given vertical shear V causes a maximum shearing stress of

30 mm 50 MPa in a thin-walled member having the cross section shown, determine
10 mm the corresponding shearing stress (a) at point a, (b) at point b, (c) at point c.
50 mm
10 mm
30 mm
SOLUTION
Qa  (12)(30)(25  10  15)  18  103 mm3

Qb  (40)(10)(25  5)  12  103 mm3
Qc  Qa  2Qb  (12)(10)(25  5)  45.6  103 mm3
 25 
Q  Q  (12)(25)   49.35  103 mm3
 2 
ta  tc  tm  12 mm
tb  10 mm
 m  50 MPa
a Q t 18  12  0.36474
(a)  a  m 
 Q t 49.35 12
b Q t 12  12  0.29179
(b)  b  m 
 Q t 49.35 10
c Q t 45.6 12
  0.92401
(c)  c  m    46.2 MPa ◀
 Q t 49.35 12
936
2 in. 2 in. PROBLEM 6.43
10 in.
Three planks are connected as shown by bolts of 3 -in. diameter spaced every
4 in. 6 in. along the longitudinal axis of the beam. For a vertical shear of 2.5 kips,
10 in.
determine the average shearing stress in the bolts.
SOLUTION
Locate neutral axis.
A  (2)(2)(10)  (10)(4)  80 in2
Ay  (2)(2)(10)(5)  (10)(4)(8)  520 in3
Ay 520
Y    6.5 in.
A 80
 1
I  2  (2)(10)3  (2)(10)(1.5)2
12 
1
 (10)(4)3  (10)(4)(1.5)2  566.67 in4
12
Q  (2)(10)(1.5)  30 in3
VQs (2.5)(30)(6)
F  qs    0.79411 kips
I 566.67
  3 2
Abolt  2
d bolt   0.110447 in2
4 4  8 
F 0.79411
   7.19 ksi ◀
A 0.110447
937
PROBLEM 6.44
A beam consists of three planks connected as shown by steel bolts with a

longitudinal spacing of 225 mm. Knowing that the shear in the beam is
vertical and equal to 6 kN and that the allowable average shearing stress in
each bolt is 60 MPa, determine the smallest permissible bolt diameter that
can be used.
50 mm 100 mm 50 mm
SOLUTION
Part A(mm2) y (mm) Ay 2(106 mm4) I (106 mm4)

① 7500 50 18.75 14.06
② 7500 50 18.75 14.06
③ 15,000 50 37.50 28.12
Σ 75.00 56.24
I   Ay 2   I  131.25  106 mm4  131.25  106 m4

Q  A1 y1  (7500)(50)  375  103 mm3
 375  106 m3
VQs
F  A  qs 
I
VQs  (6  103)(375  106)(0.225)
Abolt   64.286  10 m
 I (6  106)(131.25  106)
 64.286 mm2
(4)(64.286)
dbolt   dbolt  9.05 mm ◀
938
PROBLEM 6.45
6 in.
A beam consists of five planks of 1.5  6-in. cross section connected by steel bolts
with a longitudinal spacing of 9 in. Knowing that the shear in the beam is vertical
1 in.
and equal to 2000 lb and that the allowable average shearing stress ineach bolt
1 in. is 7500 psi, determine the smallest permissible bolt diameter that can be used.
SOLUTION
Part A(in2) y0(in.) Ay0 (in3) y (in.) Ay 2(in4) I (in4)

① 9 5 45 0.8 5.76 27
② 9 4 36 0.2 0.36 27
③ 9 3 27 1.2 12.96 27
④ 9 4 36 0.2 0.36 27
⑤ 9 5 45 0.8 5.76 27
 45 189 25.20 135
Ay 189
Y    4.2 in.
A 45
I  Ad 2  I  160.2 in4
Q12  Q1  Ay1  (9)(0.8)  7.2 in3
Q23  Q1  Ay2  7.2  (9)(0.2)  5.4 in3

VQ
q
I
Maximum q is based on Q12  7.2 in3.

(2000)(7.2)
q  89.888 lb/in.
160.2
Fbolt  qs  (89.888)(9)  809 lb
Fbolt Fbolt 809
 A    0.1079 in2
A 7500
(4)(0.1079)
A  d d   d
4
939
PROBLEM 6.46
Four L102  102  9.5 steel angle shapes and a 12  400-mm plate are bolted
together to form a beam with the cross section shown. The bolts are of 22-mm
diameter and are spaced longitudinally every 120 mm. Knowing that the beam
is subjected to a vertical shear of 240 kN, determine the average shearing stress
in each bolt.
SOLUTION
For one L102  102  9.5,

A  1845 mm2
I  1.815  106 mm2
Q  (1845 mm2)(171 mm)
 315.5  103 mm3
 315.5  106 m4
For 12-mm  400-mm plate and four angle,

1
I  (12 mm)(400 mm)3  4[1.815  106 mm4  (1845 mm2)(171 mm)2]
12
 287.06  106 mm4  287.06  106 m4
q  VQ  (240 kN)(315.5  10 m )  263.78 kN/m

6 3
One angle:
I 287.06  106 m4
F  qs  (263.78 kN/m)(0.120 m)  31.65 kN
F 31.65 kN
Diam. bolt  22 mm    ;
A (0.022 m)2
4
940
PROBLEM 6.47
1.6 in. A plate of 1 -in. thickness is corrugated as shown and then used as a
beam. For a vertical shear of 1.2 kips, determine (a) the maximum
2 in. 2 in.
shearing stress in the section, (b) the shearing stress at point B. Also,
1.2 in. 1.2 in. sketch the shear flow in the cross section.
SOLUTION
LBD  (1.2)2  (1.6)2  2.0 in. ABD  (0.25)(2.0)  0.5 in2
Locate neutral axis and compute moment of inertia.

Part A(in2) y (in.) Ay (in3) d (in.) Ad 2(in4) I (in4)
AB 0.5 0 0 0.4 0.080 neglect
BD 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.080 *0.1067
DE 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.080 *0.1067
EF 0.5 0 0 0.4 0.080 neglect
Σ 2.0 0.8 0.320 0.2134
* 1 A h2  1 (0.5)(1.6)2  0.1067 in4 Ay  0.8  0.4 in.

BD Y 
12 12 A 2.0
I  Ad 2  I  0.5334 in
4
(a) Qm  QAB  QBC
QAB  (2)(0.25)(0.4)  0.2 in3

QBC  (0.5)(0.25)(0.2)  0.025 in3
Qm  0.225 in3
VQm (1.2)(0.225)
m    m  2.02 ksi ◀
It (0.5334)(0.25)
(b) QB  QAB  0.2 in3

VQB (1.2)(0.2)
B    B  1.800 ksi ◀
It (0.5334)(0.25)
D  0
941
22 mm
e PROBLEM 6.48
A plate of 2-mm thickness is bent as shown and then used as a beam. For a vertical
shear of 5 kN, determine the shearing stress at the five points indicated and sketch the
shear flow in the cross section.
a d 50 mm
b c
10 mm 10 mm
SOLUTION
1 1 1
I 2 (2)(48)3  (2)(52)3  (20)(2)3  (20)(2)(25)2
12 12 12 
 133.75  103 mm4  133.75  109 mm4
Qa  (2)(24)(12)  576 mm3  576  109 mm3
Qa  0
Qc  Qb  (12)(2)(25)  600 mm3  600  109 m3
Qd  Qc  (2)(24)(12)  1.176  103 mm3  1.176  106 m3
Qe  Qd  (2)(26)(13)  600 mm3  500  109 m3
VQa (5  103)(576  109)

   10.77  10 Pa   10.76 MPa ◀
It (133.75  109)(2  103)
VQb
  0◀
It
VQc (5  103)(600  109)
   11.21  10 Pa
It (133.75  109)(2  103)
VQd (5  103)(1.176  106)

   22.0  10 Pa   22.0 MPa ◀
It (133.75  109)(2  103)
VQe (5  103)(500  109)

   9.35  10 Pa   9.35 MPa ◀
It (133.75  109)(2  103)
942
60 mm A PROBLEM 6.49
An extruded beam has the cross section shown and a uniform wall
30 mm thickness of 3 mm. For a vertical shear of 10 kN, determine (a) the
shearing stress at point A, (b) the maximum shearing stress in the beam.
Also, sketch the shear flow in the cross section.
28 mm
16 mm 16 mm
SOLUTION
16
tan     28.07
30
Side: A  (3 sec  )(30)  102 mm2
1
I  (3 sec  )(30)3  7.6498 103 mm4
12
Part A (mm2 ) y0 (mm) Ay (103 mm3 ) d (mm) Ad 2 (103 mm4 ) I (103 mm4 )
Top 180 30 5.4 11.932 25.627 neglect
Side 102 15 1.53 3.077 0.966 7.6498
Side 102 15 1.53 3.077 0.966 7.6498
Bot. 84 0 0 18.077 27.449 neglect
Σ 468 8.46 55.008 15.2996
Ay 8.46 103

Y0    18.077 mm
A 468
I  Ad 2  I  70.31103 mm4  70.31109 m4
(a) QA  (180)(11.932)  2.14776 103 mm3  2.14776 106 m3
t  (2)(3103 )  6 103 m
VQ (10 103 )(2.14776 106 ) 50.9 10 Pa  50.9 MPa ◀
A  A
It (70.31109 )(6 106 ) 6 
1  
(b) Q  Q  (2)(3 sec  )(11.932) 11.932
m A 2 
 
 2.14776 103  484.06  2.6318 103 mm3
 2.6318 106 m3
t  6 103 m
VQm (10 103 )(2.6318 106 )
     6
 
943
m
It (70.31109 )(6 103 )
62.4 10 Pa m 62.4 MPa ◀
944
QB  (28)(3)(18.077)  1.51847 103 mm3
 A  1.51847 10 (50.9)

QB 3
B 
QA 2.14776 103
 36.0 MPa
Multiply shearing stresses by t(3 mm  0.003 m) to get shear flow.
945
6 in. PROBLEM 6.50
A plate of thickness t is bent as shown and then used as a beam. For a

vertical shear of 600 lb, determine (a) the thickness t for which the
4.8 in.
maximum shearing stress is 300 psi, (b) the corresponding shearing stress
at point E. Also, sketch the shear flow in the cross section.
3 in. 3 in.
2 in.
SOLUTION
LBD  LEF  4.82  22  5.2 in.

