Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Objectives
1.Explain the meaning of fluid power.
2.List the various applications of fluid power.
3.List the advantages and disadvantages of fluid power.
4.Explain the industrial applications of fluid power.
5.Differentiate between mechanical ,electrical, pneumatic and
hydraulics systems.
6.Differentiate between hydraulics system and pneumatic
7.Energy losses in hydraulic systems.
8.ISO symbols
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Methods for transmitting power
Fluid Power:
Def: the technology that deals with the generation,
control and transmission of forces and movement
of mechanical element or system with the use of
pressurized fluids
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Fluid power applications can be classified into two major
segments:
Stationary hydraulics: Mobile hydraulics:
fixed in one position move on wheels or tracks
valves are mainly solenoid valves are frequently manually
operated operated
Applications: Applications:
1.Machine tools and transfer 1.Automobiles, tractors ,
lines. aéroplanes, missile, boats , etc.
2.Lifting and conveying devices. 2.Construction machinery.
3.Metal-forming presses. 3.Tippers, excavators and
4.Plastic machinery such as elevating platforms.
injection-molding machines. 4.Lifting and conveying devices.
5.Rolling machines. 5.Agricultural machinery.
6.Lifts.
7.Food processing machinery.
8.Automatic handling
equipment and robots.
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S. No. Hydraulics System Pneumatics System
2. Hydrodynamic Systems:
use fluid motion to transmit power
The pump used is a non-positive displacement pump.
An example of pure hydrodynamics is the conversion of flow
energy in turbines in hydroelectric power plants.
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A typical hydraulic system
1 – pump
2 – oil tank
3 – flow control valve
4 – pressure relief valve
5 – hydraulic cylinder
6 – directional control valve
7 – throttle valve 11
PROPERTIES OF FLUID:
Eg:
At 20°C, for example, the density of water changes from 998 kg/m3 at
1 atm to 1003 kg/m3 at 100 atm, a change of just 0.5 percent.
At 1 atm, for example, the density of water changes from 998 kg/m3
at 20°C to 975 kg/m3 at 75°C, a change of 2.3 percent,
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Specific Weight: defined as weight per unit volume
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Specific Gravity : defined as the density of the given fluid divided by
the density of water
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Surface tension:
The cohesive forces between liquid molecules are responsible for
the phenomenon known as surface tension.
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Viscosity:
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to
shear or angular deformation.
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Viscosity index (VI) :
It is a relative measure of the change in the viscosity
of an oil with respect to a change in temperature.
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The various properties required for an ideal
hydraulic fluid are as follows:
1. Ideal viscosity.
2. Good lubrication capability.
3. Demulsibility.
4. Good chemical and environmental stability.
5. Incompressibility.
6. Fire resistance.
7. Low flammability.
8. Foam resistance.
9. Good heat dissipation.
10. Low density.
11. System compatibility. 18
Lubrication Capability:
Hydraulic fluids must have good lubricity to prevent friction and
wear between the closely fitted working parts such as vanes of pumps,
valve spools, piston rings and bearings.
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Demulsibility
Most fluids are vulnerable to oxidation, as they come in contact with oxygen in air.
The oxidation products are highly soluble in oil and being acidic in nature they can
easily corrode metallic parts 20
Neutralization Numbers :
1.Petroleum-based fluid
2.Emulsions
3.Water glycol
4.Synthetic fluids
5.Vegetable oils
Disadvantage:
Flammability:
They pose fire hazards, mainly from the leakages, in
high-temperature environments such as steel industries, etc.
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2.Emulsions:
a mixture of two fluids that do not chemically react with others
Emulsions of petroleum-based oil and water are commonly used.
An emulsifier is normally added to the emulsion, which keeps liquid as small
droplets and remains suspended in the other liquid.
water as the main phase, while small droplets of oil are dispersed in it
the oil dilution is limited, about 5%; hence, it exhibits the
characteristics of water.
Limitations: poor viscosity, leading to leakage problems, loss in
volumetric efficiency and poor lubrication properties.
These problems can be overcome to a greater extent by using certain
additives. Such emulsions are used in high-displacement, low-speed
pumps (such as in mining applications).
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b) Water-in-oil emulsions/inverse emulsions:
The commonly used emulsion has a dilution of 60% oil and 40% water
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3. Water glycol:
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4. Synthetic fluids:
based on phosphate ester, is another popular fire-resistant fluid.
It is suitable for high-temperature applications, since it exhibits good
viscosity and lubrication characteristics.
It is not suitable for low-temperature applications.
It is not compatible with common sealing materials such as nitrile.
5. Vegetable oils:
biodegradable and are environmental safe.
They have good lubrication properties, moderate viscosity and are
less expensive good fire resistance characteristics with certain additives,
tendency to easily oxidize and absorb moisture.
The acidity, sludge formation and corrosion problems are more
severe
in vegetable oils than in mineral oils.
Hence, vegetable oils need good inhibitors to minimize oxidation
problems
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6. Biodegradable hydraulic fluids / bio-based hydraulic fluids :
as the base oil and hence cause less pollution in the case of
oil leaks or hydraulic hose failures.
