CHAPTER 1
Properties of Fluids
Chapter Objectives
1. Introduce many of the quantities encountered in
fluid mechanics including their dimensions and
units.
2. Identify the liquids to be considered in this
course/subject.
3. Introduce the fluid properties of interest.
4. Present thermodynamics laws and associated
quantities.
FLUID MECHANICS & HYDRAULICS
* Fluid Mechanics - is a physical science dealing with
the action of fluids at rest or in motion.
* Fluid Statics - which deals with fluids at rest.
* Fluid dynamics - concerned with fluids in motion.
* Hydrodynamics - is applied to the flow of liquids or
low-velocity gas flows where the gas can
be considered as being essentially incompressible.
* Hydraulics - deals with the application of fluid
mechanics to engineering devices involving liquids,
usually water or oil.
TYPES OF FLUID
Fluids are generally divided into two categories: ideal fluids and the real
fluids.
Ideal fluids
* Assumed to have no viscosity (and hence, no resistance to shear)
* Incompressible
* Have uniform velocity when flowing
* No friction between moving layers of fluid
* No eddy currents or turbulence
Real fluids
* Exhibit infinite viscosities
* Non-uniform velocity distribution when flowing
* Compressible
* Experience friction and turbulence in flow
Fluids
TYPES OF
FLUID
Ideals Fluids Real Fluids
Newtonian Fluids Non-Newtonian Fluids
Pseudoplastic Fluids Delatant Fluids Bingham Fluids
MASS DENSITY, ρ (RHO)
The density of a fluid is its mass per unit volume.
mass of fluid, M
ρ= volume, V
SPECIFIC VOLUME, Vs
Specific volume, Vs, is the volume occupied by a unit mass of fluid.
Vs = 1
ρ
UNIT WEIGHT OR SPECIFIC WEIGHT, γ
Specific weight or unit, γ, is the weight of a unit volume of a fluid.
γ = weight of fluid
volume, V
γ=ρg
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Specific gravity, s, is a dimensionless ratio of a fluid’s density to some
standard reference density. For liquids and solids, the reference density
is water 4ᵒC (39.2ᵒF).
s = ρ liquid
ρ water
VISCOSITY, µ (MU) (absolute or dynamic viscosity)
The property of a fluid which determines the amount of its resistance to
shearing forces. A perfect fluid would have no viscosity.
Μ= _
dV/dY
Capillary rise/depression, h = 4 σcosθ
γd
where: θ = 0 for water in glass tube
Bulk modulus of Elasticity, E v=µ
ρ
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY v (NU)
Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, µ,
to its mass density, ρ.
Sample Problems
Example #1 (1-1G). A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 1200 kg and a
volume of 0.9052 m3. Find it’s (a)weight, W, (b)unit weight, γ, (c)mass
density, ρ, (d)specific gravity (s).
Solution:
(a) Weight, W = Mg
= (1,200)(9.81)
= 11,722 N or 11.772 kN
(b) Unit Weight, γ = W/V
= 11.722/0.952
γ = 12.366 kN/m3
(c) Density, ρ = M/V
= 1,200/0.952
ρ = 1260.5 kg/m3
(d) Specific Gravity, s = ρgly / ρwater
= 1,260.5/1,000
s = 1.26
Example #2 (1-6G). If the specific volume of a certain
gas is 0.7848 m3/kg, what is its specific weight?
Solution:
Vs = 1/ρ ; ρ = 1/Vs
= 1/0.7848
ρ = 1.2742 kg/m3
Specific weight, γ= ρ g
= 1.2742 x 9.81
γ = 12.5 N/m3
Example #3 (1-15G). Water in a hydraulic press,
initially at 137kPa absolute, is subjected to a pressure of
116,280 kPa absolute. Using Eb = 2.5GPa, determine the
percentage decrease in the volume of water.
Solution:
Eb = - dP /(dV/V)
2.5x109 = - (116,280 – 137) x103
(dV/V)
dV/V = - 0.0465 (negative sign means decreasing)
dV/V = 4.65% decrease
TABLE 1-3: Contact Angles, θ
Materials Angle, θ
Mercury-glass 140ᵒ
Water-paraffin 107ᵒ
Water-silver 90ᵒ
Kerosene-glass 26ᵒ
Glycerine-glass 19ᵒ
Water-glass 0ᵒ
Ethyl alcohol-glass 0ᵒ
Example #4 (1-25G). Distilled water stands in a
glass tube of 9mm diameter at a height of 24mm.
What is the true static height? Use σ = 0.0712
N/m.
Solution:
h = 4 σcosθ where: θ = 0 for water in glass tube
γd
h = 4 (0.0742)
9810(0.009)
h = 0.00336m = 3.36mm
True Static Height = 24 – 3.36
True Static Height = 20.64mm
Thermodynamic
First law of thermodynamics or the
conservation of ________?
Thermodynamic properties, quantities
that define the state of a system, either
depend on the system’s mass or are
independent of the mass.
Extensive and intensive property