Neutral axis lies at 2.4 in. above AB.
Calculate I.
I AB  (3t)(2.4)2  17.28t
1
I  (5.2t)(4.8)2  9.984t
12
IDE  (6t)(2.4)2  34.56t
IEF  IDB  9.984t
IFG  IAB  17.28t
I  I  89.09t
(a) At point C, QC  QAB  QBC  (3t)(2.4)  (2.6t)(1.2)  10.32t
VQC VQ (600)(10.32t)
   t   0.23168 in. t  0.232 in. ◀
It (300)(89.09t)
(b) I  (89.09)(0.23168)  20.64 in4
QE  QEF  QFG
 0  (3)(0.23168)(2.4)  1.668 in3
VQE (600)(1.668)
    209 psi ◀
It (20.64)(0.23168)
946
3 3
in. in. PROBLEM 6.51
2 in.
by welding them to horizontal 1  2 -in. plates as shown. For a vertical shear V,

in.
a determine the dimension a for which the shear flow through the welded surface is
1 in. maximum.
2
a
in.
1 in.
SOLUTION
 1  3   1   1 3 1
I  (2)   (4)3  (2)  (2)   (2)(2)   a2
  
12 8  
2 2
 4.041667  2a2 in4
1
Q  (2) a  a in3
 
VQ Va dq
q  Set  0.
I 4.041667  2a2 da
dq (4.041667  2a )  (a)(4a) V  0
(4.041667  2a2)2
da
2a2  4.041667
947
PROBLEM 6.52
The cross section of an extruded beam is a hollow square of side a  3 in. and
thickness t  0.25 in. For a vertical shear of 15 kips, determine the maximum
shearing stress in the beam and sketch the shear flow in the cross section.
SOLUTION
1
I  I  (3.254  2.754)
12
 4.53125 in4
Since products of inertia  0,
Ix  I y  Iu  Iv
I x  4.53125 in4
V  15 kips
QNA  2[(3 in.  0.25 in.)(1.0607 in.)]  1.59105 in3

VQNA (15 kips)(1.59105 in3)
   
(4.53125 in4)(2)(0.25 in.)
 m  10.53 ksi ◄
948
PROBLEM 6.53
An extruded beam has a uniform wall thickness t. Denoting by V the vertical
shear and by A the cross-sectional area of the beam, express the maximum
shearing stress as  max  k (V/A) and determine the constant k for each of the
(a) (b) two orientations shown.
SOLUTION
3 a
(a) h a h
2 (b)
2
A1  A2  at
A1  at
3 1
I  A h2  ath2  a3t A at
1 1 2
4 2
1 1 3 2 1 3 I1  I1  A1 d 2
I  A h2   at
at a
2
3 2 3 4 4
2
5
I  2I  4I  a3t 
1 ath2  a  a  h
t
1 2
12  2 2 
2 3
3  1 a 3t  9 a 3t  7 a t
Q  Ah  a2t
48 16 12
1 1
2 1  a 3  1 a 3
h 3 t  t
Q A  a2t I2  3  2  24
2 2
2 4
5
Qm  Q1  2Q2  3a2t I  4I  4I  a3t
1 2
2
VQ V 3a2t a h 3
    3V
m
I (2t)  5
a3 t  2t 5 at Q1  at     a2t
 1  a  1 2
2 2 2 4
6 3 V 6 3V V Q  at  at
  k
5 6at 5 A A 2 2  4  8
  
7 3
6 3
k 5 k  2.08 ◀ Q  2Q1  2Q2  a t
4
VQ V  7 a3t

m   4
949
I (2t)
 2
5

a3t (2t)
7 V 42 V 21 V
  
20 at 20 6at 10 A
V 21
k k  2.10 ◀
A 10
950
PROBLEM 6.54
(a) Determine the shearing stress at point P of a thin-walled pipe of the cross section
shown caused by a vertical shear V. (b) Show that the maximum shearing stress occurs for
  90 and is equal to 2V/A, where A is the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
SOLUTION
1
A  2  rm t m m I 3
m
2
sin 
r for a circular arc.
AP  2rt
QP  APr  2rt sin 
V sin 
(a) P P 
I (2t) 3
m
2V sin 2 2V
(b) m  m  ◀
A
951
PROBLEM 6.55
For a beam made of two or more materials with different moduli of elasticity, show that Eq. (6.6)
VQ
ave 
It
remains valid provided that both Q and I are computed by using the transformed section of the beam
(see Sec. 4.4), and provided further that t is the actual width of the beam where  ave is computed.
SOLUTION
Let Eref be a reference modulus of elasticity.
E1 E
n1  , n2  2 , etc.
Eref Eref
Widths b of actual section are multiplied by n’s to obtain the transformed section. The bending stress
distribution in the cross section is given by
nMy
x 
I
where I is the moment of inertia of the transformed cross section and y is measured from the centroid of the
transformed section.
n(M ) y (M ) Q(M )

  x  I
dA 
I 
ny dA 
I

Q  ny dA  first moment of transformed section.
H M Q VQ
Shear flow: q  
x x I I
q is distributed over actual width t, thus

t
VQ

It
952
PROBLEM 6.56
A composite beam is made by attaching the timber and steel portions shown with
bolts of 12-mm diameter spaced longitudinally every 200 mm. The modulus of
elasticity is 10 GPa for the wood and 200 GPa for the steel. For a vertical shear of
4 kN, determine (a) the average shearing stress in the bolts, (b) the shearing stress
at the center of the cross section. (Hint: Use the method indicated in Prob. 6.55.)
6 mm 6 mm
SOLUTION
Let steel be the reference material.
E
n  1.0 n  w  10 GPa  0.05
E 200 GPa
Depth of section: d  90  84  90  264 mm
1  1
For steel portion, I 2 bd 3  (2)   (6)(264)3  18.400  106 mm4
12  12 
1 1
For the wooden portion, I  b d d  (140)(264  84 )  207.75  10 mm
12 12
For the transformed section, I  ns Is  nwIw
I  (1.0)(18.400  106)  (0.05)(207.75  106)  28.787  106 mm4  28.787  106 m4

(a) Shearing stress in the bolts.
For the upper wooden portion, Qw  (90)(140)(42  45)  1.0962  106 mm3
For the transformed wooden portion,
Q  nwQw  (0.05)(1.0962  106)  54.81  103 mm3  54.81  106 m3

Shear flow on upper wooden portion:
q  VQ  (4000)(54.81  10 )  7616 N/m

6
I 28.787  106
Fbolt  qs  (7616)(0.200)  1523.2 N

A  d  (12)2  113.1 mm2  113.1  106 m2
4 4
1523.2
Double shear:   
2A (2)(113.1  106)
 6.73  106 Pa  bolt  6.73 MPa ◀
953
(b) Shearing stress at the center of the cross section.
For two steel plates,
For the neutral axis, Q  54.81  106  76.032  106  130.842  106 m3
Shear flow across the neutral axis:
q  VQ   18.181  10 N/m
I 28.787  106
Double thickness: 2t  12 mm  0.012 m
q 18.181  103
Shearing stress:   
2t 0.012
  1.515 MPa ◀
954
PROBLEM 6.57
12 mm
A composite beam is made by attaching the timber and steel portions shown with
bolts of 12-mm diameter spaced longitudinally every 200 mm. The modulus of
elasticity is 10 GPa for the wood and 200 GPa for the steel. For a vertical shear of
4 kN, determine (a) the average shearing stress in the bolts, (b) the shearing stress at
the center of the cross section. (Hint: Use the method indicated in Prob. 6.55.)
12 mm
SOLUTION
Let Eref  Es  200 GPa

E 10 GPa 1
ns  1 nw  w  
Es 200 GPa 20
Widths of transformed section:

 1 
bs  150 mm bw   (150)  7.5 mm
 20 
1  1
I  2 (150)(12)3  (150)(12)(125  6)2   (7.5)(250)3
 12  12
 2[0.0216 106  30.890 106 ]  9.766 106
 71.589 106 mm4  71.589 106 m4
(a) Q1  (150)(12)(125  6)  235.8 103 mm3  235.8 106 m3
VQ1 (4 103 )(235.8 106 )

q   13.175 10 3 N/m
I 71.589 10 6
Fbolt  qs  (23.187 103 )(200 103 )  2.635 103 N

 
Abolt  d bolt
2
   (12)2  113.1 mm2  113.1106 m2
4
Fbolt 2.635 103
bolt    23.3 10 6 Pa
Abolt 113.110 6
(b) Q2  Q1  (7.5)(125)(62.5)  235.8 103  58.594 103  294.4 103 mm3  294.4 106 m3
t  150 mm  150 103 m

VQ2 (4 103 )(294.4 106 )
c    109.7 10 3 Pa c
It (71.589 10 )(150 10 )
6 3
955
PROBLEM 6.58
2 in.
A steel bar and an aluminum bar are bonded together as shown to form a composite
beam. Knowing that the vertical shear in the beam is 4 kips and that the modulus
1 in.
of elasticity is 29 106 psi for the steel and 10.6 106 psi for the aluminum,
Steel determine (a) the average stress at the bonded surface, (b) the maximum shearing
stress in the beam. (Hint: Use the method indicated in Prob. 6.55.)
1.5 in.
SOLUTION
n  1 in aluminum.
29  106 psi
n  2.7358 in steel.
10.6  106 psi
Part nA (in2) y (in.) nA y(in3) d (in.) nAd 2(in2) nI (in4)

Alum. 3.0 2.0 6.0 0.8665 2.2525 1.0
Steel 4.1038 0.5 2.0519 0.6335 1.6469 0.3420
Σ 7.1038 8.0519 3.8994 1.3420
nAy 8.0519
Y    1.1335 in.
nA 7.1038
I  nAd 2  nI  5.2414 in4
(a) At the bonded surface, Q  (1.5)(2)(0.8665)  2.5995 in3

VQ (4)(2.5995)
     1.323 ksi ◀
It (5.2414)(1.5)
 1.8665 
(b) At the neutral axis, Q  (1.5)(1.8665)    2.6129 in
 2 
VQ (4)(2.6129)
   1.329 ksi ◀
It (5.2814)(1.5)
956
PROBLEM 6.59
Steel 2 in.
A steel bar and an aluminum bar are bonded together as shown to form a
composite beam. Knowing that the vertical shear in the beam is 4 kips and that
1 in.
the modulus of elasticity is 29 106 psi for the steel and 10.6 106 psi for the
aluminum, determine (a) the average stress at the bonded surface, (b) the
maximum shearing stress in the beam. (Hint: Use the method indicated in Prob.
1.5 in. 6.55.)
SOLUTION
n  1 in aluminum.
29 106 psi
n  2.7358 in steel.
10.6 106 psi
Part nA (in2) y (in.) nA y (in3 ) d (in.) nAd 2 (in2 ) nI (in4 )

Steel 8.2074 2.0 16.4148 0.2318 0.4410 2.7358
Alum. 1.5 0.5 0.75 1.2682 2.4125 0.1250
Σ 9.7074 17.1648 2.8535 2.8608
nAy 17.1648
Y    1.7682 in.
A 9.7074
I  nAd 2  nI  5.7143 in4
(a) At the bonded surface, Q  (1.5)(1.2682)  1.9023 in3

