Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Circuits
1
- About the Course -
Reference:
Esposito, A. “Fluid Power with Applications”, England: PEARSON, 2014 2
Energy and Power in Hydraulic Systems
3
Properties of Hydraulic Fluids
Primary Functions
Hydraulic Fluids:
Water, Petroleum-based oils and Synthetic oils
5
Properties of Hydraulic Fluids
Primary Functions
6
Properties of Hydraulic Fluids
Fluids Properties
Specific Weight: is the weight per unit volume (N/m3)
𝑊
𝛾= (N/m3 )
𝑉
Density: is the mass per unit volume (kg/m3)
𝑚
𝜌= (kg/m3 )
𝑉
Specific Gravity (SG): is the specific weight of the fluid divided by the
specific weight of water
𝛾oil
𝑆𝐺 =
𝛾water
Bulk Modulus: is a measure of fluid incompressibility
The higher the bulk modulus the less compressible is the fluid (stiffer)
∆𝑃
𝛽=− (Pa)
∆𝑉Τ𝑉 8
Properties of Hydraulic Fluids
1. Bulk Modulus
The highly favorable power-to-weight ratio and the stiffness of hydraulic systems
make them the frequent choice for most high-power applications. The stiffness of
a hydraulic system is directly related to the incompressibility of the oil.
9
Properties of Hydraulic Fluids
2. Viscosity
Viscosity: the most important property of a hydraulic fluid. It is a measure of
fluid’s resistance to flow
1Poise = 0.1Pa. s
𝐹 Τ𝐴 1centiPoise = 0.001Pa. s
𝜇=
𝑣 Τ𝑦
unknown-VI oil
Viscosity
𝐿−𝑈 0-VI oil
VI = × 100 L
𝐿−𝐻
U
L = viscosity of 0-VI oil at 100ºF H
100-VI oil
U = viscosity of unknown-VI oil at 100ºF
0
H = viscosity of 100-VI oil at 100ºF
0 100 Temp. ºF 210
Properties of Hydraulic Fluids
3. Viscosity Index
▪ The petroleum-base fluid, which is the most widely used type, is refined from
selected crude oil.
▪ During the refining process, additives are included to meet the requirements of
good lubricity, high viscosity index, and oxidation/foam resistance.
▪ Petroleum-based fluids dissipate heat well, are compatible with most seal
materials.
▪ The primary disadvantage of a petroleum-based fluid is that it will burn.
▪ As a result, the fire-resistant fluid has been developed (synthetic oils).
16
Properties of Hydraulic Fluids
4. Fire-Resistant Fluids
It is imperative that a hydraulic fluid not initiate or support a fire.
A fire-resistant fluid: is one that can be ignited but will not support combustion
when the ignition source is removed.
17
Properties of Hydraulic Fluids
4. Fire-Resistant Fluids
Flammability: the ease of ignition and ability to propagate a flame.
Flash point: the temperature at which the oil surface gives off sufficient vapors
to ignite when a flame is passed over the surface.
Fire point: the temperature at which the oil will release sufficient vapor to
support combustion continuously for five seconds when a flame is passed over
the surface.
▪ have a higher specific gravity than do petroleum-based fluids, may cause cavitation
problems in the pump due to excessive vacuum pressure in the pump inlet line.
▪ have significantly lower lubricity than do petroleum-based fluids.
▪ more expensive
▪ Not compatible with seal materials.
20
Pascal’s Law
Pascal’s Law
21
Pascal’s Law
Pascal’s Law
F = 10LB Stopper surface area
1in2
By Pascal’s Law:
P1 = P2
F1 F2
=
A1 A2
F2 A2
=
F1 A1
Force is multiplied
by a ratio A2/A1
23
Pascal’s Law
Simple Hydraulic Jack
The volume of the oil displaced by the first piston equals the volume
of the oil displaced by the second piston:
V1 = V2 S2 A1
A1 S1 = A2 S2 =
S1 A2
S1 = the downward movement of piston 1
S2 = the upward movement of piston 2
F1 S1 = F2 S2
25
Application of Pascal’s Law
Hand-Operated Hydraulic Jack
26
Application of Pascal’s Law
Hand-Operated Hydraulic Jack
Fload
27
Application of Pascal’s Law
Hand-Operated Hydraulic Jack
Example:
An operator makes one complete cycle per second interval using the hand-operated
hydraulic jack. Each complete cycle consists of two pump cylinder strokes (intake
and power). The pump cylinder has a 25mm diameter piston and the load cylinder
has 80mm diameter piston. If an average hand force is 50N during power stroke,
▪ How much load can be lifted?
▪ How many cycles are required to lift the load 250mm assuming no oil leakage?
The pump piston has 50mm stroke.
▪ What is the Output power assuming 100% efficiency?
▪ What is the Output power assuming 80% efficiency?
