MODULE 1: BASIC HYDRAULICS ENGINEERING
2. A streamline is a line which
Hydraulics is a technology and applied science using
engineering, chemistry, and other sciences involving
the mechanical properties and use of liquids.
Free surface hydraulics is the branch of hydraulics
dealing with free surface flow, such as occurring in
rivers, canals, lakes, estuaries and seas. Its sub-field
open-channel flow studies the flow in open channels.
Hydraulics is a branch of science which deals with the
laws controlling the behavior of water and other
liquid at rest or in motion.
It is subdivided into:
• Hydrostatics – the study of liquid at rest
• Hydrokinetics – deals with the geometry of
motion of liquids without considering the
forces causing the motion
• Hydrodynamics – deals with the forces
exerted by or upon liquid in motion including
relations between velocities and
acceleration involved in such fluid motion.
Hydraulics is a concept in dynamics in which we deal
with an object or particle and we study the particle’s
motion when a certain force will be applied.
Just like in hydraulics we need to study the motion of
fluid when they are at rest, in motion, and then the
fluid is in motion and there is an applied external
force.
In hydraulics we will be dealing with a liquid
substance. It is a combination of dynamics and fluid
mechanics
Fluid - These are substances capable of flowing which
easily move and change their relative position
without a separation of the mass.
The properties of flow are dependent on the fluid
surface. The fluid could be different with each type of
fluid.
Flow Properties
1. A pathline is a line made
by a single particle as it
moves during a particular
period of time.
Pathline- a continuous line and we determine the
location of certain particles from different times.
• For example, at P1, is at time 0. After time 1
it exceeds to the new location. This means
that the particle moves on a pathline. In a
line we observe a particular time. And the T1
is the observed line.
gives the velocity direction
of the fluid at each point
along the line at a given instant.
Streamline gives the direction of the velocity at certain
points. We calculate velocity in terms of the x and y
axis.
3. A stream tube is the tube space
formed by the streamlines.
Streamtube- combination of particles
that moved to a certain container through a pipe or
canal. The upper part of the stream line is longer
compared to the bottom. The bottom extends to a
shorter span unlike the upper part. But these two
particles reach the approximate endpoint at the same
time. This means the upper and lower part have
different velocity.
Pressure, p
• Considered as force distributed over an area.
• It exists whenever fluids either at rest or in
motion
Velocity, v
• It is a vector quantity
• A rate of the change in displacement with
respect to time
Discharge, Q
• It is the volume of fluid passing a cross-
section per unit time.
• It has a dimension of cubic meter per second
(m3/s) or liter per second (L/s) for SI unit and
cubic feet per second (ft3/s) in English unit.
• It can be expressed as:
Q = AV
where:
- V = Mean velocity (m/s, ft/s)
- A = Area of Section (m2, ft2)
Problem No.1
A pipe has a diameter of 0.5 meters. Water is flowing
at a rate of 0.75 m/s. Determine the flow rate in the
pipe.
Solution:
The equation for the flow rate or discharge is:
Q=AxV
= (p/4) (d2) (0.75)
= (p/4) [(0.5)2] (0.75) → (m2) (m/s)
Q = 0.15 m3/s
Problem No.2
A fluid has a flow rate of 0.98 ft3/s. The radius of the
pipe is 2.5 inches. Determine the velocity in ft/s.
Solution:
Q=AxV
0.98 = (p) [(2.5/12)2] (V) → inch to foot
0.98 = (0.136] (V)
V = 7.18 ft/s
TYPE OF FLUID FLOW
1. Steady vs. Unsteady Flow
Steady flow occurs when the velocity, pressure,
density and volume do not change with time at a
certain point. Unsteady flow occurs when the