VQ (4)(1.9023)
    0.888 ksi ◀
It (5.7143)(1.5)
 1.2318 
(b) At the neutral axis, Q  (2.7358)(1.5)(1.2318)    3.1133 in 3
 2 
VQ (4)(3.1133)
max
  max
It (5.7143)(1.5)
957
PROBLEM 6.60
Consider the cantilever beam AB discussed in Sec. 6.5 and the portion
ACKJ of the beam that is located to the left of the transverse section
CC and above the horizontal plane JK, where K is a point at
a distance y  yY above the neutral axis. (See figure.) (a) Recalling that
 x  Y between C and E and  x  (Y /yY ) y between E and K, show
that the magnitude of the horizontal shearing force H exerted
on the lower face of the portion of beam ACKJ is
A
H  b  2c  y  y 
J 2
2 Y  Y
yY 
(b) Observing that the shearing stress at K is
H 1 H 1  H
 xy  lim  lim 
 x0 b x b  x
and recalling that yY is a function of x defined by Eq. (6.14), derive

Eq. (6.15).
SOLUTION
Point K is located a distance y above the neutral axis.
The stress distribution is given by
y
Y for 0  y  yY Y for yY  y  c.
yY
958
For equilibrium of horizontal forces acting on ACKJ,

yY  yb c
H   dA  Y
dy  Y bdy
y yY yY
 b  y2  y2 
 Y Y 
yY  2 
1  y2 
H  b Y 2c  yY  ◀ (a)
2  yY 
Note that yY is a function of x.
b x  x yY 2 dx 
xy Y
2 
 y  dy
2
1
 y  dxY
2 Y  Y2 
3  1 yY2 
But M  Px  M y 1  
2  3 c2 
M Y   2 yY dyY 
dM 3
Differentiating, P
dx 2  3 c2 dx 
dyY Pc2 Pc2 3 P

  
dx yY MY 3
1  y2  3 P 3P  y2 
Then  1  ◀ (b)
 2  b 4by  yY 2 
 Y2  Y Y Y 
959
PROBLEM 6.61
Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of uniform

thickness having the cross section shown.
SOLUTION
 3a 2 1 9
I AB  IHJ  at    at3  ta3
 2  12 4
 a 2 1 1
IDE  IFG  at    at3  ta2
  12
2 4
1 9
I AH  t(3a)3  ta3
12 4
29 3
I  I  ta
4
3a 3
Part AB: A  tx y Q  atx
2 2
VQ V  2 atx
3
6Vx
  29 3 
It 4
ta t 29a2t
6Vx
a 6V a
xdx  3 V
1  
0 29a t2
t dx 
29a 2  0 29
a 1
Part DE: A  tx y Q  atx
2 2
VQ V  1 atx
2Vx
  29 2 3 
It 4
ta t 29 a2t
a 2Vx 2V xdx  V
29a t 29a 29
MK  MK : Ve  F1 (3a)  F2 (a)
9 1 10
 Va  Va  Va
29 29 29
10
e a e  0.345a ◀
29
960
PROBLEM 6.62

2a
SOLUTION
1 3  3a 2 7
I AB  IFG  ta  (ta)    ta3
12  2  3
1
I DB  I EF  (2at) a2  (2a) t3  2a3t
12
1 2 3 28
I DE  t(2a)  ta
3 I  I  ta3
12 3 3
2a  y
Part AB: A  t(2a  y); y
3
1
Q  Ay  t(2a  y)(2a  y)
2
1
 t(4a2  y2 )
2
It 2I
V 2a
2I (4a  y ) t dy
2 2
Vt  y3  2a Vta3  (2)3  1 
  4a 2 y    (4)(2)   (4)(1)   
2I  3 a 2I  3  3 
5 Vta3 5
  V
6 I 56
961
3a
Part DB: Q  (ta)  txa
2
 3a 
 ta   x 
 2 
It I  2 

2a Va  3a  Vta 2a  3a

2
0 I  2
 
 I 
 2  x  dx
0 
2
Vta  3ax x 2  2a 3 
Vta (3)(2) (2)
      
I  2 2  0
I  2 2 
Vta3 15
5  V
I 28
 MH   MH : Ve  F2 (2a)  2F1 (2a)
30 20 5
 Va  Va  Va
28 56 7
5
e a  0.714a ◀
7
962
PROBLEM 6.63

E
2a
SOLUTION
1 1
I I  ta3 I  I  2ata3  2att3  2ta3
3 12
1 2 16
I  t(2a)3  ta3 I  I  ta3
12 3 3
y 1
Part AB: A  ty y  Q  ty2
2 2
VQ V  1 ty2
   16 
It ta t 32a t
3V 1
  y dt  32 V
1
Part BD: Q  Q  txa  ta2  tax
2
VQ Vt  1
   a  ax
It a t2
3 V
 (a  2x)
3V
 (a  2x)dx
3V
 (ax  x2)
3V 9
 (2a2  4a2)  V
16
M H  M H :
Ve  (2a)(2F1)  (2a)(F2 )
1 9 5 5
 Va  Va  Va e a  1.250a ◀
8 8 4 4
963
PROBLEM 6.64

SOLUTION
 h 2 1 1
I AB  IEF  (a  b)t    (a  b)t3  t(a  b)h2
 
2 12 4
1 1
I DG  th3 I  I  t(6a  6b  h)h2
12 12
h 1
Part AD: Q  tx  thx
2 2
VQ Vhx
 
It 2I
a Vhx Vht
1  
0 2I
t dx 
2I 0
xdx 
Vht x2 Vhta2
 
2I 2 0
4I
1 h
Part BD: Q  tx  thx
2 2
VQ Vhx
 
It 2I
b Vhx Vht
2  0 2I t dx 
2I  0
xdx
Vht x2 Vhtb2
 
2I 2 0
4I
MH  MH :
Vh2t(b2  a2 )
Ve  F2 h  F1h 
4I
Vh2t(b2  a2 ) 3V (b2  a2 )
 
4  121 t(6a  6b  h)h2 6a  6b  h
3(b2  a2 )
e
6(a  b)  h
964
6 mm PROBLEM 6.65
An extruded beam has the cross section shown. Determine (a) the location of the
shear center O, (b) the distribution of the shearing stresses caused by the vertical
shearing force V shown applied at O.
6 mm
SOLUTION
 1   192 2  1
I  2  (72)(6)3  (72)(6)     (12)(192)
3
 12   2   12
 15.0431106 mm4  15.0431106 m4
 192 
Part AB: A  6x Q  Ay  (6x)    576x
 2 
VQ 576Vx
q 
I I
x  0 at point A. x  lAB  72 mm at point B.
72 576Vx 576V (72)2
 
xB
F1  q dx  dx 
A 0 I I 2
(288)(72)2
 V  0.099247V
15.0431106
MC  MC : Ve  (0.099247 )V (192)
(a) e  19.0555 mm
(b) Point A: x  0, Q  0, q0
Point B in part AB: x  72 mm

Q  (576)(72)  41.472 103 mm3  41.472 106 m3
t  6 mm  0.006 m
VQ (110 103 )(41.472 106 )
 
It (15.0431106 )(0.006)
 50.5 106 Pa  B  50.5 MPa ◀
965
Part BD:
y  96 mm Q  41.472 103 mm3  41.472 106 m3
t  12 mm  0.012 m
VQ (110 103 )(41.472 106 )
 
It (15.0431106 )(0.012)
 B  25.3 MPa ◀
Point C : y  0, t  0.012 m
 96 
Q  41.472 103  (12)(96)    96.768 103 mm3  96.768 106 m3
 2 
58.967 10 6 Pa   59.0 MPa ◀

It (15.0431106 )(0.012)
966
An extruded beam has the cross section shown. Determine (a) the
location of the shear center O, (b) the distribution of the shearing stresses
6.0 in. caused by the vertical shearing force V shown applied at O.
SOLUTION
1
I AB  (0.125)(3)3  1.125 in4
3
1
I BD  (4)(0.125)3  (4)(0.125)(3)2  4.50065 in4
12
1
I DE  (0.125)(6)3  2.25 in4
12
IEF  IBD  4.50065 in4
IFG  I AB  1.125 in4
I  I  13.50 in4
y
(a) Part AB: Q ( y)  ty  0.5ty2
2
VQ( y) 0.5Vt 2
q( y)   y
I I
3 0.5Vt 3
y 2 dy  4.5 Vt 

FAB  q( y) dy 
0 I  0 I
Vt
Its moment about H is 4FAB  18
I
QB  (0.5)(t)(3)2  4.5t
Part BD: Q(x)  QB  xt(3)  (4.5  3x) t
Vq(x) Vt
q(x)   (4.5  3x)
I I
4 t 4 (4.5  3x) dx  42 Vt 
FBD 
 q(x) dx 
0 I 0  I
Vt
Its moment about H: 3FBD  126
I
QD  [4.5  (3)(4)]t  16.5t
967
Vt
Part EF: By symmetry with part BD, FEF  42 
I
Vt
Its moment about H is 3FEF  126
I
VT
Part FG: By symmetry with part AB, F  4.5 
I
Vt
Its moment about H is 4 FFG  18
I
Moment about H of force in part DE is zero.
Ve  M H
I I
144t (2.88)(0.125)
e  e  2.67 in. ◀
I 13.50
(b) QA  QG  0
QB  QF  4.5t
VQB (2.75)(4.5t)
B F   B F
It 13.50 t
QD  QE  16.5t
VQ0 (2.75)(16.5t)
D E   D E
It 13.50 t
At H (neutral axis),
VQH (2.75)(21t)
H    H  4.28 ksi ◀
It 13.50t
968
PROBLEM 6.67
2 in.
An extruded beam has the cross section shown. Determine (a) the location of
the shear center O, (b) the distribution of the shearing stresses caused by the
6 in. vertical shearing force V shown applied at O.
2 in.
4 in.
SOLUTION
Part A (in2) d (in.) Ad 2 (in4 ) I (in4 )

BD 0.50 3 4.50 0
ABEG 1.25 0 0 10.417
EF 0.50 3 4.50 0
 2.25 9.00 10.417
I  Ad 2   I  19.417 in4
(a) Part BD: Q(x)  3tx

VQ(x) V
q(x)   (3tx)
I I
3Vt 4 3Vt 24Vt
FBD 
I 0 xdx 
I
(8) 
I
72Vt
Its moment about H : (M BD ) H  3FBD 
I
24Vt 72Vt
Part EF: By same method, FEF  (M EF ) H 
I I
Moments of FAB, FBE , and FEG about H are zero.
72Vt 72Vt 144Vt

Ve  M H   
I I I
144t (144)(0.125)
e  e  0.927 in. ◀
I 19.417
969
(b) At A, D, F , and G, Q0
Just above B : Q1  QAB  (2t)(4)  8t

