Basic Hydraulics Engineering ▪ A rate of the change in displacement

with respect to time

Hydraulics is a technology and applied science using
engineering, chemistry, and other sciences involving the Discharge, Q
mechanical properties and use of liquids. ▪ It is the volume of fluid passing a cross-
Free surface hydraulics is the branch of hydraulics section per unit time.
dealing with free surface flow, such as occurring in ▪ It has a dimension of cubic meter per
rivers, canals, lakes, estuaries and seas. Its sub-field second (m3/s) or liter per second (L/s)
open-channel flow studies the flow in open channels. for SI unit and cubic feet per second
Hydraulics is a branch of science which deals with the (ft3/s) in English unit.
laws controlling the behavior of water and other liquid ▪ It can be expressed as:
at rest or in motion.
Q = AV
It is subdivided into:
where:
▪ Hydrostatics – the study of liquid at rest
V = Mean velocity (m/s, ft/s)
▪ Hydrokinetics – deals with the
geometry of motion of liquids without A = Area of Section (m2, ft2)
considering the forces causing the
TYPE OF FLUID FLOW
motion
Steady vs. Unsteady Flow
▪ Hydrodynamics – deals with the forces
exerted by or upon liquid in motion Steady flow occurs when the velocity, pressure, density
including relations between velocities and volume do not change with time at a certain point.
and acceleration involved in such fluid Unsteady flow occurs when the velocity, pressure,
motion. density and volume vary with time.

Fluid - These are substances capable of flowing

which easily move and change their relative
position without a separation of the mass.

Flow Properties

A pathline is a line made by a single particle as it

moves during a particular period of time. A
streamline is a line which gives the velocity Uniform vs. Non-uniform Flow
direction of the fluid at each point along the line at
Uniform flow is a flow when the mean velocity is the
a given instant. A stream tube is the tube space
same at every section in a reach. Non-uniform flow
formed by the streamlines.
exists when the mean velocity varies at every section in
Pressure, p a reach.

▪ Considered as force distributed over an

area.

▪ It exists whenever fluids either at rest

or in motion

Velocity, v

▪ It is a vector quantity
Laminar vs. Turbulent

Flow Laminar flow occurs in low velocity which

resulting the particles to flow without crossing the path
of the other particle. Turbulent flow occurs when the
path of the particles overlaps on the other particle.

Compressible vs. Incompressible Flow

Compressible flow is a flow when the density changes

over time while in incompressible flow the density does
not change with respect to time.

Absolute and Gage Pressure

Absolute Pressure- is the intensity of pressure that is

measured above the absolute zero pressure (lowest
possible pressure) and can never be negative in value.
Fluid Statics Atmospheric Pressure- is the prevailing pressure in the
Pressure air surrounding which decreases with increasing
altitude.
Pressure or unit Pressure, is defined as the Normal
Force per unit of Area exerted by a solid, liquid or gas Standard Atmospheric Pressure- is the absolute
over a surface. pressure that is measured at sea level and at a
temperature of 15°C (59°F) equivalent to 101.325 kPa
or 14.7 psi or 760 mm Hg or 29.9 in. Hg or 2116 lb/ft2 or
1 atmosphere (atm)

Gage Pressure- or relative pressure, is the pressure that

is measured above or below the atmospheric pressure.

Pascals Law

In 17th century the French Mathematician Blaise Pascal

states that “the intensity of the pressure acting at a
point in a fluid at rest (or moving in constant velocity) is
the same in all directions.”
Static Pressure Variation in Incompressible Fluid

Sample Problem 2

Pressure Head- is the height of a column of

homogeneous fluid that will produce a given intensity of
pressure (gage).

Recall:

Any change in pressure applied at any point in a liquid

Sample Problem
Given a pressure of magnitude of 50 kPa, find the
pressure head of water with a unit weight of 9.81 kN/m3
and the pressure head of mercury with a unit weight of
133 kN/m3.
at rest is transmitted equally and undiminished to every
other point in the liquid.
The pressures along the same horizontal plane in a
homogeneous fluid at rest are equal
 Differential Type- a manometer without an atmospheric
surface and capable of measuring only differences of
pressure.

Differential Manometer- is used to determine the

difference in pressure between two points in a closed
fluid system.

Manometer- is a device consists of a transparent tube

that is used to determine the gage pressure in a liquid.

Types of Manometer

Open Type- a manometer with an atmospheric surface

in one end and capable of measuring gage pressures.

Piezometer- is the simplest type of manometer which

consist of a tube which is open at one end to the
atmosphere, while the other end is inserted into a
vessel, where the pressure of a liquid is to be measured.