velocity, pressure, density and volume vary with time.
• LEFT: In the figure below, there is a container
filled with water. The volume, pressure, density,
and velocity is constant at a certain point. The
replacement of water in the container is
continuous and the level is also constant. This
means that the discharge in the faucet is equal.
Therefore, the velocity, pressure and density is
constant.
• RIGHT: Since there is no more supply of water,
the level is dropping by and at the same time the
velocity becomes variable. Therefore, the
velocity, pressure, density, and volume that is
being discharged is relatively different from the
time zero or the beginning.
2. Uniform vs. Non-uniform Flow
Uniform flow is a flow when the mean velocity is the
same at every section in a reach. Non-uniform flow
exists when the mean velocity varies at every section
in a reach
• LEFT: In the falls, the flow of water is uniform,
which is flowing on the straight path.
• RIGHT: Unlike on the left, there is an obstruction,
rock that makes the flow of water become not
uniform. Therefore, the flow of fluid spreads in
different directions. This shows that the means
of velocity at every section have different
values/velocity.
3. Laminar vs. Turbulent
Flow Laminar flow occurs in low velocity which
resulting the particles to flow without crossing the
path of the other particle. Turbulent flow occurs
when the path of the particles overlap on the other
particle.
• LEFT: The flow of particles was scattering in
every direction.
• RIGHT: the flow of particles was a relatively
pin straight line.
4. Compressible vs. Incompressible Flow
Compressible flow is a flow when the density changes
over time while in incompressible flow the density
does not change with respect to time.
• LEFT: the density does not change even
though there is a change of pressure (P1 and
P2).
• RIGHT: There’s a sudden change of flow of
density. Sudden change of density over time.
The pressure applied from P1 to P2, in
compressible flow affects the flow of density.
Therefore, the density also changes.
MODULE 2: HEADS AND ENERGY
Energy is defined as the ability to do work. The law of
conservation of energy is used to understand the
characteristics of fluid at rest or in motion.
Head is the required energy per unit weight of fluid to
increase at a certain vertical distance.
- There are three possible heads in the pipe. 1.
Velocity head, hv 2. Pressure head, hp 3. Elevation
head, hz.
- To determine the three possible heads, we will
take any two points (Point 1 and Point 2).
- If the pipe is horizontally aligned then there will be
no difference in velocity head, pressure head, and
elevation head.
Potential Energy
Elevation Head
• is the vertical distance from the datum of
reference line to the center of the pipe or conduit.
The datum line could be anywhere located below the
pipe. And it can be above but the values will be
negative. Or sometimes it is located at Point 1.
Pressure Energy
Pressure Head
• the vertical measurement from the center of the
pipe to the maximum height that the water can
reach when a piezometer is attached to a pipe or
conduit.
The pressure head is the difference between point 1
and point 2.
BERNOULLI'S ENERGY EQUATION FOR
INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS
Bernoulli's theorem proved that any fluid motion
where friction is neglected, the total energy
possessed by a given mass of the fluid is the same at
every point along the path of flow. This theorem is
accordance in the law of conservation of energy
which explains that if there is one loss of energy in any
of the form of energy (kinetic, potential, pressure
energies) there must be a corresponding gain of
energy in the other two forms.
Two Equations to consider:
1. Frictionless Flow
Bernoulli's equation for an incompressible fluid under
frictionless flow can be expressed as:

