Professional Documents
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PART 1
Pressure
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
Pressure =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
Common units of pressure:
Pascal (Pa) = Newton/m2 = kg/ms2 = 10 dynes/cm2
Kilopascal (kPa)
• Manometers are the simpler, most direct and most accurate of all
pressure measuring means
• Freely movable
• Incompressible
• Chemically inert
• Non sticky
1. U-tube Manometer
• Simplest form
• It consists of a small diameter U-shaped tube
of glass
• The tube is clamped on a wooden board
• Between the two arms or legs of the
manometer, a scale is fixed on the same
board
• The assembly is partially filled with a
manometric liquid such as mercury, oil or
water.
• Manometric fluid is heavier than the process
fluid and it is immiscible with the process fluid
P = Pressure to be measured
P0 = Known pressure
ρ = Density of manometric liquid
ρf = Density of flowing fluid or process
fluid
h = Difference in level of manometric
fluid in the two arms
g = Acceleration due to gravity
• The equation for static balance is,
P – P0 = h(ρ – ρf)g
P-P0 = ρ g h
• When the fluid over the manometer liquid is of appreciable density,
then the additional head must be taken into account. Then the
equation for static balance is
P-P0 = (hρ-Hσ)g
h d = h′ D
P2 - P1 = wh(1+d/D)
• w = specific weight of mercury = ρg (‘w’ or greek letter ‘γ’)
If D ≥ d, then variations in the level of well can be neglected
or
P2 - P1 = ρg (1 + A1/A2)d
A1 = Area of small size tube
A2 = Area of well
• When the area term is negligible, P2 - P1 = ρgd
3. Inclined Type Manometer
• The inclined type or inclined tube manometer is a variation of well type
manometer.
• The purpose of the inclined leg is to expand the scale so that lower
pressure differentials can be read more easily.
• As the inclined tube will have more graduations per unit vertical height
than the equivalent vertical scale of the well type, the accuracy of
reading the scale can be increased
• The angle of inclination is usually of the order of 10 degree
P2 - P1 = ρg(1+A1/A2)d sin α
A2 = Area of well
A1 = Area of inclined tube
d = Distance along the tube through
which level moves
α= Angle of inclination
g = acceleration due to gravity
• When the area term is negligible,
P2 - P1 = ρgd sin α