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Volume,
Q or Q velocity area VA,
Time, t
• The SI unit for Q is m3/s.
• However, in practice the unit commonly used is l/s (litre
per second).
Relationship between m
and Q
• Multiplying Q by the density of the fluid gives us the
mass flow rate, or,
m Q kg / s
• Consequently, if the density of the fluid in the previous
example is 850 kg/m3 then:
Example 1
A garden hose attached with a
nozzle is used to fill a 10-gal
bucket. The inner diameter of
the hose is 2 cm, and it reduces
to 0.8 cm at the nozzle exit. If it
takes 50 s to fill the bucket with
water, determine
A1V1= A2V2= Q
Steady flow:
Bernoulli
Steady, incompressible flow:
The forces acting on a fluid equation
particle along a streamline.
The sum of the kinetic, potential, and The Bernoulli equation between any
flow energies of a fluid particle is two points on the same streamline:
constant along a streamline during
steady flow when compressibility and
frictional effects are negligible.
Other forms of Bernoulli Equation
**
1. Total energy
** commonly used
The Bernoulli equation between two points can be written as :
• At the streamlines, we can see the flow contract after the orifice to a
minimum value.
• This convergence is called the vena contracta (the point in a fluid
stream where the diameter of the stream is the least ).
• At this point, the velocity and pressure are uniform across the jet and it
is necessary to know the amount of contraction to allow us to calculate
the actual flow.
• This can be done by using a coefficient of contraction, Cc to
calculate the actual area and this will be shown later.
• We can predict the velocity at the orifice using the
Bernoulli equation.
• Apply it along the streamline joining point 1 on the surface
to point 2 at the centre of the vena contracta.
• We take point 1 to be at the free surface of water so that
P1=Patm (at the atmosphere), also P2=Patm (water
discharges into the atmosphere). V1≈0 (the tank is large
relative to the outlet), and z1=h and z2=0 (we take the
reference level at the center of the outlet).
P1 V12 P2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2
ρg 2g ρg 2g
V22 - V12 = 2g [(P1 - P2 )/ ρg + (z1 - z2 )]
A2
V1 = 1 2g[(P1 - P2 )/ρg + (z1 - z2 )]
(A 2
1 -A 2 2
2
)
• Volume rate of flow
Q A1V1 A1 A2 /(A - A ) 2
1
2
2
1
2
(2gH )
where H (P1 - P2 )/g + (z1 - z 2 )or m Area ratio A1 /A2
Q A1 /(m - 1) 2
1
2
(2gH ) (eq 6.2)
• In practice some loss of energy will occur between section 1
and 2. The value of Q given by the equation 6.2 is a
theoretical value which will be slightly greater than the
actual value.
• A coefficient of discharge, Cd is therefore introduced.
Actual discharge, Qactual = Cd x Qtheoretical
Px P1 g ( z1 z) P2 g ( z2 z h) manhg
• Expanding and rearranging,
H ( P1 P2 ) / g ( z1 z2 ) h( man / 1)
• Equation 6.2 can be written
Q A1 /(m - 1)
2
1
2
ρman
2gh
ρ
1
eq 6.3
• Note that eq 6.3 is independent of z1 and z2, so that the
manometer reading h for a given rate of flow Q is not
affected by the inclination of the meter,
• If however, the actual pressure difference (p1-p2) is
measured and equation 6.1 and 6.2 used, the values of z1
and z2 and, therefore, the slope of the meter must be taken
into account.
Example 1