FLUIDS IN MOTION

Hydrodynamics is that branch of fluid mechanics that describes the fluid

behavior in motion.
 Fluid Kinematics – is that branch of Fluid Mechanics which deals with the study of velocity and
acceleration of the fluid particles without taking into consideration any force or energy.
 Fluid Dynamics – is that branch of Fluid Mechanics which deals with the study of fluids in motion
considering the forces which causes the flow.

THREE (3) BASICS EQUATIONS USED TO SOLVE PROBLEMS OF FLUIDS IN MOTION

1. Continuity equation
2. Momentum equation
3. Energy equation
FLUIDS IN MOTION
THREE (3) BASICS EQUATIONS USED TO SOLVE PROBLEMS OF FLUIDS IN MOTION
1. Continuity equation
Ex. River flowing through a narrow section - In order that all water can get through a smaller
passage, the velocity of flow must be increased.
2. Momentum equation
Ex. The thrust which must be applied in holding a fire hose or in turning lawn sprinkler.
The thrust which airplanes and rockets receive from their propellers and jet engines.
2. Energy equation
Ex. The blood circulating through the body with the heart acting as pump.
The use of a pump or turbine to add or subtract mechanical energy to or from a flow
system.
FLUIDS IN MOTION
USEFUL TERMS IN UNDERSTANDING THE 3 BASIC EQUATIONS
 Streamline – an imaginary line within the flow for which
the tangent at any point is the time average of the direction
of motion at that point. Even though there may be
fluctuation of direction within the flow, the average
direction of velocity at a point is represented by the tangent
at that point.
 Streamtube – an element of fluid bounded by a special
group of streamlines which enclose or confine the flow.
Note: No net movement of fluid across a streamline.
No net movement of fluid into or out of the streamtube except at
the ends.
FLUIDS IN MOTION
USEFUL TERMS IN UNDERSTANDING THE 3 BASIC EQUATIONS
 Acceleration – the rate of change of velocity with respect to time.
Acceleration takes place when the velocity is changed either in
magnitude or direction.
• If magnitude changes, then there is acceleration in the direction
of motion and tangential acceleration occurs.
• If direction changes, then there is acceleration normal to the
direction of motion and normal acceleration takes place.
𝑑𝑣𝑠 𝑣
𝑎𝑠 = = tangential acceleration
𝑑𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑣𝑛 𝑣 2
𝑎𝑛 = = normal acceleration
𝑑𝑡 𝑟
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑠 +→ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑠 2 + 𝑎𝑛 2 total acceleration
FLUIDS IN MOTION
USEFUL TERMS IN UNDERSTANDING THE 3 BASIC EQUATIONS
 Types of Fluid flows – The type of flow of a liquid depends upon the manner in which the particles
unite and move. The following are important types:
1) Uniform flow – a flow in which the liquid particles at different sections of a pipe or channel
𝑑𝑣
have the same velocities (along a streamline), expressed mathematically as = 0.
𝑑𝑠
Note: Flow in a long straight pipe (constant size and shape) and open channel are considered uniform flow
Flow at bends are considered non-uniform because the velocity changes direction.
Flow at expansions and at contractions are considered non-uniform because both the magnitude
and velocity direction changed.

2) Non-uniform flow – a flow in which the liquid particles at different sections of a pipe or
channel have different velocities.
Ex: The flow of liquid through a conical pipe.
FLUIDS IN MOTION
USEFUL TERMS IN UNDERSTANDING THE 3 BASIC EQUATIONS
 Types of Fluid flows – The type of flow of a liquid depends upon the manner in which the particles
unite and move. The following are important types:
3) Streamline flow (also called laminar flow or viscous flow) – a
flow in which each liquid particle has a definite path and the
paths of individual particles do not cross each other.

