CENGR 3260 - HYDRAULICS

PRINCIPLES OF
HYDROSTATICS

ENGR. JHOREENE A. JULIAN

Instructor
Department of Civil Engineering, CLSU

CENTRAL LUZON
STATE UNIVERSITY

FLUID STATICS
It is the study of fluids in which there is no
relative motion between fluid particles.
If there is no relative motion, no shearing
stresses exist, since velocity gradients are required
for shearing stresses to be present.

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FLUID STATICS

Liquids at Rest Linear Acceleration Angular Rotation

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PRESSURE (Unit Pressure)

Pressure is the normal force per unit area
exerted by a liquid or gas on a body or surface, with
the force acting at right angles to the surface
uniformly in all directions.
∆𝐅𝐧 where:
𝐏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 F = Force
∆𝐀 →𝟎 ∆𝐀 A = Cross-sectional area

𝐅
𝐏=
𝐀

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PRESSURE
Unit:
English System : lb/in² (psi)
SI : N/m² or Pa(Pascal)
International Usage : kg/cm² (atmospheres)

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STATE UNIVERSITY www.clsu.edu.ph

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
The absolute pressure reaches zero when an ideal vacuum
is achieved, that is, when no molecules are left in a space;
consequently, a negative absolute pressure is an
impossibility.

Absolute pressure is the pressure above absolute zero

(vacuum).

GAGE PRESSURE
A second scale is defined by measuring pressures relative
to the local atmospheric pressure. These are pressures
above or below the atmosphere and can be measured by
pressure gauges or manometers.

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 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Atmospheric Pressure is the pressure at any one point on
the Earth’s surface from the weight of the air above it.

VACUUM PRESSURE
Vacuum is a space that has all matter removed from it. A
vacuum can also describe as a region of space where the
pressure is less than the normal atmospheric pressure of
760mm (29.9 in) of mercury.

PRESSURE

𝐏𝐚𝐛𝐬 = 𝐏𝐚𝐭𝐦 + 𝐏𝐠𝐚𝐠𝐞

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VARIATION IN PRESSURE
1. The difference in pressure between any two points
in a homogeneous fluid at rest is equal to the product
of the unit weight of the fluid (γ) to the vertical
distance (h) between the points.

𝐏𝟐 − 𝐏𝟏 = 𝛄𝐡

VARIATION IN PRESSURE
2. A pressure applied at any point in a liquid at rest is
transmitted equally and undiminished to every point
other point in the liquid.

𝐏𝟐 = 𝐏𝟏 + 𝛄𝐡

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VARIATION IN PRESSURE
3. The pressure at any point “h” below a free liquid
surface is equal to the product of the unit weight of
the fluid (γ) and h.

𝐏 = 𝛄𝐡

VARIATION IN PRESSURE
4. The pressure along the same horizontal plane in a
homogeneous fluid at rest are equal.

𝐏𝟐 = 𝐏𝟏

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PRESSURE BELOW LAYERS OF DIFFERENT LIQUIDS
Consider the tank shown to be filled with liquids of
different densities and with air at the top under a gage
pressure of PA , the pressure at the bottom of the tank
is:
Pbottom = Σ γh + p
𝐏𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐦 = 𝛄𝟏 𝐡𝟏 + 𝛄𝟐 𝐡𝟐 + 𝛄𝟑 𝐡𝟑 + 𝐏𝐀
γ𝟏

γ𝟐

γ𝟑

MANOMETERS
Manometers are instruments that use columns
of liquids to measure pressures.
A manometer is a
tube, usually bent in a form
of a U, containing a liquid of
known specific gravity, the
surface of which moves
proportionally to changes of
pressure.

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TYPES OF MANOMETER
U-tube Manometer
It is used to measure
relatively small pressures. In
this case the pressure in the
pipe can be determined by
defining a point 1 at the
center of the pipe and a point P1 + γz1 = P2 + γz2
2 at the surface of the right z2 − z1 = h
column. P2 = 0
𝐏𝟏 = 𝛄h
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STATE UNIVERSITY www.clsu.edu.ph

TYPES OF MANOMETER
U-tube Manometer
A manometer used to P2 = P2 ′
measure relatively large
P1 + γ1 h = P3 + γ2 H
pressures
Note: P3 = 0

𝐏𝟏 = −𝛄𝟏 𝐡 + 𝛄𝟐 𝐇

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STATE UNIVERSITY www.clsu.edu.ph

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Steps in Solving Manometer Problems
1. Decide on the fluid in feet or meter, of which the heads are to be expressed
(water is most advisable)

2. Starting from an end point, number in order, the interface of different fluids.

3. Identify points of equal pressure (taking into account that for a

homogeneous fluid at rest, the pressure along the same horizontal plane are
equal). Label these points with the same number.

4. Proceed from level to level, adding (if going down) or subtracting (if going
up) pressure heads as the elevation decreases or increases, respectively with
due regard for the specific gravity of the fluids.
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STATE UNIVERSITY www.clsu.edu.ph

SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1

What is the pressure 12.5 m below the ocean?
Use sp.gr. = 1.03 for salt water.

Solution:
Given: 12.5 m

h = 12.5 m
Sp.gr. = 1.03
P = γh
P = (9.81 kN/m³ )( 1.03) (12.5m)
P =126.304 kN/m²
P =126.304 kPa

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SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 2
If the pressure at a point in the ocean is 60 kPa,
what is the pressure 27 meters below this point?
Use sp.gr. = 1.03.
Solution:
Given:
P1 = 60 kPa 𝟏 𝟔𝟎 𝐤𝐏𝐀
h= 27 m 27 m
Sp.gr. = 1.03 P2 – P1 = γh
𝟐
P2 = P1 + γh
P2 = 60 kN/m² + (9.81 kN/m³)(1.03) (27 m)
P = 332. 816 kN/m²

SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 3

An open tank contains 5.8 m of water covered
with 3.2 m of kerosene (γ = 8 kN/m³).
Find the pressure at the interface and at the
bottom of the tank.

Kerosene
γ = 8 kN/m³

3.2 m

Water A
γ = 9.81 kN/m³ 5.8 m

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Solution:
a. Pressure at the interface
PA = γk hk
Kerosene
γ = 8 kN/m³ PA = (8 kN/m³)(3.2 m)

3.2 m 𝐏𝐀 = 25.6 kPa

Water A b. Pressure at the bottom

γ = 9.81 kN/m³ 5.8 m
PB = Σγh
B PB = γk hk + γw hw

PB = ( 8 kN/m³) ( 3.2m)+( 9.81 kN/m³)

( 5.8 m)
𝐏𝐁 = 82.498 kPa

SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 4

For the manometer shown, determine the pressure
at the center of the pipe.

1.0 m

Mercury, s.g. = 13.55

1.5 m

Oil, s.g. = 0.80

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Solution:
Sum-up pressure head from 1 to 3 in meters of
water.
P1 + γ1 h1 + γ2 h2 = P3
1.0 m
kN kN
0 +(9.81 m3)(13.55)(1m) + (9.81 m3)(0.80)(1.5m) = P3

𝐏𝟑 = 144.698 kPa

Mercury, s.g. = 13.55

1.5 m

Oil, s.g. = 0.80

THANK YOU!

CENTRAL LUZON
STATE UNIVERSITY

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