VQ1 (2.75)(8t)
1   1
It
Just to the right of B :
VQ2 (2.75)(12t)
2   2
It (19.417) t
Just below B :
VQ3 (2.75)(20t)
3
   3  2.83 ksi ◀
It (19.417) t
At H (neutral axis),
VQH (2.75)(24.5t)
H    H  3.47 ksi ◀
It (19.417) t
By symmetry,
970
6 mm
PROBLEM 6.68
6 mm An extruded beam has the cross section shown. Determine (a) the location of
4 mm the shear center O, (b) the distribution of the shearing stresses caused by the
vertical shearing force V shown applied at O.
4 mm
6 mm
30 mm
Iz = 1.149 × 106 mm4
SOLUTION
1
I AB  I HJ  (30)(6)3  (30)(6)(45)2  0.365 106 mm4
12
1
I DE  I FG  (30)(4)3  (30)(4)(15)2  0.02716 106 mm4
12
1
I AH  (6)(90)3  0.3645 106 mm4
12
I  I  1.14882 106 mm4
(a) For a typical flange, A(s)  ts
Q(s)  yts
VQ(s) Vyts
q(s)  
I I
b Vytb2
0 
F  q(s)ds 
2I
V (45)(6)(302 )
Flange AB: FAB   0.10576V 
(2)(1.14882 106 )
V (15)(4)(30)2
Flange DE: FDE   0.023502V 
(2)(1.14882 106 )
Flange FG: FFG  0.023502V 
Flange HJ: FHJ  0.10576V 
MK  MK : Ve  45FAB  15FDE  15FFG
 45FHJ  10.223V
Dividing by V,
971
(b) Calculation of shearing stresses.
At B, E, G, and J ,  0 ◀
At A and H ,
VQ (35 103 )(8.1106 )

   41.1  106 Pa
It
Just above D and just below F :

Q  8.1103  (6)(30)(30)  13.5 103 mm3  13.5 106 m3
VQ (35 103 )(13.5 106 )

   68.5 10 6 Pa   68.5 MPa ◀
It
t  4 103 m
VQ (35 103 )(1.8 106 )

   13.71  10 6 Pa
It (1.14882 106 )(4 103 )
Just below D and just above F :
Q  13.5 103  1.8 103  15.3 103 mm3  15.3 106 m3
VQ
   77.7 10 6 Pa   77.7 MPa ◀
It (1.14882 106 )(6 103 )
At K ,
VQ (35 103 )(15.975 106 )

   81.1  106 Pa
It (1.14882 106 )(6 103 )
972
PROBLEM 6.69
1 in. in.
in. thickness having the cross section shown.
3 in.
2 in.
4 in.
SOLUTION
1
L  42  32  5 in. A  L t  (5)   1.25 in2
4
1 1
I  AAB h2   (1.25)(3)2  3.75 in4
3  3
1 1 3 1
I    (2)    (2)(4)2  8.1667 in4
12  4  4
I  (2)(3.75)  (2)(8.1667)  23.833 in4
1
Part AB: A  (5  y) in2
4
1
y  (5  y) in.
2
1 1
Q  Ay  (5  y)(5  y)  (25  y2)
8 8
VQ V (25  y 2) V (25  y2)
   
It (8)(23.833)(0.25) 47.667
5 V (25 y2) 1
F1   dA  3  dy
(47.667) 4
V  1
  25y  y3
190.667  3
V  1 1 
 (25)(5)  (5)3  (25)(3)  (3)3   0.09091V
190.667  3 3 
MD  MD : Ve  2F1(4)  0.7273V e  0.727 in. ◀
973
PROBLEM 6.70
6 mm
60° Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of

A uniform thickness having the cross section shown.
60°
SOLUTION
1
I DB  (6)(35)3  85.75 103 mm4
3
LAB  70 mm AAB  (70)(6)  420 mm2
1 1
I AB  AAB h2    (420)(35)2  171.5 103 mm4
3  3
I  (2)(85.75 103 )  (2)(171.5 103 )  514.5 103 mm4
Part AB: A  ts  6s
1 1
y  s sin 30  s
2 4
3 2
Q  Ay  s
2
VQ 3Vs 2
 
It It
70 3Vs2 3V
  
70 2
F1  dA  t ds  s ds
2It 0 I 0
(3)(70) 3 1
 V V
(2)(3) I 3
MD   MD: Ve  2[(F1 cos 60°)(70 sin 60°)]
 20.2V
Dividing by V, e  20.2 mm ◀
974
4 in. PROBLEM 6.71
3 in. Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of uniform
5 in.
3 in.
SOLUTION
LAB  42  32  5 in. AAB  5t

1 1
I AB  AAB h2  AAB d 2  (5t)(3)2  (5t)(4)2  83.75t in4
12 12
1
I BD  (t)(5)3  10.417t in4
12
I  2IAB  IBD  177.917t in4
In part BD, Q  QAB  QBY
1
Q  (5t)(4)  (2.5  y)t   (2.5  y)
2
1  1 
 20t  3.125t  ty 2   23.125  y 2  t
2  2 
VQ 2.5 V (23.125  12 y 2 )t

It
FBD   2.5 It
 t dy
2.5
Vt  23.125  1 y2  dy  Vt 23.125 y  1 y3 

2.5
  
2.5 
I 2  
I  6 2.5
Vt  (2.5)3  Vt(110.417)
  2 (23.125)(2.5)    0.62061V
I  6  177.917t
 10  10
M K  M K : V   e    (0.62061V )
 3  3
10
e [1  0.62061]
3
Note that the lines of action of FAB and FDE pass through point K. Thus, these forces have zero moment
about point K.
975
PROBLEM 6.72
Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of

uniform thickness having the cross section shown.
e
80 mm
40 mm
SOLUTION
I AB  (40t)(60)2  144 103t

LDB  802  602  100 mm ADB  100t
1 1
I DB  ADB h2  (100t)(60)2  120 103t
3 3
I  2IAB  2IDB  528 103t
Part AB: A  tx y  60 mm
Q  Ay  60tx mm3
VQ V (60tx) 60Vx
  
It It I
40 60Vx 60Vt 40
1  0 I
t dx 
I 0
xdx
60Vt x2 30
(60)(30)2Vt
   0.051136V
I 2 0 (2)(528 103 ) t
MD  Ve  (0.051136V )(120) e  6.14 mm ◀
976
PROBLEM 6.73

SOLUTION
For whole cross section,
J  Aa2  2a3t
2
Use polar coordinate  for partial cross section.
A  st  at s  arc length
sin
r a where
2
y  r sin   a
Q  Ay  at a  a 2 t 2 sin 2 
VQ Va 2
 
It I
2
2 Va3 Va4t

M C  a dA   0 I I 0
2aV
 a3t
But hence e  2a ◀
977
PROBLEM 6.74
Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of uniform thickness
having the cross section shown.
SOLUTION
J  a2A  2a3t
2
 3
For the half-pipe section, I at
2
Use polar coordinate  for partial cross section.
A  st  a  t s  arc length
sin 
r a where  
2
sin cos
y  r cos   a
VQ Va 2
  sin 
It I

 Va2 Va4t
 cos
M H  a dA   0
a I I 0
Va4t 4
2  Va
I 
But M H  Ve, hence
978
3 in.
3
PROBLEM 6.75
in.
A thin-walled beam has the cross section shown. Determine the
1 in.
location of the shear center O of the cross section.
8 in. 6 in.
8 in.
SOLUTION
1 3 1
I t h  t h3
12 1 1 12 2 2
Right flange: 2 2 2
 
11 
y   h2  y  t2
22 
Q  Ay
11  1 
  h2  y  h2  y t2
2 2  2 
11 
  h22  y 2  t2
2 4 
VQ V 1 2 2
   h2  y  t2
It2 2It 2  4 
Vt2  1 2 y3 
h2 /2
Vt2 h2 /2 1 2 2
  

F2   dA  h /2 2I t
2 2   2
4
h y  2

t dy
2I  4
h 2 y
3  h2 /2
Vt2  1 2 h2 1  h2 3 1 2 h2 1  h2 3  Vt2 h23 Vt h3

  h2     h2      322 3
2I  4 2 3 2  4 2 3  2   12I t1h1  t2 h2
t h3b
MH   Ve  F2b  V 32 2 3
t1h1  t2 h2
t h3b (0.75)(6)3(8)
e 2 2  e  2.37 in. ◀
t1h13  t2 h23 (0.75)(8)3  (0.75)(6)3
979
PROBLEM 6.76
6 mm A thin-walled beam has the cross section shown. Determine the
F
location of the shear center O of the cross section.
SOLUTION
Let h1  AB  h, h2  DE, h3  FG
1
I  t h h h
12
1 
Part AB: A   h  y t
2 
 
2 2 
1 1  1 
Q  Ay  t  h  y  h  y 
2 2  2 
1 1
 t h  y 
2 4 
VQ V 1 
    h y 
It 2I  4 
V 1 
 1h  h  y  t dy
2 1 2I  4 
1
h1
Vt  1 3  2
 h y y

2I  4 3  1
 h1
Vt  1 2 1
3
1 h  
Vth13
 h h   1
I 4 3 2   12I

980
Likewise, for Part DE, F2 

h1  h2  h3
and for Part FG, F3 

h1  h2  h3
bh3  2bh33
M H  MH : Ve  bF2  2bF3  V
h1  h2  h3
3
b (60)3  (2)(40)3
e (50)
h1  h2  h3 (80)  (60)  (40)3
 21.7 mm e  21.7 mm ◄
981
PROBLEM 6.77
60 mm
A thin-walled beam of uniform thickness has the cross section shown. Determine the
dimension b for which the shear center O of the cross section is located at the point
SOLUTION
Part AB: A(s)  ts A

2
1
Q(s)  A(s) y (s)  ty As  ts2
2
VQ(s) Vt  1 2
q(s)    yAs  s 
I I  2 
lAB
FAB   0
q(s) ds
Vt  y AlA2 B l 3AB 
  
I  2 6 
1 2
At B, QB  ty AlAB  tl AB
2
By symmetry, FFG  FAB
Part BD: A(x)  tx
Q(x)  QB  yB A(x)  QB  tyB x
VQ(x) V
q(x)   (Q B  ty B x)
I I
b V 1 
0 
FBD  q(x) dx   QBb  tyBb2  
I 2 
By symmetry, FEF  FBD
FDE is not required, since its moment about O is zero.
982
 MO  0: b(FAB  FFG )  yB FBD  yF FEF  0

