Mechanical Power Engineering Department

Faculty of Engineering
Tanta University

Thermal Power Stations

3rd Year, Mechanical Power Department

Introduction to the Course

Dr. Farid Hammad

Dr. Farid Hammad
 Course Catalogue

Course Title Thermal Power Stations (MEP 3214)

Branch / Level Mechanical Power Engineering – 3rd year
Semester Second Semester
Pre-Requisite --
Lecture 15 x 3 h
Course Delivery
Tutorial 15 x 2 h
Department Mechanical Power Engineering

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 Course Content

1. Introduction and review on basic principles.

2. Gas power stations:
a) Components of gas power station;
b) Ideal and actual Brayton cycle;
c) Methods of improving the performance of gas turbine power stations.
3. Steam power stations:
a) Components of simple steam power stations;
b) Rankine cycle and comparison with Carnot cycle;
c) Modified Rankine cycle;
d) Methods of improving the performance of steam power stations.
4. Steam turbines:
a) Impulse turbine;
b) Reaction turbine.

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 Course Materials

➢ Course notes:
✓ Students must take their own notes through lecturer's demonstrations.

➢ Textbooks:

o M. Khalil Bassiouny, Thermal power plants, Menoufia University press,

(2009).

o Çengel, Yunus A._ Boles, Michael A-Thermodynamics _ an engineering

approach-McGraw-Hill Education (2015);

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 Student Assessment

Assessment Method Assessment Length Schedule Grade

Written Examination 3h 16th week 85 ( 68%)

Semester work 6 h (overall) - 40 (32%)

Practical Examination - - -

Total 125

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 Mechanical Power Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering
Tanta University

Thermal Power Stations

Lecture 1,
Introduction and a review on basic principles

Dr. Farid Hammad

Dr. Farid Hammad
 DIMENSIONS AND UNITS

1. DIMENSIONS AND UNITS

• Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions.
• The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are called units.
• Mass m, length L, time t, and temperature T are selected as primary dimensions.
• While velocity V, energy E, and volume V are expressed in terms of the primary
dimensions and are called derived dimensions.
• Two systems for units were developed over the years; English system and SI system.
• The fundamental (or primary) dimensions and their units in SI Dimension Unit:

Length meter (m)

Mass kilogram (kg)
Time second (s)
Temperature kelvin (K)
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 SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES

Open (control
2. SYSTEMS ANDvolume):
CONTROL VOLUMES
• A system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study;
• The mass or region outside the system is called the surroundings;
• The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings is
called the boundary; the boundary of a system can be fixed or movable.
• A system can be :

Isolated: Closed (control mass): Open (control volume):

• No mass or energy • No mass can cross its
can cross its boundary, but energy, in the
boundary. form of heat or work, can.
• The volume of it does not
have to be fixed.
• Both mass and energy can cross its
boundary.
• A compressor, turbine, or nozzle all
should be analyzed as control volumes.
• Its boundaries are called a control
surface.

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 SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES

(a) (d)

Energy Yes

Mass Yes

(b)
(c) (e)
Energy No

Isolated
Energy Yes
system
Mass No
Mass Yes

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 PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM

Open (control volume):

3. PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
• Any characteristic of a system is called a property;
• Properties are considered to be either intensive or extensive;
• Intensive properties are those that are independent of the mass of a system, such
as temperature, pressure, and density;
• Extensive properties are those whose values depend on the size—or extent—of
the system; such as total mass, total volume, and total momentum;
• To determine whether a property is intensive or extensive, divide the system into
two equal parts with an imaginary partition;
• Extensive properties per unit mass are called specific properties. Some examples
of specific properties are specific volume (v=V/m);
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 DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Open (control volume):

4. DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY

m  kg 
• Density; ρ:  =  3
V m 
V 1  m3 
• Specific volume v; a volume per unit mass: v = =  
m   kg 
• The density of most gases is proportional to pressure and inversely proportional to
temperature.

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 DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Open (control volume

• The density of liquids and solids depends more strongly on temperature than it
does on pressure.

• Specific gravity (or relative density ) SG; the ratio of the density of a substance to
the density of some standard substance at a specified temperature (usually
water; 1000 kg/m3):

SG = (Dimensionless)
H O
2

• Specific weight  ; the weight of a unit volume of a substance:

W mg  N 
= = = g  3 
V V m 
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 STATE

Open (control
5. THE STATEvolume
• Consider a system not undergoing any change. At this point, all the properties can
be measured or calculated throughout the entire system, which gives us a set of
properties that completely describes the condition, or the state, of the system.
• At a given state, all the properties of a system have fixed values. If the value of
even one property changes, the state will change to a different one.

