Hydraulic and Pneumatic

Circuits

Dr. Omar Mehrez

(PhD) Assistant Professor,

Mechanical Power Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University

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 - About the Course -

Hours / Week Mark Distribution

Written

Term Work
Practical /
Exercise
Code Course Title Exam

Lecture

Written
Exam
Total

Total
Oral
Lab
(Hrs.)

Hydraulic and
MEP422
Pneumatic 3 2 1 6 30 30 90 150 3
9
Circuits

Lecture:
Wednesday (3hrs), 8:30am ~ 11:30am Exercise:
Saturday (2hrs), 8:30am ~ 10:30am
Lab:
Saturday (2hrs), 10:30am ~ 12:30pm
Thursday (1hr), 8:30am ~ 12:30pm
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 - About the Course -

❑ Introduction to Fluid Power

❑ Energy and Power in Hydraulic Systems
❑ Friction Losses in Hydraulic Pipelines
❑ Hydraulic Pumps
❑ Hydraulic Cylinders and Hydraulic Motors
❑ Hydraulic Valves
❑ Hydraulic Circuit Design and Analysis
❑ Basic Electrical Control of Fluid Power Systems

Reference:
Esposito, A. “Fluid Power with Applications”, England: PEARSON, 2014 3
 Introduction to Fluid Power

❑ What is Fluid Power

❑ Applications of Fluid Power
❑ Advantages of Fluid Power
❑ Components of a Fluid Power System

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 What is Fluid Power
Definition

• Fluid power is the technology deals with the generation,

control, and transmission of power using pressurized fluid.
• Fluid power is the muscle that moves industry.
• For example: fluid power steers and brakes automobiles,
launches spacecraft, harvest crops, mines coal, drives machine
tools, controls airplanes, processes food, and even drill teeth.
• Almost fluid power is involved in some way at some stage of
a manufactured product.

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 What is Fluid Power
Definition
Hydraulics: fluid is a liquid
Fluid Power
Pneumatics: fluid is a gas
Hydraulic Systems:
▪ Use liquids as petroleum oils, synthetic oils, and water.
▪ Water has many deficiencies compared to oil (freezes more
readily, is not good lubricant, and tends to rust metal
components)
▪ Liquids provide very rigid medium for transmitting power
▪ Can operate under high pressures to provide huge forces and
torques loads with accuracy and precision. 6
 What is Fluid Power
Definition

Example: Hydraulic Chain Saw

▪ For large tree trimming
applications
▪ Electric motor driven instead of
gasoline engine
▪ Chain saw uses hydraulic gear
motor
▪ Operates over a pressure range
70 to 140 bar
(Courtesy of Greenlee Textron, Inc.)
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 What is Fluid Power
Definition

Pneumatic Systems:
▪ use air as gas medium because of its abundance and readily
exhausted to the atmosphere after completing its assigned
task.
▪ Less expensive to built and operate.
▪ Exhibits spongy characteristics due to air compressibility.
▪ Used effectively in applications requires low pressures.

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 What is Fluid Power
Definition

Example: Pneumatic Chain Hoist

▪ Hoist motor receives air at pressure of 6 bar.
▪ Air flow rate is up to 33 L/s
▪ Load capacity is up to 2 tons
▪ Loads can be lifted and lowered at variable
speeds up to 7 m/min
▪ Traverse speed along the support beam is of
20 m/min

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 What is Fluid Power
Definition

Fluid Transport System: the objective is the delivery of a fluid from

one location to another to accomplish some useful purpose.
e.g. Pumping stations of water and petroleum
Differentiate
Between
Fluid Power System: is designed specifically to perform work,
accomplished by a pressurized fluid bearing directly on an operating
fluid cylinder or fluid motor

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 Introduction to Fluid Power

❑ What is Fluid Power

❑ Applications of Fluid Power
❑ Advantages of Fluid Power
❑ Components of a Fluid Power System

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 Applications of Fluid Power
Mobile Hydraulics

▪ Power control system for vehicles and aircraft

▪ Tippers, excavators, elevating platforms
▪ Lifting and conveying devices
▪ Agricultural machinery
▪ Construction machinery

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 Applications of Fluid Power
Mobile Hydraulics

