PEMP

RMD 2501

Gas Turbine Cycle Analysis

Session delivered by:

Prof. Q.H. Nagpurwala

03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 1

 PEMP
RMD 2501
Session Objectives

This session is intended to introduce the delegates to:

• Analysis of shaft power gas turbine cycles
• Analysis of aeropropulsion gas turbine cycles

03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 2

 PEMP

Analysis of Shaft Power Cycles RMD 2501

• Design Parameters
– Compressor Pressure Ratio
– Turbine Inlet Temperature
– Compressor, Combustor, Turbine and other component
efficiencies
– Pressure Losses
• Performance Calculations
– Specific work output
– Specific Fuel Consumption
– Cycle efficiency

03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 3

 PEMP

Thermodynamic Cycle Analysis RMD 2501

• The task of thermodynamic cycle analysis is important, as it

constitutes the base where the knowledge of how to model a
gas turbine is acquired and is a prerequisite for performing
all other tasks
• Gas Turbine works on Brayton Cycle as we have seen earlier
• Here we analyse gas turbine cycle adopted for power gas
turbine and propulsion gas turbine with the help of simple
numerical examples

03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 4

 PEMP

Nomenclature RMD 2501

C Velocity r Pressure ratio

cp Specific heat at constant
s Specific entropy
pressure
T Absolute temperature
f Fuel/air ratio by weight
t Temperature ratio
h Specific enthalpy
W Specific work (power) output
ΔH Enthalpy of reaction
γ Ratio of specific heats
m Mass flow
η Efficiency
M Molecular weight, Mach number
n Polytropic index ρ density

p Absolute pressure
Q Heat transfer per unit mass flow
Qnet,p Net calorific value at constant p
R Gas constant
~
R molar (universal) gas constant

03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 5

 PEMP

Nomenclature RMD 2501

Suffixes
0 stagnation value
1,2,3 reference planes
∞ polytropic
a ambient,air
b combustion chamber
c compressor
f fuel
g gas
h heat-exchanger
i intake, mixture constituent
m mechanical
N net
s stage
t turbine

03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 6

 PEMP
RMD 2501
Example-2 (Simple cycle with Free Turbine)
Determine the specific work output,specific fuel consumption and cycle efficiency for a
simple cycle gas turbine with a free power turbine (see figure) given the following
specification:
Compressor pressure ratio 12.0
Turbine inlet temperature 1350 K
Isentropic efficiency of compressor, ηc 0.86
Isentropic efficiency of each turbine, ηt 0.89
Mechanical efficiency of each shaft, ηm 0.99
Combustion efficiency 0.99
Combustion chamber pressure loss 6 % compressor delivery pressure
Exhaust pressure loss 0.03 bar
Ambient conditions,pa,Ta 1 bar, 288 K

03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 7

 PEMP
RMD 2501
Example-2 (… contd.)
Proceeding as in the previous example,

T02 − T01 =
0.86
[
288 1 3.5
]
12 − 1 = 346.3K

1.005 * 346.3
Wtc = = 351.5kJ / kg
0.99

p03 = 12.0(1 − 0.06) = 11.28bar

The intermediate pressure between the two turbines, p04, is unknown, but can be
determined from the fact that the compressor turbine produces just sufficient work
to drive the compressor. The temperature equivalent of the compressor turbine
work is, therefore,
Wtc 351.5
T03 − T04 = = = 306.2 K
c pg 1.148
03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 8
 PEMP
RMD 2501
Example-2 (… contd.)
The corresponding pressure ratio can be found using the relation
  1  γ −1 γ 
T03 − T04 = ηtT03 1 −   
  p03 p04  
  1  0 .25 
306.2 = 0.89*13501 −   
  p03 p04  
p03
= 3.243
p04
T04 = 1350 − 306.2 = 1043.8 K

The pressure at entry to the power turbine, p04, is then found to be

11.28/3.243 = 3.478 bar
and the power turbine pressure ratio is
3.478/(1+0.03) = 3.377
03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 9
 PEMP
RMD 2501
Example-2 (… contd.)
The temperature drop in the power turbine can now be obtained

  1  0 .25 
T04 − T05 = 0.89*1043.81 −    = 243.7 K
  3.377  

and the specific work output, i.e. power turbine work per unit air mass flow, is

Wtp = c pg (T04 − T05 )ηm

Wtp = 1.148( 243.7 )0.99 = 277.0 kJ/kg (or kW/kg)

The compressor delivery temperature is 288+346.3 = 634.3 K and the

combustion temperature rise is 1350 – 634.3 = 715.7 K
The theoretical fuel/air ratio required is 0.0202 (from available chart) giving an
actual fuel/air ratio of 0.0202/0.99 = 0.0204

