Diploma Program in

Hydraulic and Water Resource

By: Eng. Abdifatah M. (MSc)

Nov 2022

Hydraulics
(HYD 111)
 Hydraulics
Chapter 5 – Kinematics of Flow
◦ What is Kinematics
◦ Difference between Kinematics and Dynamics of Flow
◦ Methods of Describing Fluid Motion
◦ Lagrangian Vs Eulerian Method
◦ Types of Fluid Flow
◦ Rate of Flow or Discharge (Q)
◦ Continuity Equation
◦ Solved Problems
By:Eng. Abdifatah (MSc)
Oct 2022
 Chap 4, Kinematics of Flow
Introduction

 Kinematics; is defined as that branch of science which deals with motion of particles

without considering the force causing the motion

 Kinematics of flow; deals with the motion of fluid particles without considering the

agency (forces) producing the motion.

 Kinematics of fluid; deal with the motion of the fluid, for (e.g., velocity, acceleration,

viscosity, etc.). In contrast, the dynamics of a flow; focuses on the factors affecting the

fluid motions, (like pressure, moment, force, etc.).

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 Methods of Describing Fluid Motion
 We know that each particle of a fluid in motion has at any instant a certain

definite value of its properties like density, velocity, acceleration etc. As the

fluid moves on, the values of these properties will change from one position to

other positions, from time to time.

 Thus, the fluid motion can be described by two methods, which are;

1. Lagrangian Method, and

2. Eulerian Method

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 Lagrangian method
 Lagrangian method; study the velocity, acceleration etc. of an individual fluid
particle at every instant of time as the particle moves to different positions.

 In the Lagrangian method, a single fluid particle is followed during its motion
and its velocity, acceleration, density etc, are described.

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 Eulerian method
 Eulerian method; we describe the flow by studying the velocity, acceleration,
pressure, density etc. at a fixed point in space.

 In the Eulerian method, the velocity, acceleration, pressure, density are

described at a point in flow filed

 Due to it’s easy application, the Eulerian Method is used in fluid mechanics.

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 Lagrangian Vs Eulerian
Lagrangian method;

◦ Difficult because it is not easy to identify a fluid particle and trace its path

◦ Each particle has a random path

◦ .Studying the properties of a single fluid particle is a very tedious process and
therefore this method is not generally adopted.

Eulerian method;

◦ Easier and more practical because usually one is interested in flow parameters at
certain point than what happens to the individual particles.

◦ This method is adopted in fluid mechanics due to it’s ease of application

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 Types of Fluid Flow
 The fluid flow is classified as;

I. Steady and Unsteady Flow

II. Uniform and Non-uniform Flow
III. Laminar and Turbulent Flow
IV. Compressible and Incompressible Flow
V. Rotational and Irrotational Flow, and
VI. One, Two, and Three Dimensional Flow

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 Steady and Unsteady Flows
In steady and unsteady flow the Time is the criterion

 Steady Flow; is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid characteristics like
velocity, pressure, density, etc., at a point do not change with time

 E.g. Flow of water with constant discharge through a pipeline is as steady flow

 Thus for steady flow, mathematically, we have

 Where, is a fixed point in a fluid field.

= Change of Velocity, = Change of Pressure

= Change of Density
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 Steady and Unsteady Flows
In steady and unsteady flow the Time is the criterion

 Unsteady Flow; is that type of flow, in which the velocity, pressure or density at

a point changes with respect to time, thus,

 E.g. flow of water with varying discharge through a pipe is as unsteady flow

 mathematically, for unsteady flow.

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 Uniform and Non-uniform Flows
In Uniform and Non-uniform flow the Space is the criterion.

 Uniform Flow; is defined as that type of flow in which the velocity at any given
time does not change with respect to space (i.e., length of direction of the flow).

 E.g. flow through a long straight pipe of uniform diameter is uniform flow

 Mathematically, for uniform flow

 Where;

= Change of Velocity

= Length of flow In the direction S.

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 Uniform and Non-uniform Flows
In Uniform and Non-uniform flow the Space is the criterion.

 Non-uniform Flow; is that type of flow, in which the velocity at a given time

changes with respect to space.

 E.g. flow through a long pipe with varying cross-section is non-uniform flow

 Thus, mathematically, for Non-uniform flow.

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 Laminar and Turbulent Flow
In Laminar and Turbulent flow the Reynolds Number is the criterion.

 Laminar Flow; is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid particles move along
well-defined paths or stream line and all the stream-lines are straight and parallel.

 Thus, the particles move in laminas or layers gliding smoothly over the adjacent layer.

 This type of flow is also called stream-line flow or viscous flow.

 E.g. flow of blood in small veins

 Turbulent Flow; is that type of flow in which the particles flow in a zig-zag way.

 Or is the flow in which adjacent layers cross each other and do not move along the well
define path

 E.g. flow through a river or canal, or smoke from chimney

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Laminar and Turbulent Flow

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 Reynold’s Number
For a pipe flow, the type of flow is

determined by a non-dimensional

number called Reynold Number (Re)

ρVL
Re =
μ
Re = Reynolds number If Re < 2000 = Laminar

ρ = density of the fluid 2000 < Re < 4000 = Transitional

V = flow speed Re >. 4000 = Turbulent

L = characteristic linear dimension

μ = dynamic viscosity of the fluid

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 Compressible and Incompressible Flows
 Compressible Flow; is that type of flow in which the density of the fluid changes
from point to point.