2b FAB  2 yB FBD  0
Vt  y AlA2 B l 3AB  V
 tyBb 2   0
1
2b    2 yB

I  2 6  I 2 
2Vt  1 1 3  2Vt  1 2  1 2 2
 yA lAB  l AB  b   y Al AB  lAB  yB b  yBb  0
2
I 2 6  I  2  2
2Vt
Dividing by and substituting numerical data,
I
1 3  1 2 1
 (90)(60)  (60)  b  (90)(60)  (60)  (30)b  (30) b  0
2 2 2
2 6   2  2
126 103b  108 103b  450b2  0
18 103b  450b2  0 b  0 and b  40.0 mm ◀
983
PROBLEM 6.78
1 in.
A thin-walled beam of uniform thickness has the cross section shown.
Determine the dimension b for which the shear center O of the cross section
8 in.
is located at the point indicated.
O 10 in.
F G
1 in.
3 in.
SOLUTION
Part AB: A  tx y  5 in. Q  Ay  5tx
It It I
5Vx 5Vt
tdx 
  xdx
I I
(5)(3)2 Vt 22.5 Vt
 
2 I I
Part DE: A  tx y  4 in. Q  Ay  4tx
It It I
4Vx
 I t dx
4Vt
  xdx
I
2Vta2

I
 Vt  2Vta2
MO  MO : O  (10)  22.5   (8)
 I  I
(10)(22.5)
a2   14.0625 in2
(8)(2)
984
PROBLEM 6.79

and q dy  P along its vertical leg.
SOLUTION
Refer to Sample Prob. 6.6.
3P(a  z)(a  3z) 3P 2
Along horizontal leg: f
  (a  4az  3z2 )
3 3
4ta 4ta
a
a 3P
  0
f
4a3  0
(a2  4az  3z2 )dz
3P  2 z2 
a
z2
 a z  4a 3 
4a3  2 3 0
3P 3
 (a  2a3  a3 )  0
4a3
3P(a  y)(a  5 y) 3P 2
Along vertical leg: e   (a  4ay  5 y2 )
3
4ta 4ta3
a 3P a 2
 0 e
4a3 0 
(a  4ay  5y2 )dy
3P  2 y3 
a
y2
 a y  4a  5
4a3  2 3  0
3P  5  3P 4 3
 3  a 3  2a 3  a 3    a P
4a  3  4a3 3
985
PROBLEM 6.80
For the angle shape and loading of Sample Prob. 6.6, (a) determine the points where the shearing stress is
maximum and the corresponding values of the stress, (b) verify that the points obtained are located on the neutral
axis corresponding to the given loading.
SOLUTION
Refer to Sample Prob. 6.6.
3P(a  y)(a  5 y) 3P 2
(a) Along vertical leg: e   (a  4ay  5 y2 )
3 3
4ta 4ta
2
y a ◀
dy 4ta3 5
3P  2   2   3P  9 a2 
2
27 P
m  a 2  (4a)
 a   (5)  a     m 
4ta3  5   5   4ta3  5  20 ta
3P(a  z)(a  3z) 3P 2
Along horizontal leg: f  3

3
(a  4az  3z2 )
4ta 4ta
d f 3P 2
 (4a  6z)  0 z a ◀
dz 4ta3 3
3P  2   2   3P  5 a2 
2
1P
a 2  (4a)
 a   (3)  a     ◀
4ta3  3   3   4ta3  3  4 ta
3P
At the corner: y  0, z  0,  ◀
4 ta
1 1 3
(b) I y  ta 3 I z  ta   45
3 12
Iz 1
tan  tan 
I y 4
Ay at (a/2) 1
y   a
A 2at 4
Az at (a/2) 1
z   a
A 2at 4
986
Neutral axis intersects vertical leg at

y  y  z tan 30.964
1 1  2
y a ◀
   tan 30.964  a  0.400a
4 4  5
Neutral axis intersects horizontal leg at
z  z  y tan (45 + )
1 1  z
2
a ◀
   tan 59.036  a  0.667a
 4 4  3
987
PROBLEM 6.81
Determine the distribution of the shearing stresses along line DB

in the horizontal leg of the angle shape for the loading shown. The
x and y axes are the principal centroidal axes of the cross section.
2a
0.596a
0.342a C' a
6
2a
3
Ix' = 1.428ta3
x' Iy' = 0.1557ta3
SOLUTION
1
A( y)  (2a  y)t y (2a  y), x 0
2
Coordinate transformation.    
 3   6 
 6   3 
 
In particular,  3   6 
 
2 3   6 
  
 0.48111y  0.36612a
 6   3 
 
  2 
 6   3 
 0.13614 y  0.06961a
988
PROBLEM 6.81 (Continued)
Vx Ax Vy Ay

   
I yt Ixt
(P cos  )(2a  y)(t)(0.13614 y  0.06961a)

(0.1557ta3 )(t)
(P sin  )(2a  y)(0.48111y  0.36612a)

(1.428 a3t)(t)
P(2a  y)(0.750 y  0.500a)

ta3
1 2 4 5
y(a) 0 1 2
3 3 3 3
P
   ◀
1.000 0.417 0 0.250 0.333 0.250 0
 at 
989
PROBLEM 6.82
For the angle shape and loading of Prob. 6.81, determine the
distribution of the shearing stresses along line DA in the vertical
leg.
2a
PROBLEM 6.81* Determine the distribution of the shearing
stresses along line DB in the horizontal leg of the angle shape for
the loading shown. The x and y axes are the principal centroidal
0.596a
axes of the cross section.
0.342a C' a
6
2a
3
Ix' = 1.428ta3
x' Iy' = 0.1557ta3
SOLUTION
Vx  P cos 
Vx  P sin  A(x)  (a  x)t
1
x (a  x), y0
2
Coordinate transformation.
 3   6 
 
 6   3 
 
In particular,
 3   6 
 
 3  2 3 
  
 0.13614x  0.73224a
   
 6   3 
2 3   3 
  
 0.48111x  0.13922a
990
PROBLEM 6.82* (Continued)
Vx A(x)x Vy A(x) y

  
I y t I x t
(P cos  )(a  x)(t)(0.48111x  0.13922a)

(0.1557ta3 )(t)
(P sin  )(a  x)(t)(0.13614x  0.73224a)

(1.428ta3 )(t)
P(a  x)(3.00x  1.000a)

ta3
1 1 1 2 5
x(a) 0 1
6 3 2 3 6
   
P ◀
1.000 1.250 1.333 1.250 1.000 0.583 0
 at 
991
PROBLEM 6.83*
A steel plate, 160 mm wide and 8 mm thick, is bent to form the channel shown.
Knowing that the vertical load P acts at a point in the midplane of the web of
the channel, determine (a) the torque T that would cause the channel to twist
in the same way that it does under the load P,
(b) the maximum shearing stress in the channel caused by the load P.
P = 15 kN
SOLUTION
Use results of Example 6.06 with b  30 mm, h  100 mm, and t  8 mm.
b 30
e   9.6429 mm  9.6429 103 m
2 2 h
3b
100
(3)(30)
1 1
I  th2(6b  h)  (8)(100)2[(16)(30)  100]  1.86667 106 mm4  1.86667 106 m4
12 12
V  15 103 N
(a) T  Ve  (15 103 )(9.6429 103 )
Stress at neutral axis due to V:

h  h  h  1
Q  bt t   th(h  4b)
2  2 
 4  8
8
t  8 103 m
VQ (15 103 )(22 106 )
V    22.10 10 6 Pa  22.10 MPa
It (1.86667 106 )(8 103 )
Stress due to T : a  2b  h  160 mm  0.160 m

1 t  1 8 
c1  1  0.630   1 (0.630)  0.3228
3 a 3 160 
T 144.64
V    43.76 106 Pa  43.76 MPa
c1 at2
(0.3228)(0.160)(8 103 )2
(b) By superposition,
992
PROBLEM 6.84*
Solve Prob. 6.83, assuming that a 6-mm-thick plate is bent to form the
channel shown.
PROBLEM 6.83* A steel plate, 160 mm wide and 8 mm thick, is bent to form
the channel shown. Knowing that the vertical load P acts at a point in the
midplane of the web of the channel, determine (a) the torque T that would
cause the channel to twist in the same way that it does under theload P,
(b) the maximum shearing stress in the channel caused by the load P.
P = 15 kN
SOLUTION
Use results of Example 6.06 with b  30 mm, h  100 mm, and t  6 mm.
b 30
e   9.6429 mm  9.6429 103 m
2 2 h
3b
100
(3)(30)
1 1
I  th2 (6b  h)  (6)(100)2[(6)(30)  100]  1.400 106 mm4  1.400 106 m4
12 12
V  15 103 N
(a) T  Ve  (15 103 )(9.6429 103 )
Stress at neutral axis due to V:
h  h  h  1
Q  bt t   th(h  4b)
2  2 
 4  8
8
t  6 103 m
VQ (15 103 )(16.5 106 )
V    29.46 10 6 Pa  29.46 MPa
It (1.400 10 )(6 10 )
6 6
Stress due to T : a  2b  h  160 mm  0.160 m
1 t  1  6 
c1  1  0.630   1  (0.630)    0.32546
3 a 3  160 
T 144.64
V    77.16 106 Pa  77.16 MPa
c1a t 2 (0.32546)(0.160)(6 103 )2
(b) By superposition,
993
PROBLEM 6.85
1.25 in.
The cantilever beam AB, consisting of half of a thin-
walled pipe of 1.25-in. mean radius and 38 -in. wall
thickness, is subjected to a 500-lb vertical load.
Knowing that the line of action of the load passes
through the centroid C of the cross section of the
beam, determine (a) the equivalent force-couple
system at the shear center of the cross section,
(b) the maximum shearing stress in the beam. (Hint:
The shear center O of this cross section was shown
in Prob. 6.74 to be located twice as far from its
vertical diameter as its centroid C.)
SOLUTION
From the solution to Prob. 6.74,

I a3t Q  a2t sin 
2
4
e a Qmax  a2t
For a half-pipe section, the distance from the center of the semi-circle to
the centroid is
2
x a
At each section of the beam, the shearing force V is equal to P. Its line of
action passes through the centroid C. The moment arm of its momentabout
the shear center O is
4 2 2
d ex  a a a
  
(a) Equivalent force-couple system at O.
2
V P M O  Vd  Pa
Data: P  500 lb a = 1.25 in.

V  500 lb ◀
2
MO  (500)(1.25) O
 
994
(b) Shearing stresses.