Kinetic Energy
Velocity Head
• the amount of kinetic energy per unit weight of
2. Considering Friction (Consider Point 1 and
fluid.
Bernoulli's equation for an incompressible fluid
considering friction can be expressed as:

Total Energy
• The total energy in a fluid motion is the sum FLOW MEASUREMENTS
of the potential energy and the kinetic Device Coefficient
energy. For every device, there are different coefficient used.
The device coefficient is the ratio of the actual value
and the theoretical value.
Note that the theoretical values can be obtained
In physics, E=Velocity + Pressure + Z using Bernoulli's equation.
In terms of calculating the total energy, when the
datum line is at point 1 it means that the elevation Coefficient of Discharge, Cg
head, hz, will be canceled. • Is the ratio of the actual discharge and the
theoretical discharge
POWER OF FLUIDS IN MOTION
Power is defined as the rate of doing work. The
dimension of power in Sl units is newton- meter per where:
second (N-m/s) or joule per second (J/s) or simply Qa = actual discharge
watt (W). Qt = theoretical discharge

Coefficient of Velocity, Cv
where: • Is the ratio of the actual velocity and the
Q= Rate of flow (m=/s, ft3/s) —> (A x V) theoretical velocity.
y= Unit weight of the fluid flow (N/m3, Ib/ft3)
E = Total head (m,ft) —> heads and energy where:
Va= actual velocity
Vt= theoretical velocity
Coefficient of Contraction, Cc
• Is the ratio of the area of jet and the area of
orifice,
Where:
aj = area of jet
ao = area of orifice
Vena Contracta
• is the section on the jet where contraction
ceases.
Venturi Meter
• It is used to measure the discharge through
a pipe.
• Venturi meters are flow measurement
instruments which use a converging section
of pipe to give an increase in the flow
velocity and a corresponding pressure drop
from which the flow rate can be deduced."
(There is an increase in flow velocity which is
the velocity head. There is a corresponding
drop that proves that when a certain energy
is lost, then another energy will take
account. In this time the velocity will gain.)
• "They have been in common use for many
years, especially in the water supply
industry.'
• "Clemens Herschel was an American
hydraulic engineer. His career extended
from about 1860 to 1930, and he is best
known for developing the Venturi meter,
which was the first large-scale, accurate
device for measuring water flow.
• Venturi Principle: the increase in kinetic
energy is equal to the decrease in potential
energy"
ORIFICE
• An opening with a closed perimeter
through which fluid flows.
• It is used primarily to measure or to
control the flow of fluid.
The purpose of this is for the discharge
to be controlled. Just like in the faucet, in which the
opening controls the amount of fluids that is being
discharged.
NOZZLE
• It is used to increase the velocity of
the jet.
• A cylindrical or round spout at the
end of a pipe, hose, or tube used to
control a jet of gas or liquid.
The main purpose of this is to gain velocity. If the area
is lessened it results in bigger velocity.
PITOT TUBE
• A pitot tube, also known as pitot probe, is a
flow measurement device used to measure
fluid flow velocity.
• The pitot tube was invented by the French
engineer Henri Pitot in the early 18th
century and was modified to its modern
form in the mid-19th century by French
scientist Henry Darcy.
• It is widely used to determine the airspeed
of an aircraft, water speed of a boat, and to
measure liquid, air and
gas flow velocities in
certain industrial
applications.
It is the same concept as the ventura meter. But this
one the flow velocity of fluid is being measured. There
are two measuring devices which are: (1) a straight
tube that measures the static pressure, straight (2) a
bend tube that measures the stagnant pressure, it is
on the lower part of the pipe and the height is taller as
well as the flow of velocity.
Sample Problem no. 1
Determine the pressure head if the fluid has a specific
gravity (SG) = 0.65 and it experience pressure at 7
kPa.
Solution:
Sample Problem no. 2
A fluid flowing with a specific gravity of 0.79 and has