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 PROCESSES AND CYCLES

Open (control volume

6. PROCESSES AND CYCLES
• Any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another is
called a process;
• The series of states through which a system passes during a process is called the
path of the process;

• To describe a process completely, one should

specify the initial and final states of the process, as
well as the path it follows, and the interactions with
the surroundings.

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 PROCESSES AND CYCLES

Open (control volume

6. PROCESSES AND CYCLES
• The prefix iso- is often used to designate a process for which a particular
property remains constant;
• Isothermal process is a process during which the temperature T remains
constant;
• Isobaric process is a process during which the pressure P remains constant;
• Isochoric (or isometric) process is a process during which the specific volume v
remains constant.
• A system is said to have undergone a cycle if it returns to its initial state at the
end of the process. That is, for a cycle the initial and final states are identical.

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 PROCESSES AND CYCLES

Open (control
7. The volumeProcess
Steady-Flow
• The terms steady and uniform are used frequently in engineering;
• The term steady implies no change with time;
• The term uniform implies no change with location over a specified region;
• Steady-flow process: a process during which a fluid flows through a control
volume steadily;

• The volume V, the mass m, and the total

energy content E of the control volume remain
constant during a steady flow process;

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 ENERGY

Open (control
7. The volumeProcess
Steady-Flow
• Steady-flow conditions can be closely approximated by devices that are intended
for continuous operation such as turbines, pumps, boilers, condensers, and heat
exchangers or power plants or refrigeration systems.

8. ENERGY OF A SYSTEM
• Energy exists in numerous forms such as thermal, mechanical, electric, chemical,
and nuclear;
• Energy can be transferred to or from a closed system (a fixed mass) in two distinct
forms: heat and work;
• For open systems (control volumes), energy can also be transferred by mass flow;

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 ENERGY

Open (control volume

In thermodynamic analysis,
• The total energy of a system is divided into macroscopic and microscopic energy;
• The macroscopic forms of energy are those a system possesses as a whole with
respect to some outside reference frame, such as kinetic and potential energies;
• The microscopic forms of energy are those related to the molecular structure of a
system and the degree of the molecular activity, and they are independent of
outside reference frames. The sum of all the microscopic forms of energy is called
the internal energy of a system and is denoted by U;
• Kinetic energy (KE):
1
KE = mV 2 ( kJ )
2
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 ENERGY

Open (control volume

• Potential energy (PE): PE = mgz ( kJ )

• Mass flow rate and rate of energy:

• •
 kg 
m =  Q =  AcVavg  
 s 
• •
 kJ 
E = m e  or kW 
 s 

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 ENERGY

Open (control volume

• Internal energy is defined earlier as the sum of all the microscopic forms of energy
of a system, as follows;
Internal energy

Sensible Latent Chemical Nuclear

energy energy energy energy
Associated with the Associated with the Associated with the Associated with the
kinetic energies of phase of the system atomic bonds within strong bonds within
the molecules the molecule the nucleus of the
atom itself

• In thermodynamics we usually refer to the sensible and latent forms energy as

thermal energy;

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 ENERGY

Open (control
• Mechanical volume
energy: the form of energy that can be converted to mechanical work
completely and directly by an ideal mechanical device such as an ideal turbine;
• Kinetic and potential energies are the familiar forms of mechanical energy;
• Thermal energy is not mechanical energy since it cannot be converted to work
directly and completely;
• A pump transfers mechanical energy to a fluid by raising its pressure;
• A turbine extracts mechanical energy from a fluid by dropping its pressure;
• Therefore, the pressure of a flowing fluid is also associated with its mechanical
energy;
• The part of the mechanical energy of flowing fluid that associated to the pressure
of the fluid is called the Flow energy (or potential energy due to pressure);
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 ENERGY

Open
• Flow(control vol
energy (FE): p
FE = p v = ( kJ / kg )

V
v = = specific volume ( m3 / kg ) , p is the pressure (kN / m 2 )
m
• Therefore, the mechanical energy of a flowing fluid can be expressed on a unit
mass basis as: p
V 2
ume emech = + + gz ( kJ / kg )
 2
• It can also be expressed in rate form as:
• •  p V2
• 
E mech = m emech = m + + gz  ( kw )
 2 
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 The End

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