VQmax
(1) V 
It
(P)(a 2t) 2P (2)(500)

V     679 psi
 (1.25)(0.375)
 2 a t  (t)
 
(2) Due to the torque MO :
For a long rectangular section of length l and width t, the shearing stress due to torque MO is
MO 1 t
M  where c1  1  0.630 
c1 lt2 3 l
Data: l  a   (1.25)  3.927 in. t  0.375 in. c1  0.31328
397.9
M   2300 psi
(0.31328)(3.927)(0.375)2
By superposition,   2980 psi ◀
995
PROBLEM 6.86
1.25 in.
Solve Prob. 6.85, assuming that the thickness of the
beam is reduced to 14 in.
PROBLEM 6.85 The cantilever beam AB, consisting

of half of a thin-walled pipe of 1.25-in. mean radius and
3
-in. 8wall thickness, is subjected to a 500-lb
vertical load. Knowing that the line of action of the load
passes through the centroid C of the cross section of the
beam, determine (a) the equivalent force-couple system
at the shear center of the cross section, (b) the maximum
shearing stress in the beam. (Hint: The shear center O
of this cross section was shown in Prob. 6.74 to be
located twice as far from its vertical diameter as its
centroid C.)
SOLUTION
From the solution to Prob. 6.74,
4
e a Qmax  a2t
For a half-pipe section, the distance from the center of the semi-circle to the
centroid is
2
x a
At each section of the beam, the shearing force V is equal to P. Its line of
action passes through the centroid C. The moment arm of its moment about
the shear center O is
4 2 2
d ex  a a a
  
(a) Equivalent force-couple system at O.
2
V P M O  Vd  Pa
Data: P  500 lb a  1.25 in.
V  500 lb ◀
996
(b) Shearing stresses.
(1) V
It
(P)(a 2t) 2P (2)(500)

V     1019 psi
3 
 a t(t) 
 2 
(2) Due to the torque MO :
For a long rectangular section of length l and width t, the shearing stress due to torque MO is
MO 1 t
M  where c1 = 1  0.630 
c1 lt2 3 l
Data:
397.9
M   5067 psi
(0.31996)(3.927)(0.250)2
  6090 psi ◀
997
PROBLEM 6.87
The cantilever beam shown consists of a

x' Z shape of 14-in. thickness. For the given
22.5° loading, determine the distribution of the
x
shearing stresses along line AB in the upper
12 in. horizontal leg of the Z shape. The x and y
axes are the principal centroidal axes of the
cross section and the corresponding
moments of inertia are Ix  166.3 in4 andI
y  13.61 in .
4
(a) (b)
SOLUTION
V  3 kips   22.5
Vx  V sin  Vy  V cos 
In upper horizontal leg, use coordinate x: (6 in“ x “ 0)

1
A (6  x) in.
4
1
x (6  x) in.
2
y  6 in.
x  x cos  + y sin 
y  y cos   x sin 
V Ax
Due to V :   x
x 1
I yt
1 1 
(V sin  )   (6  x)  (6  x) cos   6sin  
 
4  2 
 
1
1
(13.61)  
 4
 0.084353(6  x)(0.47554  0.46194x)
1  1 
(V cos  )   (6  x) 6 cos   (6  x) sin  
Vy Ay 4  2 
Due to Vy : 2  I t   
x  
1
(166.3)
 
4
 0.0166665(6  x)[6.69132  0.19134x]
Total: 1   2  (6  x)[0.07141  0.035396x]
x (in.) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
 (ksi) 0 0.105 0.140 0.104 0.003 0.180 0.428 ◀
998
PROBLEM 6.88
For the cantilever beam and loading of Prob.

6.87, determine the distribution of the
shearing stress along line BD in the vertical
x' web of the Z shape.
22.5°
PROBLEM 6.87 The cantilever beam
x
12 in. shown consists of a Z shape of 1 -in. 4

thickness. For the given loading, determine
the distribution of the shearing stresses along
line AB in the upper horizontal leg of the Z
shape. The x and y axes are the principal
(b) centroidal axes of the cross section and the
corresponding moments of inertia
SOLUTION
V  3 kips   22.5
1
For part AB’, A    (6)  1.5 in2
 4
x  3 in., y  6 in.
1
For part B′ Y, A (6  y)
4
1
x 0 y (6  y)
2
x  x cos   y sin 
y  y cos   x sin 
 )
Vx ( AAB xAB  ABY xBY
Due to Vx : 1 
I y t
1 1
1  1
4 2
(13.61) 4
(V sin  )[0.7133  1.7221  0.047835 y2 ]

  0.3404  0.01614 y 2
3.4025
999
V y ( AAB yAB  ABY y)

Due to Vy : 2 
I x t
1 1
2  1
4 2
(166.3) 4
(V cos  )[10.037  4.1575  0.11548y2 ]

  0.9463  0.00770 y 2
(166.3) 14
Total:
y (in.) 0 2 4 6
 (ksi) 1.287 1.191 0.905 0.428
1000
PROBLEM 6.89
Three boards are nailed together to form a beam shown, which is

subjected to a vertical shear. Knowing that the spacing between the nails
is s  75 mm and that the allowable shearing force in each nail is 400 N,
determine the allowable shear when w  120 mm.
SOLUTION
Part A (mm2) d (mm) Ad 2(106 mm4) I (106 mm4)

Top Plank 7200 60 25.92 2.16
Middle Plank 12,000 0 0 3.60
Bottom Plank 7200 60 25.92 2.16
 51.84 7.92
I  Ad 2   I  59.76  106 mm4  59.76  106 m4

Q  (7200)(60)  432  103 mm3  432  106 m3
VQ
q F  qs
I
Fnail Iq IFnail
q V  
s Q Qs
(59.76  106)(400)
V V  738 N ◀
(432  106)(75  103)
1001
PROBLEM 6.90
160 kN
0.6 m
For the beam and loading shown, consider section
n-n and determine (a) the largest shearing stress in
that section, (b) the shearing stress at point a.
0.9 m 0.9 m
Dimensions in mm
SOLUTION
At section n-n, V  80 kN
Consider cross section as composed of rectangles of types ①, ②, and ③.
1
I  (12)(80)3  (12)(80)(90)2  8.288  106 mm4
12
1
I  (180)(16)3  (180)(16)(42)2  5.14176  106 mm4
12
1
I  (16)(68)3  419.24  103 mm4
12
I  4I1  2I2  2I3  44.274  106 mm4
 44.274  106 m4
(a) Calculate Q at neutral axis.
Q1  (12)(80)(90)  86.4  103 mm4

Q2  (180)(16)(42)  120.96  103 mm4
Q3  (16)(34)(17)  9.248  103 mm4
Q  2Q1  Q2  2Q3  312.256  103 mm3  312.256  106 m3

VQ (80  103)(312.256  106)
    17.63  10 Pa   17.63 MPa ◀
It (44.274  106)(2  16  103)
(b) At point a, Q  Q1  86.4  103 mm4  86.4  106 m4

VQ (80  103)(86.4  106)
    13.01  10 Pa   13.01 MPa ◀
It (44.274  106)(12  103)
1002
PROBLEM 6.91
For the wide-flange beam with the loading shown, determine the
largest load P that can be applied, knowing that the maximum
normal stress is 24 ksi and the largest shearing stress using the
6 ft 9 ft approximation  m  V/Aweb is 14.5 ksi.
SOLUTION
 MC  0:  15RA  qP  0
RA  0.6P
Draw shear and bending moment diagrams.
V max
 0.6P M max
 0.6PLAB
LAB  6 ft  72 in.
Bending. For W24  104, S  258 in3
M 0.6PLAB
S  max

 all  all
 allS  (24)(258)
 143.3 kips
P
0.6LAB (0.6)(72)
Shear. Aweb  dtw

 (24.1)(0.500)
 12.05 in2
V 0.6P
  max

Aweb Aweb
 Aweb (14.5)(12.05)
P   291 kips
0.6 0.6
The smaller value of P is the allowable value.
1003
1 in. PROBLEM 6.92
1 in.
1 in. For the beam and loading shown, consider
4 in. section n-n and determine the shearing stress
at (a) point a, (b) point b.
2 in.
16 in. 16 in.
10 in.
4 in.
SOLUTION
Draw shear diagram.
V  12 kips
Determine section properties.
Part A(in2) y (in.) Ay (in3) d(in.) Ad 2(in4) I (in4)
① 4 4 16 2 16 5.333
② 8 1 8 1 8 2.667
 12 24 24 8.000
Ay 24
Y    2 in.
A 12
I  Ad 2  I  32 in4
(a) A  1 in2 y  3.5 in. Qa  Ay  3.5 in3

t  1 in.
VQa (12)(3.5)
    1.313 ksi ◀
It (32)(1)
(b) A  2 in2 y  3 in. Qb  Ay  6 in3

t  1 in.
VQb (12)(6)
    2.25 ksi ◀
It (32)(1)
1004
2 in. PROBLEM 6.93
4 in.
The built-up timber beam is subjected to a 1500-lb vertical shear. Knowing
6 in. 4 in. that the longitudinal spacing of the nails is s  2.5 in. and that each nail is
3.5 in. long, determine the shearing force in each nail.
4 in.
2 in.
2 in. 2 in.
2 in.
SOLUTION
1
I  (2)(4)3  (2)(4)(3)2
12
 82.6667 in4
1
I  (2)(6)3  36 in4
12
I  2I1  2I2
 237.333 in4
Q  A1 y1  (2)(4)(3)  24 in3
VQ (1500)(24)
q   151.685 lb/in.
I 237.333
1 1
2F  qs F  qs    (151.685)(2.5) F  189.6 lb ◀
2 2
1005
40 mm PROBLEM 6.94
4 mm
Knowing that a given vertical shear V causes a maximum shearing
stress of 75 MPa in the hat-shaped extrusion shown, determine the
6 mm 6 mm
60 mm
corresponding shearing stress at (a) point a, (b) point b.
14 mm
4 mm
20 mm 28 mm 20 mm
SOLUTION
Neutral axis lies 30 mm above bottom.