Hydraulic operation of Power steering control system

aircraft landing gear 13
 Applications of Fluid Power
Mobile Hydraulics

Hydraulically driven turn

Industrial hydraulic lift truck table for handling huge logs
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 Applications of Fluid Power
Mobile Hydraulics

Stick Boom

Bucket

Hydraulic-powered excavators Hydraulically controlled

(courtesy of John Deere Co.,
Moline, Illinois) cutting platform in process of
harvesting
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 Applications of Fluid Power
Mobile Hydraulics

Hydraulic-powered Sky-tram
(courtesy of Sky-tram Systems, Inc.,
Scottsdale, Arizona.) 16
 Applications of Fluid Power
Industrial Hydraulics

▪ Production and assembly machines of all types

▪ Transfer lines
▪ Lifting and conveying devices
▪ Presses
▪ Injection molding machines
▪ Rolling lines
▪ Lifts

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 Applications of Fluid Power
Industrial Hydraulics

Plastic Molding Machine

Hydraulic Press Machine

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 Applications of Fluid Power
Industrial Hydraulics

z Yaw

y
Pitch

Hydraulic Control the pitch and yaw of wind turbines

(courtesy of Bosch Rexroth Corporation, Hoffman Estates Illinois) 19
 Applications of Fluid Power
Robotics Hydraulics

Hydraulically Powered Dexterous Arm

The BEAR: Battle Field Extraction-Assist Robot

(courtesy of Vecna Technologies, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts) 20
 Introduction to Fluid Power

❑ What is Fluid Power

❑ Applications of Fluid Power
❑ Advantages of Fluid Power
❑ Components of a Fluid Power System

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 Advantages of Fluid Power
Advantages

▪ Transmission of high forces within a small space.

▪ Energy storage capability.
▪ Rapid reversal due to low component masses (low inertia).
▪ Fast operating response.
▪ Wide transmission ratio.
▪ Simple conversion from rotary to linear motion or vice versa.

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 Advantages of Fluid Power
Advantages

▪ Physical separation of drive input and output by pipes or hoses.

▪ Overload protection.
▪ Minimum wear rates because hydraulic components are
lubricated by the operating medium.
▪ Long service life.
▪ High power to weight ratio

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 Advantages of Fluid Power
Drawbacks

▪ Pressure and flow losses in pipes and control devices (fluid

friction).
▪ Fluid viscosity sensitive to temperature and pressure.
▪ Leakage problems (external and internal).
▪ Compressibility of the hydraulic fluid.

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 Introduction to Fluid Power

❑ What is Fluid Power

❑ Applications of Fluid Power
❑ Advantages of Fluid Power
❑ Components of a Fluid Power System

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 Components of a Fluid Power System
Basic Design
Mechanical
Heat Energy Out
Energy Out

Prime Hydraulic Hydraulic Hydraulic External

Mover Pump Circuit Actuator Load

Mechanical Hydraulic System

Energy In

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 Components of a Fluid Power System
Hydraulic System

▪ A tank (reservoir) to hold the hydraulic liquid

▪ A pump to force the oil through the system.
▪ An electric motor or other power source to drive the pump.
▪ Valves to control oil direction, pressure, and flow rate.
▪ An actuator to convert the pressure of the oil into mechanical
force or torque to do useful work.
▪ Piping, which carries the oil from one location to another.

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 Components of a Fluid Power System
Hydraulic System

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 Components of a Fluid Power System
Hydraulic System

Example of a hydraulic circuit 29

 Components of a Fluid Power System
Pneumatic System
▪ An air tank to store a given volume of compressed air.
▪ A compressor to compress the air that comes directly from
atmosphere.
▪ An electric motor or other power source to drive the
compressor.
▪ Valves to control air direction, pressure, and flow rate.
▪ An actuator to convert the pressure of the air into mechanical
force or torque to do useful work.
▪ Piping, which carries the pressurized air from one location to
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another.
 Summary

✓ Explain what fluid power is

✓ Understand the difference between fluid power and
transmission systems
✓ Key applications of fluid power systems
✓ Advantages and drawbacks of fluid power
✓ Basic components of fluid power
✓ What are the primary functions of a hydraulic fluid

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THANK YOU

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