AIM

“To construct a ball control by hydraulics”

 Acknowledgement

The project could have never been possible without the support of various sources. It is
extremely impossible to thank every individual who has helped me in completing this
project. Some people have helped in the basic formularization and there were sources that
helped me in giving the ideas a physical form/shape. I am extremely grateful to my mentor,
Antara ma’am for her invaluable guidance in the project from the beginning. Her vital
support helped the project to take a logical and suitable shape. I take this opportunity to thank
the school authorities for extending their full support and cooperation in the project. Last but
not the least; I would like to thank everyone who has offered a helping hand when required.
 Certificate

This is to certify that Sharad Chaudhary (Roll no: ) student of class XII, Army
Public School, Sukna has completed the project titled, “Hydraulic Ball balance” during the
academic year 2022-23 towards partial fulfillment of credit for the physics evaluation of
AISSCE2023 and submitted working model and satisfactory report, as compiled in the
following pages, under my supervision.

__________________ _______________________
External’s Signature Teacher’s signature
 Introduction

Hydraulics machines are widely used for lifting, moving and pushing functions in mining,
construction and steel industries and in material handling equipment. Since 1950s the
applications of hydraulic system have been started in the industries and this form of power
has become standard for operations of industrial equipment. Today, modern automaton
technology has a very important place for hydraulic systems. The reason for this is that
hydraulic systems are simple, versatile and efficient for the transmission of power.

The main job of a hydraulic system is the transmission the power as the power is changed
from one form to another. As these hydraulic systems are popularly used in the
manufacturing and production plants, therefore it is required that they are reliable and
efficient equipment to achieve the desired results from them like transmission of large
amount of forces with the use of smaller components which means good power intensity and
precise positioning of the equipment with consistent power output. These systems operate
smoothly with reversal functions possibility and can work well in high temperature
environment conditions. These systems are thus cost considerably to provide the above
functions and therefore the same system is modified using a simple rack and pinion
mechanism to lower its cost and allowing further research and modification in it to make it
able to provide all the above functions with the same efficiency.
 Material Required

Following materials are required for making this project-

1. Cardboard
2. 04 syringes of 10ml
3. Connecting tube
4. Bamboo sticks

Working Principle

Hydraulics system works on the principle of Pascal’s law

Pascal’s law states that pressure in a liquid is independent of direction. Pressure is force per
area, so force exerted by a liquid is equal to the pressure times the area. A hydraulic system
has a small has a small piston in the cylinder. If you exert a force on the piston, so it will
create a pressure in the fluid. The lift also has a second, large area cylinder and piston. The
fluid creates a pressure in this cylinder that exerts a much larger force on the piston because
of its larger area. Therefore, the lift has a mechanical advantage. Of course, energy is still
conserved, so the small piston must move much farther than the large piston.
 Applications of Hydraulic system

The chief advantage that hydraulic system derives is from the high pressures that can be
applied leading to high force or torque by actuating piston or motor.

Pressures normally used in Industry are 140 bar (140kgf / cm2  14 MPA  2000 psi). But in
some specific applications in machine tools and aerospace, 350 bar (35 Mpa or 5000 psi) is
also common.

Example: Consider an actuator with a 10 cm diameter piston. If the pressure applied on the
piston is 140 bar, Force that the piston rod delivers.

 F = Pressure x Area = 140 x /4 x 102 = 10,996 Kgf = 108KN

i.e. nearly 10 Tons of load can be applied using a 10 cms dia cylinder. If the pressure is 350
bar, load will be 25 Tons.

Similarly, high torques can be applied with a small sized motor compared to electric motor.
The high Power/ Weight ratio of the hydraulic actuators is the prime reason for use of
hydraulic.

Application areas:

Hydrualic systems are generally used for precise control of larger forces. The main
applications of hydraulic system can be classified in five categories:

1. Industrial: Plastic processing mechineries, steel making and primary metal

exrtraction applications, automated production lines, machine tool industries, paper
industries, loaders, crushes, textile machineries, R&D equipment and robotic
systems etc.
 2. Mobile hydraulics: Tractors, irrigation system, earthmoving equipment, material
handling equipment, commercial vehicles, tunnel boring equipment, rail
equipment, building and construction machineries and driling rigs etc.
3. Automobiles: brakes, shock absorbers, steering system, wind shield, lift and
cleaning etc.
4. Marine applications: Controls in ocean going vessels, fishing boats and navel
equipments.
5. Aerospace equipment: Rudder control, landing gear, breaks, flight control and
transmission, rocket motor movement.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydraulic

systems

Advantages of Hydraulic systems

 High power to weight ratio compared to electrical systems.
 Allows easy control of speed and position, and direction.
 Facilitates stepless power control.
 Allows combination with electric controls.
 Delivers consistent power output which is difficult in pneumatic or mechanical drive
systems.
 Performs well in hot environment conditions.

Compared to Pneumatics:
 Much stiffer (or rigid) due to incompressible fluid.
 Better speed of response.
 Better lubriccity (less friction) and rust resistance.
 Low mentenance cost.

Disadvantages of Hydraulic system:

 Material of storage tank, piping, cylinder and piston can be corroded with the
hydraulic fluid. Therefore, one must be careful while selecting materials and hydraulic
fluid.
 Structural weight and size of the system is more which makes it unsuitable for the
smaller instruments.
  Small impurities in the hydraulic fluid can permanently damage the complete system.
Therefore, suitable filter must be installed.
 Leakage of hydraulic fluid is also critical issue and suitable prevention method and
seals must be adopted.
 Hydraulic fluids, if not disposed properly, can be harmful to the environment.

Bibliography
Some websites and books were used for the perfection of concepts:
1. www.scribd.com
2. www.baixardoc.com
3. NCERT book for class 11th