U-tube Manometer- consist of a tube, usually bent in

the form of a U, containing a liquid of known specific
gravity, the surface of which moves proportionally to
changes of pressure.
Heads and Energy
Energy is defined as the ability to do work. The law of
conservation of energy is used to understand the
characteristics of fluid at rest or in motion. Head is the
requires energy per unit weight of fluid to increase at a
certain vertical distance.
Potential Energy
Elevation Head - is the vertical distance from the datum
of reference line to the center of the pipe or conduit.
Pressure Energy
Pressure Head - the vertical measurement from the
center of the pipe to the maximum height that the
water can reach when a piezometer is attached to a
pipe or conduit.
P/g
Kinetic Energy
Velocity Head - the amount of kinetic energy per unit
weight of fluid
V2 / 2g
Total Energy
The total energy in a fluid motion is the sum of the
potential energy and the kinetic energy.
TE = hz + hp + hv
POWER OF FLUIDS IN MOTION
Power is defined as the rate of doing work. The
dimension of power in SI units is newton- meter per
second (N-m/s) or joule per second (J/s) or simply watt
(W).
where:
Q = Rate of flow (m3/s, ft3/s)
y = Unit weight of the fluid flow (N/m3, lb/ft3)
E = Total head (m, ft)
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY EQUATION FOR
INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS
Bernoulli’s theorem proved that any fluid motion where
friction is neglected, the total energy possessed by a
given mass of the fluid is the same at every point along
the path of flow. This theorem is accordance in the law
of conservation of energy which explains that if there is
one loss of energy in any of the form of energy (kinetic,
potential, pressure energies) there must be a
corresponding gain of energy in the other two forms.
Frictionless Flow
Bernoulli’s equation for an incompressible fluid under
frictionless flow can be expressed as:
Considering Friction
Bernoulli’s equation for an incompressible fluid
considering friction can be expressed as:
FLOW MEASUREMENTS VENTURI METER

DEVICE COEFFICIENT ▪ It is used to measure the discharge

through a pipe.
For every device, there are different coefficient used.
The device coefficient is the ratio of the actual value ▪ "Venturi meters are flow measurement
and the theoretical value. instruments which use a converging
section of pipe to give an increase in
Note that the theoretical values can be obtained using
the flow velocity and a corresponding
Bernoulli’s equation.
pressure drop from which the flowrate
Coefficient of Discharge, Cd Is the ratio of the actual can be deduced."
discharge and the theoretical discharge.
▪ "They have been in common use for
Cd = Qa/Qt many years, especially in the water
supply industry."
where:
▪ "Clemens Herschel was an American
Qa = actual discharge hydraulic engineer. His career extended
from about 1860 to 1930, and he is best
Qt = theoretical discharge
known for developing the Venturi
meter, which was the first large-scale,
accurate device for measuring water
Coefficient of Velocity, Cv Is the ratio of the actual flow."
velocity and the theoretical velocity.
▪ Venturi Principle: “the increase in
Cv = Va/Vt kinetic energy is equal to the decrease
in potential energy”
where:
Va = actual velocity
Vt = theoretical velocity

Coefficient of Contraction, Cc Is the ratio of the area of

jet and the area of orifice.
ORIFICE
Cc = aj/ao
▪ An opening with a closed perimeter
where: through which fluid flows.

aj = area of jet ▪ It is used primarily to measure or to

control the flow of fluid.
ao = area of orifice
Vena Contracta - is the section on the jet where
contraction ceases.

Cd = CcCv
NOZZLE Sample Problem no. 1

▪ It is used to increase the velocity of the Determine the pressure head if the fluid has a specific
jet. gravity (SG) = 0.65 and it experience pressure at 7 kPa.

▪ A cylindrical or round spout at the end Solution:

of a pipe, hose, or tube used to control
Hp = P / g
a jet of gas or liquid.

Hp = (7 kN/m2) / (6.36 kN/m3)

Hp = 1.10 m
PITOT TUBE

▪ A pitot tube, also known as pitot probe,

is a flow measurement device used to
measure fluid flow velocity.

▪ The pitot tube was invented by the

French engineer Henri Pitot in the early
18th century and was modified to its
modern form in the mid-19th century
by French scientist Henry Darcy.
▪ It is widely used to determine the
airspeed of an aircraft, water speed of a
boat, and to measure liquid, air and gas
flow velocities in certain industrial
applications.
Sample Problem no. 2
A fluid flowing with a specific gravity of 0.79 and has a
velocity of 0.95 m/s. The pressure inside the pipe is 1.25
kPa. The distance center of the pipe from the datum
line is 8 m. Determine the total energy.
Solution:
TE = hv + hp + hz = V2/2g + P/g + z