28
Application of Pascal’s Law
Hand-Operated Hydraulic Jack
Example:
Given:
1 complete cycle take 1s, 1 cycle = 2 strokes (intake / power)
𝐹input = 50N, 𝐷piston = 25mm, 𝐷load cyl = 80mm
𝑆load cyl/total = 250mm, 𝑆piston/stro𝑘𝑒 = 50mm
required:
a) Fload =? ?
b) No. of cycles
c) o/p (100% and 80% system efficiency)
29
Application of Pascal’s Law
Hand-Operated Hydraulic Jack
Example:
Given:
1 complete cycle takes 1s, 1 cycle = 2 strokes (intake / power)
𝐹input = 50N, 𝐷piston = 25mm, 𝐷load cyl = 80mm
𝑆load cyl/total = 250mm, 𝑆piston/stroke = 50mm
Solution:
π 2 π 2
a) Fload = P Aload cyl = P D
4 load cyl
=P
4
0.08
no. of cycles 53
t= = = 53s
time /onecycle 1
Output power (80% efficiency)
𝑜/𝑝 = 𝐹load 𝑣load cyl ∗ 0.8 31
Application of Pascal’s Law
Air-to-Hydraulic Pressure Booster
This device is used for converting shop air into higher hydraulic
pressure needed for operating cylinders requiring small to medium
volumes of higher-pressure oil.
32
Application of Pascal’s Law
Air-to-Hydraulic
Pressure Booster
33
Application of Pascal’s Law
Air-to-Hydraulic Pressure Booster
Example:
A pressure booster used to drive a load F via a hydraulic cylinder. The following
data are given:
Inlet air pressure (P1) = 7 bar
Air piston area (A1) = 130 cm2
Oil piston area (A2) = 6 cm2
Load piston area (A3) = 160 cm2
Find the load carrying capacity F of the system.
34
Application of Pascal’s Law
Air-to-Hydraulic Pressure Booster
35
Energy and Power in Hydraulic Systems
36
Conservation of Energy
Conservation of Energy
The conservation of Energy law states:
𝑃 1𝑊 2
𝐸𝑇 (J) = 𝑊𝑍 + 𝑊 + 𝑣 = constant
𝛾 2𝑔 37
Energy and Power in Hydraulic Systems
38
The Continuity Equation
Continuity Equation
The continuity equation states:
For a steady flow in a pipeline, the weight flow rate (weight of fluid
passing a given station per unit time) is the same for all locations
of the pipe
39
Energy and Power in Hydraulic Systems
40
Bernoulli Equation
Bernoulli Equation
Utilized in sizing components such as pumps, valves and piping for proper
system operation.
The total energy per pound of fluid at station 1 equals the total
energy per pound of fluid at station 2
41
Bernoulli Equation
Bernoulli Equation
43
Bernoulli Equation
Example
44
Bernoulli Equation
Example
Hydraulic System
45
Bernoulli Equation
Venturi Application
Automobile Carburetor 46
Bernoulli Equation
Torricelli’s Theorem
The velocity of a free jet of fluid is equal to the square root of the
product of two times the acceleration of gravity times the head
producing the jet.
47
Bernoulli Equation
The Siphon
48
Frictional Losses in Hydraulic Pipelines
49
Frictional Losses in Hydraulic Pipelines
Introduction
50
Frictional Losses in Hydraulic Pipelines
Introduction
▪ The more tortuous the path of the fluid through the system,
the greater the losses.
▪ In many fluid power applications, energy losses due to valves
and fittings exceed those due to flow in pipes.
▪ Generally, the smaller the pipe diameter, valves and fittings
size, the greater the losses.
▪ However, using large diameter pipes, valves and fittings result
in poor space utilization and greater cost.
▪ Components size selection is a compromise between energy
losses and component cost and space requirements. 51
Frictional Losses in Hydraulic Pipelines
Darcy’s Equation
The frictional losses in a pipeline equals:
𝐿 𝑣2
𝐻𝐿 = 𝑓
𝐷 2𝑔
52
Frictional Losses in Laminar Flow
Darcy’s Equation
For laminar flow the friction factor equals:
64 64𝜇
𝑓= =
𝑅𝑒 𝜌𝑣𝐷
Hagen-Poisseuille equation (valid only for laminar flow):
64 𝐿 𝑣2
𝐻𝐿 =
𝑅𝑒 𝐷 2𝑔
53
Frictional Losses in Turbulent Flow
Moody Diagram
54
Losses in Valves and Fittings
𝑣2
𝐻𝐿 = 𝑘
2𝑔
55
Losses in Valves and Fittings
Fittings 56
Frictional Losses in Turbulent Flow
Equivalent Length
𝐿𝑒 𝑣2 𝑣2
𝑓 =𝑘
𝐷 2𝑔 2𝑔
𝑘𝐷
𝐿𝑒 =
𝑓
57
Hydraulic Circuit Analysis
Example
For the hydraulic system shown in the figure, the following data
are given:
▪ The pump is adding 3.73kW to the fluid
▪ Pump flow is 0.00190m3/s
▪ The pipe has a 0.0254m inside diameter
▪ The specific gravity of oil is 0.9
▪ The kinematic viscosity of oil is 100cS
▪ The elevation difference between station 1 and 2 is 6.10m
▪ Pipe lengths are: pump inlet pipe length = 1.53m and pump
outlet length up to hydraulic motor = 4.88m 58
Hydraulic Circuit Analysis
Example
Find:
The pressure available at the inlet to the hydraulic motor (station 2),
where:
▪ the pressure at the oil top surface level in the hydraulic tank is
atmospheric (0Pa gage)
▪ the head loss HL due to friction between station 1 and 2 is not
given
59
Hydraulic Circuit Analysis
Example
62