4) Turbulent flow – a flow in which each liquid particle does not

have a definite path and the paths of individual particles also
cross each other.
5) Steady flow – a flow in which the quantity of liquid flowing is constant; maybe uniform or
non-uniform flow.
6) Unsteady flow – a flow in which the quantity of liquid flowing is not constant.
FLUIDS IN MOTION
USEFUL TERMS IN UNDERSTANDING THE 3 BASIC EQUATIONS
 Types of Fluid flows – The type of flow of a liquid depends upon the manner in which the particles
unite and move. The following are important types:
7) Compressible flow – a flow in which the volume of a liquid and its density changes during the
flow. All gases are considered to have compressible flow.
8) Incompressible flow – a flow in which the volume of a liquid and its density does not change
during the flow. All liquids are considered to have incompressible flow.
9) Rotational flow – a flow in which the fluid
particles also rotate (have some angular
velocity) about their own axes while
flowing.
10) Irrotational flow – a flow in which the fluid
particles do not rotate about their own
axes while flowing and retain their original
orientations. It has no net rotation about
its own mass center.
FLUIDS IN MOTION
USEFUL TERMS IN UNDERSTANDING THE 3 BASIC EQUATIONS
 Types of Fluid flows – The type of flow of a liquid depends upon the manner in which the particles
unite and move. The following are important types:
11) One-dimensional flow – a flow in which the streamlines of its moving particles are
represented by a straight line.
Ex. flow in a pipe
12) Two-dimensional flow – a flow in which the streamlines of its moving particles are
represented by a curve.
Ex. water flowing over the spillway of a dam
13) Three-dimensional flow – a flow in which the streamlines of its moving particles are
represented in space along the three mutually perpendicular directions.
FLUIDS IN MOTION
CONTINUITY EQUATION
• Basis: Law of Conservation of Mass. “Matter can
be neither created nor destroyed.”
• Limitation: Steady flow
• The mass of fluid entering one end of a
streamtube during a given time interval must be 𝑑𝑚1 𝑑𝑚2 𝑑𝑚3
equal to the mass leaving the other end of the = = = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
streamtube during the same time interval and no
mass is stored or lost anywhere along the 𝑚ሶ 1 = 𝑚ሶ 2 = 𝑚ሶ 3
streamtube. where: 𝑚ሶ 1 , 𝑚ሶ 2 and 𝑚ሶ 3 are the mass
• The mass passing any cross-section of the flow rate of the fluid at points 1,
2 and 3 respectively.
streamtube in a given period of time must be
equal to the mass of fluid passing any other cross-
section of the same streamtube in the same
period of time.
FLUIDS IN MOTION
CONTINUITY EQUATION
• Basis: Law of Conservation of Mass. “Matter can
be neither created nor destroyed.”
• Limitation/Consideration: Steady flow
• The mass of fluid entering one end of a
streamtube during a given time interval must be 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑣𝑑𝐴 = volume per unit of time
𝑑𝑡
equal to the mass leaving the other end of the
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑣𝑑𝐴
streamtube during the same time interval and no
mass is stored or lost anywhere along the 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
streamtube. For incompressible fluids
𝜌1 = 𝜌2 = 𝜌3 and 𝛾1 = 𝛾2 = 𝛾3
• The mass passing any cross-section of the
streamtube in a given period of time must be 𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 = 𝐴3 𝑣3
equal to the mass of fluid passing any other cross- where: 𝑄 = volume flow rate of fluid
section of the same streamtube in the same 𝐴 = cross-sectional area
𝑣 = velocity of the fluid
period of time. 𝜌 = density of the fluid
𝛾 = weight density of fluid
FLUIDS IN MOTION
MOMENTUM EQUATION
• Basis: Newton’s Second Law of Motion. 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
• Limitation/Consideration: Steady flow
• The Law of Momentum: “The net force acting on a
mass of fluid is equal to the change in momentum of
flow per unit time in that direction”. 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑄∆𝑡
Σ𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
The Force-Momentum Flux equation states that “the change in
momentum flux between sections 1 and 2 is equal to the sum Σ𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑄∆𝑡𝑎𝑥
of the forces causing this change”. Σ𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑄∆𝑣𝑥
Σ𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑣𝑥2 − 𝑣𝑥1 Σ𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑣𝑥2 − 𝑣𝑥1
Similarly, when applied to other two coordinate directions: where: 𝑄 = volume flow rate of fluid
𝐴 = cross-sectional area
Σ𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑣𝑥2 − 𝑣𝑥1
𝑣 = velocity of the fluid
Σ𝐹𝑦 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑣𝑦2 − 𝑣𝑦1 𝜌 = density of the fluid