03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 10

 PEMP
RMD 2501

Theoretical
Fuel-Air Ratio

Combustion temperature rise

vs theoretical fuel-air ratio

03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 11

 PEMP
RMD 2501
Example-2 (… contd.)
The SFC and cycle efficiency, η, are then given by

f 3600* 0.0204
SFC = = = 0.265 kg/kWh
Wtp 277.9
3600
η= = 0.315
0.265* 43100

03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 12

 PEMP
RMD 2501
Example-2 (… contd.)
• It should be noted that the cycle calculations have been carried out as above to
determine the overall performance. It is important to realize, however, that
they also provide information that is needed by other groups such as the
aerodynamic and control design groups.
• The temperature at entry to the power turbine, T04 , for example, may be
required as a control parameter to prevent operation above the metallurgical
limiting temperature of the compressor turbine.
• The exhaust gas temperature (EGT), T05, would be important if the gas turbine
were to be considered for combined cycle or cogeneration plant.
• In this Example, T05 = 1043.8-243.7 = 800.1K or 527 C, which is suitable for
use with a waste heat boiler. When thinking of combined cycle plant, a higher
T I T might be desirable because there would be a consequential increase in
EGT, permitting the use of a higher steam temperature and a more efficient
steam cycle. If the cycle pressure ratio were increased to increase the
efficiency of the gas cycle, however, the EGT would be decreased resulting in
a lower steam cycle efficiency.
03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 13
 PEMP
RMD 2501
Propulsion Gas Turbine Cycles
• Design Parameters
– Compressor Pressure Ratio
– Turbine Inlet Temperature
– Compressor, Combustor, Turbine and other component
efficiencies
– Pressure Losses

• Performance Calculations
– Specific Thrust
– Specific Fuel Consumption
– Propulsive Efficiency

03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 14

 PEMP

Nomenclature RMD 2501

a sonic velocity Suffixes

A cross-sectional area c critical condition,cold stream
B bypass ratio (mc/mh) h hot stream
F net thrust j jet
Fs specific thrust m mixed
KF specific thrust coefficient
M Mach number

ηe efficiency of energy conversion

ηi intake efficiency
ηj nozzle efficiency
ηm mechanical efficiency
ηo overall efficiency
ηp propulsion (Froude)efficiency
ηr ram efficiency
η∞ polytropic efficiency
03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 15
 PEMP

Propulsion Gas Turbine Cycle RMD 2501

• In Aircraft Gas Turbines the useful power output is in the form of

thrust.
• In Turbojet and Turbofan engines the whole of thrust is generated
in propelling nozzles
• In turboprop engines most of the thrust is generated in the
propeller with relatively small thrust in the exhaust nozzle
• The forward speed and altitude affect the performance of an
Aircraft Gas Turbine
• From designer’s point of view, there may be differing require-
ments for take off, climb, cruise and maneuverings. Further,
these requirements may also be different for civil and military
aircrafts; and for long- and short-haul aircrafts.

03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 16

 PEMP

Propulsion Gas Turbine Cycle RMD 2501

• Examples in the present session will show design point calculations

for take off and cruise conditions.
• The net Thrust due to change of momentum is:
– F = m(Cj - Ca)
– mCj: gross momentum thrust
– mCa: intake momentum drag
– If the exhaust gases are not expanded completely to pa in the
propulsive duct, then
– F = m(Cj - Ca) + Aj(pj - pa)
= Momentum Thrust + Pressure Thrust

03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 17

 PEMP

Schematic of a Turbojet RMD 2501

03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 18

 PEMP

Propulsion Efficiency RMD 2501

• Propulsion efficiency, ηp : It is defined as the ratio of the useful

propulsive energy or thrust power (F.Ca ) to the sum of that energy
and the unused kinetic energy of the jet. The latter is the kinetic
energy of the jet relative to the earth, namely m(Cj - Ca)2/2

mCa (C j − Ca ) 2
ηp = =
m[Ca (C j − Ca ) + (C j − Ca ) / 2]
2
 Cj 
1 +  
 Ca 
• This is also known as Froude Efficiency.
• Efficiency of Energy Conversion
Useful kinetic energy
m(C − C ) / 2
2 2
for propulsion
ηe = j a

m f Qnet , p Rate of energy supplied

by fuel
03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 19
 PEMP

Efficiency and Thrust RMD 2501

• Overall efficiency, ηo , is the ratio of the useful work done in

overcoming drag to the energy in the fuel supplied.

mCa (C j − Ca ) FCa
ηo = = = η pηe
m f Qnet , p m f Qnet , p
• Specific Thrust, Fs , is the thrust per unit mass flow of air.
• SFC = f/Fs
• Well designed intakes are used for uniform and non- distorted
fluid flow.
• Ram Pressure = p01 - pa = Pressure rise in the intake

03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 20

 PEMP

Example-1(Turbojet Engine) RMD 2501

Determination of the specific thrust and SFC for a simple turbojet engine, having
the following component performance at the design point at which the cruise
speed and altitude are M 0.8 and 10000 m.