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Factors Influencing the Selection of a Fluid:
1. Operating pressure of the system.
2. Operating temperature of the system and its variation.
3. Material of the system and its compatibility with oil used.
4. Speed of operation.
5. Availability of replacement fluid.
6. Cost of transmission lines.
7. Contamination possibilities.
8. Environmental condition (fire proneness, extreme atmosphere
like in mining, etc.).
9. Lubricity.
10. Safety to operator.
11. Expected service life.
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Hydraulic fluids - tasks
They have the following primary tasks:
Power transmission (pressure and motion
transmission)
Signal transmission for control
Secondary tasks:
Lubrication of rotating and translating components to
avoid friction and wear
Heat transport, away from the location of heat
generation, usually into the reservoir
Transport of particles to the filter
Protection of surfaces from chemical attack, especially
corrosion
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Hydraulic fluids - requirements
Functional
Good lubrication characteristics
Viscosity should not depend strongly on
temperature and pressure
Good heat conductivity
Low heat expansion coefficient
Large elasticity modulus
Economic
Low price
Slow aging and thermal and chemical stability
long life cycle 31
Hydraulic fluids - requirements (contd.)
Safety
High flash point or in certain cases not
inflammable at all
Chemically neutral (not aggressive at all
against all materials it touches)
Low air dissolving capability, not inclined to
foam formation
Environmental friendliness
No environmental harm
No toxic effect
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Ideal and real fluid
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1. Laminar flow/streamline
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2.Turbulent flow:
It is characterized by a fluid flowing in random way. The movement of
particles fluctuates up and down in a direction perpendicular as well as
parallel to the mean flow direction.
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Reynolds Number
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Governing laws
a) Hydrostatic pressure b) Pascals’s law c) Transmission of power
f) Flow resistance
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Distribution of fluid power:
Steel Pipes:
extensively used in fluid power systems, although they are
rapidly being supplemented by steel or plastic tubing.
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Screwed Connections :
Steel piping in fluid power systems is most often joined by
threaded connections.
Steel Tubing :
widely used material for hydraulic system conductors.
It is also relatively small and light, thus making it easy to use.
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Compression Joints :
comprise a loose ring having a cone-shaped nose that must face the
open end of a tube, a mating tapered barrel and a retaining nut.
The end of the tube must always be cut square and deburred before
assembly.
When the tube is pushed fully in the fitting and the retaining nut is
tightened, the compressive action forces the nose of the ring into the
surface of the metal tube,
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Plastic Conductors:
available in polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and nylon
compatible with most hydraulic fluids, however, and could safely be used in low-
pressure applications.
Flexible Hoses :
A hose is manufactured from natural and synthetic rubbers and several plastics.
This material is supported by fabric or by wire cloth, and wire braid may be used
between plies or as an outside casing for high-pressure applications
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Quick Disconnect Couplings :
This type of coupling in conjunction with flexible hoses connects
movable components together hydraulically.
3.straight-through
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Single shut-off couplings/One-Way shut-off or Pneumatic couplings:
installed with the valved half on the pressure side of the circuit to provide
automatic shut-off flow when the coupling is disconnected.
low working pressure capabilities ranging from 100 to 300 PSI.
The are commonly made from brass or steel.
Applications -lubrication, paint spray, and carpet cleaning equipment.
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Double Shut-off Couplings /Two-way shut-off / Hydraulic
Couplings:
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Straight-through coupling:
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BENDS:
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ENERGY LOSSES IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS:
Darcy–Weisbach Equation :
Head losses in a long pipe in which the velocity distribution
has become fully established or uniform along its length can
be found by Darcy’s equation as
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Equivalent Length :
length of pipe that for the same flow rate would produce the same
head loss as a valve or fitting.
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Frictional Losses in Valves and Fittings
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Seals:
Fun:
Used to prevent both internal and external leakage of fluid
Prevent dirt, Dust enters into system
Types:
Static : no relative movement occurs between mating parts
Dynamic: movement occurs
Classification by shape:
1.O-ring
2.Quad-ring
3.T-ring
4.V-cup ring
5.Hat ring
6.U-cup ring
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1. O-ring:
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Quad-ring
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T-ring:
dynamic seal that is extensively used to seal cylinder-pistons,
piston rods and other reciprocating parts
The sealing edge is rounded and seals very much like an O-ring.
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V-ring seal and U-ring seal:
This are compression-type seals used in virtually in all types of
reciprocating motion applications like, piston rods and piston seals in
pneumatic and hydraulic cylinder, press rank, jacks and seals on
plungers and piston in reciprocating pumps.
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Piston cup packings:
designed specifically for pistons in reciprocating pumps and pneumatic
and hydraulic cylinders.
best service life for this type of application, require a minimum recess
space and minimum recess machining, and can be installed easily and
quickly.
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Sources of Hydraulic System Contamination
New Fluid – most new fluid is not acceptable for use in hydraulic systems and
must be filtered first
Built-In – contamination introduced into the system during the manufacture,
assembly and testing of components