Σ𝐹𝑧 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑣𝑧2 − 𝑣𝑧1

FLUIDS IN MOTION
Analysis of fluid flow along a streamtube:
Unbalanced free-body diagram for momentum equation.
Momentum equation in the x direction:
σ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑉𝑥2 − 𝑉𝑥1
𝑝1 𝐴1 − 𝑝2 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝐹𝐵𝑥 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑉𝑥2 − 𝑉𝑥1
where:
𝑝1 𝐴1 = force at point 1
𝑝2 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = x component of force at point 2
𝐹𝐵𝑥 = force exerted by the boundary on the free-body as a
result of the normal pressure against the fluid distributed
around the periphery of the boundary. It is the resultant of
the distributed unit force of pressure in the x direction
represented by a single vector.
𝐹𝐵 = total force of the boundary acting against the fluid
𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐹𝐵𝑦 2 + 𝐹𝐵𝑧 2
FLUIDS IN MOTION
Application of Momentum Equation:
a) Jet impinging upon a flat plate or a curved surface.
b) Jet propulsion. (Ex. Propel aircraft, surface craft and submarine craft, etc.)
c) Transition in a closed conduit.
FLUIDS IN MOTION:
Examples:
1) Find the force exerted on the fixed curved blade (see figure below) if V1 = 30 m/s and
Q = 0.85 m3/min of water.
FLUIDS IN MOTION:
Examples:
2) A jet of water with a velocity of 40 fps strikes a single blade moving at 30 fps in the
same direction as the jet. Find the x and y components of the force on the jet. Q =
4.0 cfs and α = 60o.
FLUIDS IN MOTION:
Examples:
3) A 3-in. diameter jet is issuing from a large tank with a velocity of 50 fps. Find the
reactive force on the tank.
FLUIDS IN MOTION:
Examples:
4) Find the thrust against the air exerted by a propeller or fan which is moving 5000
cfm of air at a temperature of 60oF and at standard atmospheric pressure. The
approximate dimensions of the air stream are as shown.
FLUIDS IN MOTION:
Examples:
5) Liquid flows from a small diameter to a large pipe as shown. If Q = 1.2 ft3/s and the
liquid considered is water, determine the change of pressure which occurs as the
liquid flows through the pipe of varying size.
FLUIDS IN MOTION:
Examples:
6) Determine the components of the total thrust and the resultant thrust on the
horizontal elbow shown below if the flow is 10 ft3/s water, bend pressure is 30 psi
and pipe diameter is 12 in.
FLUIDS IN MOTION
ENERGY EQUATION
• Concerned in the mechanics of internal energy changes and the velocity and pressure variation
involved in fluid flow
• Principle forms of energy:
a) kinetic energy - velocity head, 𝑣 2 Τ2 𝑔
b) pressure energy - pressure head, 𝑝Τ𝛾
c) potential energy - elevation head, 𝑧
d) heat energy energy from heat exchangers, pumps, turbines which can be added to or
e) mechanical energy subtracted from the flow system

where: • Piezometric head is the sum of pressure head and elevation head.
𝑝
ℎ = 𝛾+𝑧
• Total head is the sum of the pressure, elevation and velocity heads.
𝑝 𝑣2
𝐻= +𝑧+
𝛾 2𝑔
FLUIDS IN MOTION
BASIC WORK-ENERGY EQUATION FOR STEADY FLOW OF INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS
where: neither heat nor mechanical energy are either added to or subtracted from the system between
the sections 1 and 2 under consideration

𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣2 2 𝑝2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 Bernoulli’s Equation
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾

Derivation: BASIC WORK-ENERGY EQUATION FOR STEADY FLOW OF INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS

Two ways to derive the equation:
1. Using the Newton’s second law of motion F = ma.
2. Using thermodynamic analysis, SFEE.
Consideration:
 neither heat nor mechanical energy are either added to
or subtracted from the system between the sections 1
and 2
 liquid is incompressible
 no shear or drag exists along the flow system
FLUIDS IN MOTION
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
“The pressure of a fluid increases as its velocity decreases, and decreases as the fluid’s velocity increases.”
a) Without head loss and incompressible: “Neglecting friction, the total head or the total amount of energy per unit
weight is the same at every point in the path of flow.”
𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣2 2 𝑝2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
b) Considering head loss for the entire section of a continuous flow: “With continuous and steady flow, the total head at
any point in a stream is equal to the total head at any downward stream point plus the loss of head between the two
points.”
𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣2 2 𝑝2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + ℎ𝐿
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
c) If there are other types of energy added to or produced by the system:
𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣2 2 𝑝2 Mechanical energy is added on the left side of the equation if it
+ + 𝑧1 + 𝐸𝑀 = + + 𝑧2 + ℎ𝐿
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 power consuming devices such as pumps and compressors.

𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣2 2 𝑝2 Mechanical energy is added on the right side of the equation if it

+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + 𝐸𝑀 + ℎ𝐿 power producing devices such as turbines.
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
FLUIDS IN MOTION:
Examples:
7) A straight horizontal pipe changes diameter from 6 inches at inlet to 3 inches at outlet. If the
water pressures are 7.5 psi at inlet and 5.0 psi at outlet, find the flow rate of water at 60oF.
Neglect friction.

8) A venturi-meter is used to measure the flow of water through a pipe. The diameter of the pipe
and throat are 100 and 50 mm respectively. If the measured pressure difference between the
inlet and the throat is 150 mm of water, estimate the mass flow rate through the pipe.

9) A liquid with weight density of 12.34 kN/m3 flows in a pipe at a rate of 0.71 m3/s. At one point
where the pipe diameter is 610 mm, the pressure is 310 kPa. a) Find the pressure at a second
point where the pipe diameter is 305 mm, if the second point is 914 mm lower than the first
point, b) Find the flow rate if a pump puts 22 hp into the flow resulting to 344.64 kPa second
point pressure. Neglect head loss.