 Or in other words the density (ρ) is not constant for the fluid.

 Thus, mathematically, for compressible flow.

 Incompressible Flow; is that type of flow in which the density is constant for the
fluid. Liquids are generally incompressible while gases are compressible

 Mathematically, for incompressible flow

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 Rotational and Irrotational Flows
 Rotational Flow; is that type of flow in which the fluid particles while flowing along
streamlines, also rotate about their axis.

 Consider the example of a cylinder rotating about its axis and some liquid is present
inside it.

 When we rotate the cylinder there is a possibility that the elements of fluid also starts
rotating about its own axis when moving in a stream line such flow will be rotational.

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 Rotational and Irrotational Flows
 The flow in which the fluid particle while flowing along streamlines, do not

rotate about their axis then that of flow is called Irrotational flow.

 Consider the previous example some of the fluid elements won’t be rotating

about its axis in stream line

 No real flow is irrotational

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Rotational and Irrotational Flows

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 One, Two, and Three-Dimensional Flows
 One-Dimensional Flow; is that type of flow in which the follow parameters such as
velocity is a function of time and one space co-ordinate only.

 Say (x) for a steady one dimensional flow, the velocity is a function of one space co-
ordinate.

 The variation of velocities in other two mutually perpendicular directions is assumed

negligible.

 E.g., Flow in the pipe is considered one-dimensional flow.

 Hence, mathematically, for one-dimensional flow

 Where, u, v and w are velocity components in x, y, and z directions respectively

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 One, Two, and Three-Dimensional Flows
 The flow in which the velocity is the function of time and two space co-ordinates 9X,
Y) is called two-dimensional flow.

 For example flow in a plane

 Three-dimensional flow; is that type of flow in which velocity is a function of time and
three mutually perpendicular dimensions.

 The flow in open channel or rivers are

considered as three dimensional flow

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 Rate of Flow or Discharge (Q)
 Rate of Flow or Discharge (Q); is defined as the quantity of a fluid following per
second through a section of a pipe or channel.

 The discharge is;

Q =AxV

 Where

A = Cross-sectional area of pipe

V = Average velocity of fluid across the section

 The unit for discharge is m3 Τs

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 Continuity Equation
 The equation based on the principle of conservation of mass is called continuity
equation.

 Consider two cross-sections of a pipe as showing in below Fig,

Let 𝑉1 = average velocity at cross-section 1-1

ρ1 = Density at section 1-1

A1 = Area of pipe at section 1-1

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 Continuity Equation
 And 𝑉2 , ρ2 , and A2 are corresponding values at section 2-2.

 Then the rate of flow at section 1-1 = V1 ρ1 A1

 Rate of flow at section 2-2 = V2 ρ2 A2

ρ1 A1 V1 = ρ2 A2 V2

 Continuity equation is applicable to the compressible as well as incompressible

fluids.

 If the fluid is incompressible, then ρ1 = ρ2 and continuity equation reduced to

A1 V1 = A2 V2

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 Tutorials
1. The diameter of a pipe at the section 1 and 2 are 10 cm and 15 cm

respectively. Find the discharge through the pipe if the velocity of water

flowing through the pipe at section 1 is 5 m/s. determine the velocity at

section 2.

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 Tutorials

Solution

I. Discharge through the pipe (Q)

Q=AxV

Q = 0.007854 𝑚2 x 5 m/s = 0.03927 𝒎𝟑 / s

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 Tutorials

Solution

II. Velocity at section 2 (V2)

We have, A1 V1 = A2 V2

A1 V1
V2 =
A2

V2 =

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 Tutorials
2. A 30 cm diameter pipe, conveying water, branches into two pipes of diameters 20 cm

and 15 cm respectively. If the average velocity in the 30 cm diameter pipe is 2.5 m/s.

find the discharge in the pipe. Also determine the velocity in q5 cm pipe if the

average velocity in 20 cm diameter pipe is 2 m/s.

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 Tutorials

Solution

Calculate, 1. Discharge in pipe 1 (Q1 ), 2. Velocity in pipe 3 (V3 )

Pipe 1

Pipe 2

Pipe 3

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 Tutorials

Solution

I. Q1 = A1 x V1
Q = 0.07068 𝑚2 x 2.5 m/s = 0.1767 𝒎𝟑 / s

2. Velocity in pipe 3 (V3 )

To find the velocity in pipe 3 let Q1 , Q 2 , and Q 3 are discharges in pipe 1, 2
,and 3 respectively.

Then according to continuity equation

Q1 = Q 2 + Q 3

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 Tutorials

Solution

Discharge in pipe 2 Q 2 = A2 x V2

Q 2 = 0.0314 x 2.0 = 0.0628 𝒎𝟑 / s

Substituting the values of Q1 and Q 2 in the previous equation

Q1 = Q 2 + Q 3

𝑄3 = 𝑄1 - 𝑄2 = 0.1767 𝑚3 / s - 0.0628 𝑚3 / s = 0.1139 𝒎𝟑 / s

𝑄3
2. Velocity in pipe 3 (V3 ) V3 =
A3

0.1139
V3 = = 6.44 m/s
0.01767
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