VQc VQa VQb
  
It It It
 a Qatc b Qbtc
 
c Qcta c Qctb
Qc  (6)(30)(15)  (14)(4)(28)  4260 mm3

tc  6 mm
Qa  (14)(4)(28)  1568 mm3
ta  4 mm
Qb  (14)(4)(28)  1568 mm3
tb  4 mm
 c  75 MPa
Qa tc 1568 6
(a)        75   41.4 MPa ◀
Q t 4260 4
Qb tc 1568 6
(b)        75   41.4 MPa ◀
Q t 4260 4
1006
PROBLEM 6.95
Three planks are connected as shown by bolts of 14-mm diameter

spaced every 150 mm along the longitudinal axis of the beam. For a
vertical shear of 10 kN, determine the average shearing stress in the
bolts.
SOLUTION
Locate neutral axis and compute moment of inertia.
Part A(mm2) y (mm) Ay(mm3) d (mm) Ad 2(mm4) I (mm4)
① 12,500 200 2.5  106 37.5 17.5781  106 10.4167  106
② 25,000 125 3.125  106 37.5 35.156  106 130.208  106
③ 12,500 200 2.5  106 37.5 17.5781  106 10.4167  106
Σ 50,000 8.125  106 70.312  106 151.041  106
Ay 8.125  106

Y    162.5 mm
A 50  103
I  Ad 2  I  221.35  106mm4

 221.35  106m4
Q  A1 y1  (12, 500)(37.5)  468.75  103 mm3

 468.75  106 m3
q  VQ  (10  10 )(468.75  10 )
3 6
I 221.35  106
 21.177  103 N/m
Fbolt  qs  (21.177  103)(150  103)  3.1765  103 N


A  (14)2  153.938 mm2  153.938  106 m2
4
F 3.1765  103
 bolt   20.6  10 Pa
A 153.938  106
 bolt  20.6 MPa ◀
1007
PROBLEM 6.96
1 in.
Three 1  18-in. steel plates are bolted to four L6  6  1 angles to form a beam
1 in. with the cross section shown. The bolts have a 7 -in. diameter and are spaced
18 in.
longitudinally every 5 in. Knowing that the allowable average shearing stress in
the bolts is 12 ksi, determine the largest permissible vertical shear in the beam.
1 in.
(Given:Ix  6123 in4.)
18 in.
SOLUTION
1
Flange: I  (18)(1)3  (18)(1)(9.5)2  1626 in4
12
1
Web: I  (1)(18)3  486 in4
12
Angle: I  35.5 in4, A  11.0 in2

y  1.86 in. d  9  1.86  7.14 in.
Ia  I  Ad 2  596.18 in4
I  2I f  Iw  4Ia  6123 in4, which agrees with the given value.
Flange: Qf  (18)(1)(9.5)  171 in3
Angle: Qa  Ad  (11.0)(7.14)  78.54 in3

Q  Qf  2Qa  328.08 in3
  7 2
Abolt     0.60132 in
2
48
Fbolt  2 bolt Abolt  (2)(12)(0.60132)  14.4317 kips
F 14.4317
q  bolt   2.8863 kip/s
s 5
VQ qallI (2.8863)(6123)
q V   V  53.9 kips ◀
I Q 328.08
1008
PROBLEM 6.97
The composite beam shown is made by welding C 200 17.1 rolled-steel channels to the
flanges of a W250  80 wide-flange rolled-steel shape. Knowing that the beam is subjected
to a vertical shear of 200 kN, determine (a) the horizontal shearing force per meter at each
weld, (b) the shearing stress at point a of the flange of the wide-flange shape.
SOLUTION
For W250  80, d  257 mm, t f  15.6 mm, Ix  126  106 mm4
For C200  17.1, A  2170 mm2, bf  57.4 mm, t f  9.91 mm
I y  0.545  106 mm4, x  14.5 mm

For the channel in the composite beam,
257
y   57.4  14.5  171.4 mm
2
For the composite beam,
I  126  106+2 0.545  106  (2170)(171.4)2 

 
 254.59  106 mm4  254.59  106 m4
(a) For the two welds,
Qw  Ayc  (2170) (171.4)  371.94  103 mm3  371.94  106 m3
q  VQ  (200  10 ) (371.94  10 )  292.2  10 N/m

3 6
I 254.59  10 6
q
For one weld,  146.1  103 N m
2
Shearing force per meter of weld:

(b) For cuts at a and a ' together,
257 15.6
A  2(112)(15.6)  3494.4 mm2 y    120.7 mm
2 2
Qa  371.94  103  (3494.4)(120.7)  793.71  103 mm3  793.71  106 m3
Since there are cuts at a and a ', t  2t f  (2)(15.6)  31.2 mm  0.0312 m.
VQa (200  103)(793.71  106)

   19.99  10 Pa
It (254.59  106)(0.0312)   19.99 MPa ◀
1009
2.5 in. h The design of a beam requires welding four horizontal plates to a
0.5 in. vertical 0.5  5-in. plate as shown. For a vertical shear V, determine
h the dimension h for which the shear flow through the welded surface
2.5 in.
is maximum.
4.5 in. 4.5 in.

0.5 in.
SOLUTION
Horizontal plate:
1
Ih  (4.5)(0.5)3  (4.5)(0.5)h2
12
 0.046875  2.25h2
1
Vertical plate: Iv  (0.5)(5)3  5.2083 in4
12
Whole section: I  4Ih  Iv  9h2  5.39583 in4
For one horizontal plate, Q  (4.5)(0.5)h  2.25 h in3

VQ 2.25Vh
q 
I 9h2  5.39583
dq
To maximize q, set  0.
dh
(9h2  5.39583)  18h2
2.25V 0 h  0.774 in. ◀
(9h2  5.39583)2
1010
PROBLEM 6.99
A thin-walled beam of uniform thickness has the cross section shown. Determine
60 mm the dimension b for which the shear center O of the cross section is located at the
45 mm
F point indicated.
45 mm
60 mm
30 mm
SOLUTION
Part AB: A  tx y  60 mm
Q  Ay  60tx mm3
VQ 60Vx
  
It I
30 60 Vx 60Vt 30

F1   dA   0 I
t dx 
I 
0
xdx
30
60Vt x2 (60)(30)2 Vt
   27 10
I 2 2 I I
0
Part DE: A  tx y  45 mm
Q  Ay  45tx
VQ 45Vx
  
It I
b 45Vx 45Vt b 45b2Vt
F2   dA  O t dx   x dx 
I I O 2I
 MO   MO : 0  (2)(45)F2  (2)(60)F1
(45)2b2  (2)(60)(27  103) Vt  0

  I
(2)(60)(27  103)
b   1600 mm b  40 mm ◀
Note that the pair of F1 forces form a couple. Likewise, the pair of F2 forces form a couple. The lines of
action of the forces in BDOGK pass through point O.
1011
PROBLEM 6.100
1.5 in. Determine the location of the shear center O of a thin-walled beam of
uniform thickness having the cross section shown.
e
1.5 in.
SOLUTION
11
I AB    (1.5)3  0.28125 in4
3 4 
1
LBD  3 in. ABD  (3)    0.75 in2
4
1 1
I BD  ABD h2  (0.75)(1.5)2  0.5625 in4
3 3
I  (2)(0.28125)  (2)(0.5625)  1.6875 in4
1
Part AB: A  y y  1 y Q  Ay  1 y2
4 2 8
2
VQ Vy Vy 2
  
It (8)(1.6875)(0.25) 3.375
Vy2
 
1.5
F1  dA  (0.25dy)
0 3.375
(0.25)V y3 1.5
(0.25)(1.5)3
 
3.375 3 0 (3.375)(3)
 0.083333V
MD  MD : Ve  2F1 (3 sin 60)
Ve  (2)(0.083333)V (3 sin 60)
e  (2)(0.083333)(3 sin 60) e  0.433 in. ◀
1012
PROBLEM 6.C1
A timber beam is to be designed to support a distributed load and

x4
up to two concentrated loads as shown. One of the dimensions of
x2 its uniform rectangular cross section has been specified and the
x3 other is to be determined so that the maximum normal stress and
P2
the maximum shearing stress in the beam will not exceed given
allowable values  all and  all. Measuring x from end A and using
either SI or U.S. customary units, write a computer program to
calculate for successive cross sections, from x  0 to x  L and using
given increments x, the shear, the bending moment, and the
smallest value of the unknown dimension that satisfies in that
section (1) the allowable normal stress requirement and (2) the
allowable shearing stress requirement. Use this program to solve
Prob. 5.65, assuming  all  12 MPa and all  825 kPa and using
x  0.1 m.
SOLUTION
See solution of Prob. 5.C2 for the determination of RA , RB , V (x), and M (x)
We recall that
V (x)  RA STPA  RB STPB  P1 STP1  P2 STP2
w(x  x3 ) STP3  w(x  x4 ) STP4
M (x)  RA (x  a) STPA  RB (x  a  L) STPB  P1 (x  x1 ) STP1
1 1
P2 (x  x2 ) STP2  w(x  x3 )2 STP3  w(x  x4 )2STP4
2 2
where STPA, STPB, STP1, STP2, STP3, and STP4 are step functions defined in Problem 5.C2.
(1) To satisfy the allowable normal stress requirement: If unknown dimension is h:
Smin  |M |/ all.
1
From S  th2, we have h  h  6S /t
6
If unknown dimension is t:
Smin  |M |/ all.
1
From S  th2, we have t  t  6S /h2
6
(2) To satisfy the allowable shearing stress requirement:
3 |V | 3 |V |
We use Equation (6.10), Page 378: max  
2 A 2 th
3|V |
If unknown dimension is h: h  h 
2tall
3M
If unknown dimension is t: t  t 
2hall
1013
PROBLEM 6.C1 (Continued)
Program Outputs
Problem 5.65
RA  2.40 kN
RB  3.00 kN
X V M HSIG HTAU
m kN kN  m mm mm
0.00 2.40 0.000 0.00 109.09
0.10 2.40 0.240 54.77 109.09
0.20 2.40 0.480 77.46 109.09
0.30 2.40 0.720 94.87 109.09
0.40 2.40 0.960 109.54 109.09
0.50 2.40 1.200 122.47 109.09
0.60 2.40 1.440 134.16 109.09
0.70 2.40 1.680 144.91 109.09
0.80 0.60 1.920 154.92 27.27
0.90 0.60 1.980 157.32 27.27
1.00 0.60 2.040 159.69 27.27
1.10 0.60 2.100 162.02 27.27
1.20 0.60 2.160 164.32 27.27
1.30 0.60 2.220 166.58 27.27
1.40 0.60 2.280 168.82 27.27
1.50 0.60 2.340 171.03 27.27
1.60 –3.00 2.400 173.21 136.36 ◀
1.70 –3.00 2.100 162.02 136.36
1.80 –3.00 1.800 150.00 136.36
1.90 –3.00 1.500 136.93 136.36
2.00 –3.00 1.200 122.47 136.36
2.10 –3.00 0.900 106.07 136.36
2.20 –3.00 0.600 86.60 136.36
2.30 –3.00 0.300 61.24 136.36
2.40 0.00 0.000 0.05 0.00
The smallest allowable value of h is the largest of the values shown in the last two columns.
For Problem 5.65, h  h  173.2 mm ◀
1014
PROBLEM 6.C2
A cantilever timber beam AB of length L and of uniform rectangular

section shown supports a concentrated load P at its free end and a
uniformly distributed load w along its entire length. Write a computer
8b
program to determine the length L and the width b of the beam for
which both the maximum normal stress and the maximum shearing
stress in the beam reach their largest allowable values. Assuming 
all  1.8 ksi and  all  120 psi, use this program to determine the
dimensions L and b when (a) P  1000 lb and w  0,
(b) P  0 and w  12.5 lb/in., (c) P  500 lb and w  12.5 lb/in.
SOLUTION
Both the maximum shear and the maximum bending moment occur at A. We have
VA  P  wL
1
M A  PL  wL2
2
To satisfy the allowable normal stress requirement:
MA 3M A
 all   MA 
1 b(8b)2
S 6
32b3
1/3
3 M 
b  b   A

To satisfy the allowable shearing stress requirement:

We use Equation (6.10), Page 378.
3V 3 VA 3VA
all
  
2 A 2 b(8b) 16b2
1/ 2
3 V 
b  b   A

Program
For L  0, VA  P and b > 0, while
Starting with L  0 and using increments L  0.001 in., we increase L until b and b become equal. We
then Print L and b.
1015
Program Outputs
For P  0 lb, w  12.5 lb/in.
Increment  0.0010 in. Increment  0.0010 in.
L  37.5 in., b  1.250 in.
For P  500 lb, w  12.5 lb/in.