a velocity of 0.95 m/s. The pressure inside the pipe is
1.25 kPa. The distance center of the pipe from the
datum line is 8 m. Determine the total energy.
Solution:
MODULE 3: CONTINUITY EQUATION AND FLUID
FLOW IN PIPES
Continuity Equation
This equation is actually derived from the law of mass
conservation.
Recall: What is law of mass conservation?
The law of mass conservation is simply defined as
matter cannot be created nor destroyed but it can
change in form. Based on the definition of law of mass
conservation, the mass of fluid that enters one end of
the streamtube at a given time is equal to the mass to
the other end of the streamtube.
Example:
The number of people going to ride the MRT train is
equal to number of people leaving the train.
The total passenger that rides the MRT is also equal to
the number of people that are saving. Those
passengers will depart from different destinations.
Recall:
Volume flow rate, Q=Av
Mass flow rate, M= pQ
Weight flow rate, W=yQ
Where:
- Q= discharge in m3/sec or ft3/sec
- A= cross-sectional area of flow in m or ft
2 2
- V= mean velocity of flow in m/sec or ft/sec
- p= mass density of fluid in kg/m3 or slugs/ft3
- y= unit weight of fluid in N/m3 or Ib/ft3
Since there is only one fluid flowing through the pipe
and the gravity acting on the points are equal:
Q1 = Q2=Q3
Area and velocity is inversely proportional to each
other.
• Qin = Qout
• Q1 = Q2 = Q3
• Q1 = Q2 + Q3
Sample Problem no. 1:
A water tank is being filled
through section 1 at v, = 5 m/s
and through section 3 at Q, =
0.012 m3/s. If water level "h" is
constant, determine the exit
velocity, V2.
Solution:
According to continuity, the mass that is going in must
be equal to the mass going out. Therefore:
We have 2 inflows, section1 and section 3 and 1 outflow,
section 2.
In section 1 given yung diameter and velocity, sa section 3,
given na yung value ng Q3.
Solution:
According to continuity, the mass is going in must be equal
to the mass going out. Therefore:
Qin = Qout -> Qin = Q1 + Q3; Qout =Q2
Q2 = Q1 + Q3; Q=Av -> A2v2 = A1v1 + Q3
𝜋 𝜋
[( ) (0.06)2 ] 𝑣2 = [( ) (0.04)2 ] (5) + 0.012
4 4
v2 = 6.47 m/s
Sample Problem no. 2:
If the velocity in a 2-in pipe is
1.65 ft/s, what is the velocity
in a 3-in diameter jet issuing
from a nozzle attached to the
pipe.
Solution:
Qin=Qout -> A1v1 = A2v2 (convert dia. to ft: divide 12)
𝜋 2 2 𝜋 3 2
[( ) ( ) ](1.65) = [( ) ( ) ] 𝑣2
4 12 4 12
v2 = 0.73 ft/s
The relationship between the area and velocity is that since
nag increase yung size ng area from 2 inches to 3 inches,
and ang nangyari sa velocity is that, nag decrease naman
ito so, they are inversely proportional from one another. If
liliit ang area naman is tataas ang velocity.
Fluid Flow in Pipes
Pipe is a closed conduit carrying liquids or gases under
pressure. Common section is Circular (Why circular?
It has the least surface contact with the flowing fluid
thus less surface friction will occur.)
• unlike other shapes, it has corners and
making it has more surfacing contact
Factors affecting the type of flow in pipes.
1. Critical Velocity - it occurs in the transition of
laminar to turbulent flow.
2. Type of Fluid Flow
• Laminar Flow - The type of flow of fluid in
which fluid travels in regular points.
- the laminar flow is flowing a smooth straight
path
• Turbulent Flow - The type of flow of fluid
which fluid travels in irregular fluctuations
and mixing.
- the turbulent flow is flowing in different
direction
that every point of the pipeline has friction
and that is the reason why the contact
between the fluid and pipeline is the major
loss.
2. Minor Losses (Local Disturbances)
• Sudden Enlargement
- from D1 the pipes were
enlarged in D2. D2 is greater
than D1. The flow of fluid has
disturbance in which there is turbulence in
the flow.
• Sudden Contraction
- flow of fluid in D1 contracts to
D2.
• Due to Pipe Bend
- because it could limit the number
of bends
• Due to Obstruction caused by gate/valves
- Due to obstructions caused by gate
/valves, the gate valve is usually
placed right after the meter which
controls the water. We could also limit the
gate valve as a minor loss.