Compressor pressure ratio 8.0

Turbine inlet temperature 1200 K
Isentropic efficiency:
of compressor, η c 0.87
of turbine, η t 0.90
of intake, η i 0.93
of propelling nozzle, η j 0.95
Mech. transmission efficiency, η m 0.99
Combustion efficiency, η b 0.98
Combustion pressure loss, ∆ p 4% of compressor delivery pressure
b

03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 21

 PEMP

Example-1(… contd.) RMD 2501

Turbojet cycle with losses

03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 22

 PEMP

Example-1(… contd.) RMD 2501

• From the ISA table, at 10000 m

pa = 0.2650 bar, Ta= 223.4 K and a = 299.5 m/s
• The stagnation conditions after the intake may be obtained as
follows:

Ca 2 (0.8 * 299.5)2
= = 28.6 K
2C p 2 *1.005 *1000
Ca 2
T01 = Ta + = 223.3 + 28.6 = 251.9 K
2C p
γ
p01  C a 2  (γ −1)  0.93 * 28.6 
3.5
= 1 + ηi  = 1 +  = 1.482
pa  2c pTa   223.3 
p01= 0.2650 *1.482 = 0.393bar

03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 23

 PEMP

Example-1(… contd.) RMD 2501

At outlet from the compressor,

 p02 
p02 =   p01 = 8.0 * 0.393 = 3.144bar
 p01 
 (γ −1) 
T01  p02  γ 251.9  13.5 
T02 − T01 =   
−1 = 8.0 − 1 = 234.9 K

η c  p01   0.87  
 
T02 = 251.9 + 234.9 = 486.8 K
Cpa (T 02 − T 01) 1.005x234.9
Wt = Wc/η m and hence T03 − T04 = = = 207.7 K
Cpgηm 1.148x0.99
T04 = 1200 - 207.7 = 992.3 K
 ∆p 
p03 = p02 1 − b  = 3.144(1 − 0.04) = 3.018bar
 p02 
1 207.7
T04 ' = T03 − (T03 − T04 ) = 1200 − = 969.2 K
ηt γ
0.90
 T04 '  (γ −1)  969 . 2 
4
p04 = p03   = 3.018  = 1.284bar
 T03   1200 
 
03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 24
 PEMP

Example-1(… contd.) RMD 2501

• The nozzle pressure ratio is, therefore

p 1.284
04
= = 4.845
p a
0.265

• The critical pressure ratio is

p 04 1 1
= γ = 4 = 1.914
 1  1  0.333 
pc γ − 1  (γ −1) 1 − 0.95  2.333 
1 −  
 η j γ + 1 

03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 25

 PEMP

Example-1(… contd.) RMD 2501

Since p04 /pa > p04 /pc , the nozzle is choking.

 2  2 * 992.3
T5 = Tc =   T04 = = 850.7 K
 γ +1  2.333
 
 1 
p5 = pc= p04 p  = 1.284/1.914 = 0.671 bar
 04 
 pc 

pc 100 * 0.671
ρ5 = = = 0.275kg / m 3
RTc 0.287 * 850.7
1
1
C5 = ( γRTc 2 ) = (1.333 * 0.287 * 850.7 *1000) 2 = 570.5m / s
A5 1 1
= = = 0.006374m 2 s / kg
m ρ 5C5 0.275 * 570.5

03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 26

 PEMP

Example-1(… contd.) RMD 2501

The specific thrust is

A5
Fs = (C5-Ca) + ( pc – pa )
m
= (570.5-239.6) + 0.006374(0.671-0.265)105
= 330.9 + 258.8 = 589.7 Ns/kg
For T02 = 486.8 K and T03- T02 = 1200-486.9 = 713.2 K,
we find that the theoretical fuel/air ratio required is 0.0194.
Thus the actual fuel/air ratio is
0.0194
f = = 0.0198
0.98
The specific fuel consumption is therefore

f 0.0198 * 3600
SFC = = = 0.121 kg/h N
F S
589.7

03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 27

 PEMP

Example-1(… contd.) RMD 2501

• For cycle optimisation, calculations would normally be done on the basis of

specific thrust and SFC. A common problem, however, is the determination
of actual engine performance to meet a particular aircraft thrust requirement.
The engine designer needs to know the airflow, fuel flow and nozzle area ;
the airflow and nozzle area are also important to the aircraft designer who
must determine the installation dimensions.
• If, for example, the cycle conditions in the example were selected to meet a
thrust requirement of 6000 N, then
F
m= = 10.17 kg/s
Fs
• the fuel flow is given by
mf = fm = 0.0198 * 10.17 * 3600 = 725.2 kg/h
(it should be noted that fuel flow is normally measured and indicated in kg/h
rather than kg/s)

• The nozzle area follows from the continuity equation :

A5 = .006374 * 10.17 =0.0648 m2
03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 28
 PEMP

Session Summary RMD 2501

This session has covered the following:

• Cycle analysis of shaft power gas turbines
• Cycle analysis of propulsion system gas turbines

Appropriate examples have been presented for both

these cases.

03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 29

 PEMP
RMD 2501

Thank you

03a @ M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore 30