Increment  0.0010 in.
L  59.8 in., b  1.396 in.
1016
PROBLEM 6.C3
A beam having the cross section shown is subjected to a vertical

shear V. Write a computer program that, for loads and dimensions
expressed in either SI or U.S. customary units, can be used to
calculate the shearing stress along the line between any two adjacent
rectangular areas forming the cross section. Use this program to
b2 solve (a) Prob. 6.10, (b) Prob. 6.12, (c) Prob. 6.22.
b1
SOLUTION
1. Enter V and the number n of rectangles.
2. For i  1 to n, enter the dimensions bi and hi .
3. Determine the area Ai  bi hi of each rectangle.

4. Determine the elevation of the centroid of each rectangle:
i
yi   h  0.5h
k 1
k i
and the elevation y of the centroid of the entire section:
   
y   Ai yi   A  i
 i   i 
5. Determine the centroidal moment of inertia of the entire section:
 12
1
I 3
i i i i
2
i 
6. For each surface separating two rectangles i and i  1, determine Qi of the area below that surface:
i
Qi   A ( y  y )
k 1
k k
7. Select for ti the smaller of bi and bi1.

The shearing stress on the surface between the rectangles i and i  1 is
VQi
i 
Iti
1017
Program Outputs
Problem 6.10
Shearing force  10 kN
y  75.000 mm above base
I  39.580 106 mm4

Between Elements 1 and 2:
  418.39 kPA
  919.78 kPA ◀ (a)
  765.03 kPA ◀ (b)
  418.39 kPA
Problem 6.12
Shearing force  10 kips
y  2.000 in.
I  14.58 in4
  2.400 ksi
  3.171 ksi ◀ (a)
  2.400 ksi ◀ (b)
1018
Program Outputs (Continued)

Problem 6.22
Shearing force  90 kN
y  65.000 mm
I  58.133 106 mm4

  23.222 MPA ◀ (b)
  30.963 MPA ◀ (a)
1019
PROBLEM 6.C4
xn
A plate of uniform thickness t is bent as shown into a shape with
a vertical plane of symmetry and is then used as a beam. Write
a computer program that, for loads and dimensions expressed
in either SI or U.S. customary units, can be used to determine
the distribution of shearing stresses caused by a vertical shear
V. Use this program (a) to solve Prob. 6.47, (b) to find the
x2
x1
shearing stress at a Point E for the shape and load of
Prob. 6.50, assuming a thickness t  14 in.
SOLUTION
For each element on the right-hand side, we compute (for i  1 to n):
Length of element  Li  (xi  xi1 )2  ( yi  yi1 )2
Area of element  Ai  tLi

1
where t in.
4
1
Distance from x axis to centroid of element  y i  ( y i  y i1 )
2
Distance from x axis to centroid of section:
Note that yn  0 and that xn1  yn1  0.

Moment of inertia of section about centroidal axis:
1 
I  2 Ai  ( yi  yi1 )2  ( yi  y )2 
12 
Computation of Q at Point P where stress is desired:
Q  Ai ( yi  y ) where sum extends to the areas located between one end of section and Point P.
Shearing stress at P:
VQ

It
1020
Program Outputs
Part (a):
I  0.5333 in4
Part (b):
I  22.27 in4
1021
PROBLEM 6.C5
x1
x2 The cross section of an extruded beam is symmetric with respect to
the x axis and consists of several straight segments as shown. Write
a computer program that, for loads and dimensions expressed in
either SI or U.S. customary units, can be used to determine (a) the
location of the shear center O, (b) the distribution of shearing stresses
caused by a vertical force applied at O. Use this program tosolve
Prob. 6.70.
SOLUTION
Since section is symmetric with x axis, computations will be
done for top half.
For i  1 to n  1: (Note: n  1 is the origin)
Enter ti , xi , yi
Compute length of each segment.
For i  1 to n:
 xi  xi1  xi
yi  yi1  yi
L  ( xi2  yi2 )1/2
Calculate moment of inertia I x .

Consider each segment as made of 100 equal parts.
For i  1 to n:
Area  Liti /100
For j  1 to 100:
y  yi  yi ( j  0.5)/100
Ix  Ix   I
1022
Since only top half was used,

Ix  2Ix
Calculate shearing stress at ends of segments and shear forces in segments.
For i  1 to n:
Area  Liti /100,  new   next
For j  1 to 100:
y  yi  yi ( j  0.5)/100
Q  (Area) y
old   new , Q  Q  Q
 new  VQ/I xti
 ave  0.5(old   new )

     ave
Force i   (∆Area)
i  VQ/Ixti
( adjacent )i  VQ/Ixti1
Qi  Q
 next  (adjacent )i
Location of shear center.

Calculate moment of shear forces about origin.
For L  1 to n,
(Fx )i  Forcei ( xi )/Li
(Fy )i  Forcei (yi )/Li
Momenti  (Fx )i yL  (Fy )i xi
Moment  Moment  Momenti
For whole section, moment  2(moment),
Shear center is at e  Moment/V
1023
Program Output
Problem 6.70
T(K) mm X(K) mm Y(K) mm L(K) mm
1 6.00 60.62 0.00 70.00
2 6.00 0.00 35.00 35.00
3 6.00 0.00 0.00
Moment of inertia: Ix  514487 mm4 Shear  1000.000 N
Junction of Q Tau Before Tau After Force in

Segments mm3 MPa MPa Segment kN
1 and 2 7350.00 2.38 2.38 335.01
2 and 3 11,025.00 3.57 3.57 666.27
Moment of shear forces about origin: M  20.309 N  m  counterclockwise

Distance from origin to shear center: e  20.309 mm
1024
PROBLEM 6.C6
A thin-walled beam has the cross section shown. Write a computer program
an that, for loads and dimensions expressed in either SI or U.S. customary units,
a2
ai can be used to determine the location of the shear center O of the cross section.
Use the program to solve Prob. 6.75.
ai
a1
a2
b2
bi
SOLUTION
Distribution of shearing stresses in element i.
Let V  Shear in cross section
I  Centroidal moment of inertia of section
We have for shaded area
ai  y
Q  Ay  ti (ai  y)
2
1
 ti (ai2  y 2 )
2
QV V 2
  (ai  y 2 )
Iti 2I
Force exerted on element i.

ai
Fi  i
ai
Vti ai

2I  ai
ai2  y 2 dy
Vt ai
 i
I  0
ai2  y 2 dy
Vti  3 1 3 2V 3
  ai  3 ai   3 I ti ai
I  
1025
The system of the forces Fi must be equivalent to V at shear center.

2V
F  F : i i
3
(1)
3 I
2V
M A  M A : ti ai3bi  eV (2)
3 I
ti ai 3bi
Divide (2) by (1): e
i
Program Output
Problem 6.75
For Element 1:
t  0.75 in., a  4 in., b  0
For Element 2:
t  0.75 in., a  3 in.,
Answer: e  2.37 in.
1026

Mechanics of Materials 7th Edition Beer Solutions Manual 1

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Mechanics of Materials 7th Edition Beer Solutions Manual 1

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Solution Manual for Mechanics of Materials 7th Edition Beer

Johnston DeWolf Mazurek 0073398233 9780073398235

Three full-size 50  100-mm boards are nailed together to form a beam

Q  Ay1  250  103 mm3  250  106 m3

PROBLEM 6.1 Three full-size 50  100-mm boards are nailed

A  (100)(50)  5000 mm2

2IFnail (2)(28.125  106)(400)

A square box beam is made of two 20  80-mm planks and two 20

(a) A1  (120)(20)  2400 mm2

q  VQ  (1200)(120 10 )  10.3846 10 3 N/m

C12  20.7: d  12.00 in., Ix  129 in4

For bottom plate, Ib  312.667 in4

Abolt  (dbolt )2     0.44179 in

I  Ad 2  I  183.76  126.04  309.8 in4

W6  20: A  5.87 in2, d  6.20 in., Ix  41.4 in4

MB  0: 2.3A  (1.5)(72)  0

At NA, tNA  90 mm  0.090 m

(a)  max occurs at b.

At section n-n, V  10 kN.

(a) Q  A1y1  2A2 y2

18 in. 3 in. For the beam and loading shown,

(a) m: At neutral axis, thickness  0.25 in.

(b) a: At point a, t = 0.25 in.

Qa  4.5 in3  8.203 in3  12.70 in3

From the shear diagram, V  10 kips at n-n.

Assume that  m occurs at point a.

V (16  106 m3)

Check  at neutral axis:

VQ (114.0 kN)(42  106 m3)

Calculate moment of inertia.

t  2(10 mm)  0.02 m

29.0 MPa  60 MPa OK

At point a: Q  (1.5 in.)(2 in.)(3 in.)  9 in3;

Calculate moment of inertia.

I  Ad 2  I  179.363  106 mm4  179.363  106 m4

Part A(mm2) y (mm) Ay (103 mm3)

 Top flange 2740.5 119.25 326.805

 Half web 900 56.25 50.625

Dimensions in mm:  12  220 ;  13.5  203 ;  8.0  112.5

Q  Ay  725.91  103 mm3  725.91  106 m3

For two welds each with allowable shearing force of 3 kips/in.,

For the beam and loading shown, determine the

MD  0: 3A  (2)(2.4)  (1)(4.8)  (0.5)(7.2)  0

|V |max  7.2 kN  7.2 103 N

The required value of b is the larger one.

A timber beam AB of length L and rectangular cross section carries a

2L m (2)(2)(960  103)

Solving Eq. (3) for b,

From bending moment diagram, |M |m  (4)

(b) Solving for h,

Solving Eq. (3) for b,

 61.7  103 m b  61.7 mm ◀

At section n-n, V  25 kips

Locate centroid and calculate moment of inertia.

For the beam and loading

Draw the shear diagram. |V |max  90 kN

Ay 416  103

(a) A  (80)(20)  1600 mm2

(b) A  (30)(20)  600 mm2 y  65  15  50 mm

VQb (90  103)(30  106)

Part A(in2 ) y (in.) Ay (in3 ) d(in.) Ad 2 (in4 ) I (in4 )

For the beam and loading

Draw the shear diagram. |V |max  90 kN

Part A (mm2) x Ay(103 mm3) d(mm) Ad 2(106 mm4) I (106 mm4)