Reynold's number (Re) is the ratio of inertial forces to

viscous forces. It is a dimensionless ratio uséd to
determine the type of flow of fluid in a pipeline. It can
be computed by the formula,
𝑽𝑫 𝑽𝑫𝝆
𝑹𝒆 = +
𝒗 𝝁
Where:
- V = velocity
- D = Diameter of Pipe
- v = Kinematic Viscosity
- 𝜌 = Density
- 𝜇 = Dynamic Viscosity (Pa-s)

Classification of Flow
1. Laminar Flow – Re ≤ 2000
2. Critical Flow – 2000 < Re < 4000
3. Turbulent Flow – Re ≥ 4000

Friction Factor Calculation using Reynold’s Number

• For Laminar flow:

𝟔𝟒
𝒇=
𝑹𝒆
• For Turbulent flow:
𝒉𝑳 𝑭 𝟐𝒈
𝒇=
𝑳 𝑽𝟐
Head Losses through Pipes
Types of Head losses
1. Major Losses (Pipe Friction, Hf)
• major losses are pipe friction, the fluids pass
by all throughout the pipeline. This means
MODULE 2: FLUID STATICS
- The fluids are at rest.
Pressure
Pressure or unit Pressure, is defined as the Normal
Force per unit of Area exerted by a solid, liquid or gas
over a surface.
Normal Force is a force that is perpendicular to the
contact surface.
Pressure = differential force/differential area
Left Figure: The force exerted has different values.
Right Figure: In actual, the force exerted were
minimal.
It can be assumed that the pressure lies on the cener
of contact surface. Therefore, the pressure will be now
equal to force over area.
Pascals Law
In 17th century the French Mathematician Blaise
Pascal states that “the intensity of the pressure acting
at a point in a fluid at rest (or moving in constant
velocity) is the same in all directions.”
The water contains a molecule. The molecule
represents a right triangle, wherein it has
different force, then therefore the pressure is
equal in all the same direction.
Absolute and Gage Pressure
Absolute Pressure- is the intensity of pressure that is
measured above the absolute zero pressure (lowest
possible pressure) and can never be negative in
value.
Atmospheric Pressure- is the prevailing pressure in
the air surrounding which decreases with increasing
altitude.
Standard Atmospheric Pressure- is the absolute
pressure that is measured at sea level and at a
temperature of 15°C (59°F) equivalent t101.325 kPa
or 14.7 psi or 760 mm Hg or 29.9 in. Hg or 2116 lb/ft2
or 1 atmosphere (atm).
Gage Pressure- or relative pressure, is the pressure
that is measured above or below the atmospheric
pressure.
Static Pressure Variation in Incompressible Fluid
Application on Pascal Law
Static pressure variation is the application of Pascals law
and gage pressure
We will be determining the pressure on
surface that is below or in the presence
of fluids
Let say a material is submerge in a
fluid: Inclined
p2-p1= yh
The difference in pressure between any two points in
a homogeneous fluid at rest is equal to the product of
the unit weight of the fluid and their difference in
elevation (vertical distance between the points)
p2=p1+yh Sample Problem
Any change in pressure applied at any point in a liquid Given a pressure of
at rest is transmitted equally and undiminished to magnitude of 50 kPa, find
every other point in the liquid. the pressure head of water
with a unit weight of 9.81
When the point in number 1 and kN/m3 and the pressure
2 is at the surface and is exposed head of mercury with a
use formula: unit weight of 133 kN/m3

p2 = 𝛾 h + p1

p2 = patm + 𝛾 h

[pgage = pabs – patm ]

p2 = 𝛾 h NOTE: kaya mataas ang difference ng pressure head

between water and mercury ay dahil sa unit weight
the patm = p1 is zero kasi expose ito sa air

p= yh
Sample Problem
The pressure at any point below a free liquid surface
is equal to the product of the unit weight of the fluid
The underground storage
and its vertical distance from the free liquid surface.
tank used in a service station
contains gasoline filled to the
Horizontal
level A. Determine the gage
pressure at each of the five
identified points. Note that
point B is located in the stem, and point C is just below
𝑘𝑔
it in the tank. Take 𝜌𝑔 = 730 3
𝑚

Recall:
The pressures along the same horizontal plane in a
Any change in pressure applied at any point in a liquid
homogeneous fluid at rest are equal.
at rest is transmitted equally and undiminished to
every other point in the liquid.
Pressure Head - is the height of a column of
The pressures along the same horizontal plane in a
homogeneous fluid that will produce a given intensity
homogeneous fluid at rest are equalthe fugure
of pressure (gage).
Measurement of Static Pressure Sample Problems:
Barometer- is a device for The funnel is filled with oil
measuring intensities of pressure and water to the levels
exerted by the atmosphere. It was shown. Determine the depth
invented in the mid-17th century of oil h’ that must be in the
(1643) by Evangelista Torricelli, funnel so that the water
using mercury as a preferred fluid, remains at a depth C, and the
since it has a high density and a very small vapor mercury level made h=0.8 m.
𝑘𝑔
pressure. Take 𝜌𝑜 = 900 3 , 𝜌𝑤 =
𝑚
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
Shown in the figure: Point c is exposed in atmospheric 1000 3 , 𝜌𝐻𝑔 = 13,550 .
𝑚 𝑚3
pressure. Since point B is horizontally aligned at point C, so
pressure at point B is equal to the pressure at point C.
different liquid exists in the problem. And the liquid with
highest density will settle below (ρHg – mercury) if walang
given na density, convert unit weight to density

Manometer- is a device consists of a transparent tube MORE DEATIL Solution:

that is used to determine the gage pressure in a liquid.
[p2 = p1 + 𝛾 h]
Types of Manometer
1. Open Type- a manometer with an atmospheric • Pb will represent p2
surface in one end and capable of measuring • PA will represent p1
gage pressures. • 𝛾Oh’ means unit weight of oil times height
Piezometer- is the simplest type pB = pA + 𝛾Oh’
of manometer which consist of a
tube which is open at one end to in water naman:
the atmosphere, while the other
pC = pB + 𝛾W(0.4)
end is inserted into a vessel,
where the pressure of a liquid is to be measured. substitute the value of pb to pc formula

U-tube Manometer- consist of a tube, usually bent in pC = (pA + 𝛾O h’) + 𝛾W(0.4)

the form of a U, containing a liquid of known specific
The level from point A to C, we will relate the pressure there
gravity, the surface of which moves proportionally to
sa may right side ng fluid (kung nasaan pwesto ng
changes of pressure. mercury). The points in the right side of the funnel are point
Open pipe is exposed to
D and the same level sa point C which we will also called as
atmosphere while differential type
pressure at point C since they are align in the same
has no tube na open sa atmosphere.
horizontal axis so their pressure is equal
Open type can measure gauge
pressures while differential types Kapag inequate natin equation ng Pc using left side of
can only gives us difference in pressures in 2 points funnel doon sa equation sa right side ng funnel, yung value
sa Pc is equal lang kasi horizontally aligned lang
2. Differential Type- a manometer without an
atmospheric surface and capable of measuring comparing point C to D: (paangat naman ito)
only differences of pressure.
Differential Manometer- is used [p2 = p1 + 𝜸 h] → [p2 - 𝜸 h = p1]
to determine the difference in p2 is the lowest portion sa kinacalculate natin so ito yung
pressure between two points in pc and since yung P2 dito is yung Pc nilipat yung P2 sa
a closed fluid system. kaliwa

pD =pC – 𝜸Hg [(0.2 + h’ +0.4) – 0.8]

Unit weight of mercury is multiplied by the height of the
sum of left side minus the h on the right side

Substitute the value of pc in equation for PD:

pD =[(pA + 𝜸O h’) + 𝜸W(0.4)] – 𝜸Hg [(0.2 + h’ +0.4) – 0.8]

Pressure at point D is 0 kasi it is a free liquid surface, same

in point A
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
0 = [(0 + ( 900 ) h’) + (1000 )(0.4)] – 13,550 ) [(0.2
𝑚3 𝑚3 𝑚3
+ h’ +0.4)-0.8]

PD is a pre-liquid surface so pressure here is zero

Pansinin na yung density ay hindi na minultiply sa gravity

because macacancel out lang din naman ito

h’ = 0.2458 m = 246 mm

In computing for the pressure, we should look for the

relationship of fluid presence in our sample. Look for a
common point or common liquid surface that we could
relate their difference in pressure. Like in the prob, the
common is the point C, dito dapat magkaroon ng
relationship.

Sample Problems:
Determine the difference in pB - pA between the
centers A and B of the pipes, which are filled with
water. The mercury in the inclined-tube manometer
has the level shown SHg=13.55

In this prob, we do not need to calculate the pressure

between these two points because we are aiming for the
difference on the pressure.

Some of given are panggulo lang like yung 40 degrees

Specific gravity = unit weight of liquid/unit weight of

reference liquid

9810 is the unit weight of the water

Common mistake is that the reference liquid is only water

but any type of fluid can be a reference, common lang
gamitin yung water. Gamitin lang water if walang given na
iba as reference fluid

• 0.1 is the elevation 100 mm

• 0.25 came from 250 mm
MODULE 3: HYDROSTATIC FORCE ̅A
FT = 𝜸 𝒉
Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surface
for calculating the hydrostatic force for the liquid in a plane
Let’s say we have liquid here; we have object that surface
resting in a fluid. Treat it in inclined position and in Where:
angle theta, we have applied pressure. The force that
being applied is in trapezoidal point. At end point, the • ℎ̅= vertical elevation between the free-liquid
pressure is 0. In cross section, get small differential surface to the center of gravity
area, dA, may applied differential force dito. Rotate • A= area
ais along the surface or in the particle. The distance • h = is the vertical elevation, distance between any
two point we are calculating
in x axis is dF or y
The magnitude of the total force (exerted by a
Let say we have an object resting on a fluid in inclined
homogeneous fluid) acting on the plane surface is the
position. The material is in inclines position. The pressure in
product of the pressure at the plane surface’s centroid and
the figure is in trapezoidal form and as the force we are
its total area.
calculating is below the liquid surface, the pressure also
increases. The force yung nag increase dito At the end • Get another point in the surface and that is the center of
point, the pressure is equals to zero for the liquid surface, our pressure
so we could say that the load is a triangular form or varying • Another point: the hydrostatic
load force will be located at center of
pressure
Where:
• Yc.p. – location of center of
• dF = differential load pressure
• dA = differential area
Center of pressure (c.p.) Summing along x axis:
• 𝑦̅ – location of
centroid to axis [𝑀𝐹𝑇 = 𝛴𝑀𝑑𝐹 ]; FT (yc.p)= ∫ y dF
• ℎ̅ - distance from center of gravity to free liquid
surface Recall:
• h – distance between dA and to the web surface (?)
FT = 𝛾 sin 𝜃 (A𝑦̅) dF = 𝛾(𝛾 sin 𝜃) dA
• y – distance between axis to dF
𝒅𝑭
(𝛾 sin 𝜃(A𝑦̅)) (yc.p) = ∫ 𝛾 (𝛾(𝛾 sin 𝜃) dA)
[𝒑 = ] [p2 = p1 + 𝜸𝒉]
𝒅𝑨
(𝛾 sin 𝜃(A𝑦̅)) (yc.p) = 𝛾 sin 𝜃 ∫ y2 dA
p1 will be equal to 0 since it is a free-liquid surface and the
pressure will be equaled to (𝛾ℎ)dA Recall: ∫ y2 dA = Ix A𝑦̅(yc.p) = Ix
𝐼𝑥
dF = pdA yc.p = Recall: = Ix + 𝐼̅𝑥 + Ad2
𝐴𝑦̅

dF = (𝛾ℎ)dA 𝐼𝑥
yc.p = + 𝑦̅ = ey +𝑦̅
𝐴𝑦̅
̅
ℎ
sin 𝜃 =
𝑦̅ The center of pressure and center of gravity coincides if
and only if;
dF = 𝛾(𝛾 sin 𝜃) dA
1) the surface is horizontal;
Angle theta will be equal to opposite which is h divided by
2) both sides of the area are completely submerged in
y (the hypotenuse). And cross multiply this.
liquids of the same unit weight
∫ dF = 𝛾 sin 𝜃 ∫ 𝛾dA
Sa figure, nakainclined so doon sa section, magkaiba yung
Recall: ∫ 𝛾dA = A𝑦̅ location ng center of gravity and center of pressure kasi nga
habang bumababa yung course, mas tumataas yung yung
̅
ℎ
F = 𝛾 sin 𝜃 (A𝑦̅) sin 𝛳= applied force.
𝑦̅

̅
ℎ
But if horizontal lang, center of gravity and center of
𝑦̅ = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ -> substitute this in formula for F pressure coincides.
sin 𝛳

For center of gravity and center of pressure to be coincide,

or to get the same point, dapat yung fluid, both areas
should be completely submerged and dapat yung fluid
natin is a homogeneous.
Summing along y axis (reference yung x axis): lets get the location of the hydrostatic force for each fluid
1
[𝑀𝐹𝑇 = 𝛴𝑀𝑑𝐹 ] FT(xc.p)= ∫ x dF FAB = (6621.75 Pa)(0.75 m)(1.25 m)
2

Recall: 1
(6621.75 Pa)(0.75 m) = Area; (1.25 m) =
2
FT = 𝛾 sin 𝜃 (A𝑦̅) dF = 𝛾(𝛾 sin 𝜃) dA width

(𝛾 sin 𝜃(A𝑦̅)) (xc.p) = ∫ x (𝛾(𝛾 sin 𝜃 )dA) FAB = 3103.9453125 N is equal to the
distance of 2/3 (0.75) from the topmost of
(𝛾 sin 𝜃(A𝑦̅)) (xc.p) = 𝛾 sin 𝜃 ∫ xy dA the surface

Recall: ∫ xy dA = Pxy A𝑦̅(xc.p) = Pxy 1

FBC = (21336.75 + 6621.75)(1.5 m)(1.25
2
𝑃𝑥𝑦 m) = 26211.09375 N
xc.p = Recall: Pxy = ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑥𝑦 + A𝑥̅ 𝑦̅
𝐴𝑦̅

𝑃𝑥𝑦
xc.p = + 𝑥̅ = ex +𝑥̅
𝐴𝑦̅
Multiplied by 1.25 m since hydrostatics is applied all over the
Recall: if symmetrical on a centroidal axis, ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑥𝑦 = 0 element
𝑅 6𝑒
Sample Problems: Pmax min = (1 ± )
𝐿 𝐿

The storage tank contains oil and • Kapag max ang kinocompute, use plus
water acting at the depths shown. • Kapag min ang kinocompute, use
Determine he resultant force that minus
𝑅 6𝑒
both of these liquids exert on the • Pmax min = (1 ± )
𝐿 𝐿
26211.09 6𝑒
side ABC of the tank if the side has • 21336.75 (1.25) = (1 ± )
1.5 1.5
a with of b = 1.25m. Also, • e=
5
m
38
determine the location of this resultant, measured
from the top of the oil surface. Take po = 900 kg/m3. FT = 3163.9453125 + 26211.09375 = 29315.0390625 N
5
Solution: - /0.75 = 0.88
38
- FBC =5.38+0.75 (from point b)
Oil, point A to B:
Total distance
[p2 = p1 + 𝛾h] pb = pA + 𝛾0h
[𝛴𝑀𝐴 = FT(yc.p)]
pb = 0 + (900 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2)(0.75 m)
2
pb = 6621.75 Pa FAB ( ) (0.75) + FBC (0.75 + 0.75
3
5
+ ) = FT (yc.p)
38

257
Point B to C: In the fig, makikita na nagmukha triangle pero yc.p = m = 1.51 m
170
hindi ito linearly equal/align. If linearly align pwedeng Pc Hydrostatic force dapat mas malapit sa mga may mataas
=Pa + (unit weight of water)(h). Pero sa example na to, na pressure.
magkaiba yung fluids. There are 2 fluids.

pc = pb + 𝛾wh

pc = 6621.75 Pa + (9810 N/m3)(1.5 m)

pc = 21336.75 Pa