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FLUID MECHANICS & MACHINERY

3 FLUID KINEMATICS

1. FLUID KINEMATICS

It describes the motion of fluid and its consequences without any consideration of the forces
invaded. Thus, fluid kinematics deals with the variation of flow parameters in space and time.
Fluid kinematics deals with the following three aspects as shown below:

1.1. Different field in Fluid kinematics under consideration:

(a). Scalar and Vector Fields:
(i). Scalar: Scalar is a quantity which can be expressed by a single number representing its
magnitude.
Example: mass, density and temperature.
(ii). Scalar Field: If at every point in a region, a scalar function has a defined value, the region
is called a scalar field.
Example: Temperature distribution in a rod.
(iii). Vector: Vector is a quantity which is specified by both magnitude and direction.
Example: Force, Velocity and Displacement.
(iv). Vector Field: If at every point in a region, a vector function has a defined value, the
region is called a vector field.
Example: velocity field of a flowing fluid.

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(b). Flow Field

• The region in which the flow parameters i.e. velocity, pressure etc. are defined at each
and every point at any instant of time is called a flow field.
• Thus, a flow field would be specified by the velocities at different points in the region at
different times.
1.2. Approaches to study fluid motion
1.2.1. Lagrangian approach:
• Using Lagrangian method, the fluid motion is described by tracing the kinematic
behaviour of each particle constituting the flow.
• Identities of the particles are made by specifying their initial position (spatial location)
at a given time and then position of a particle at any other instant of time then becomes
a function of its identity and time.
Mathematical expression of the above statement:

S = S(S0 , t)
Where,
ˆ is the position vector of a particle (with respect to a fixed point of
S = ˆix + ˆjy + kZ
reference) at a time t.

Where î , ĵ and k̂ are the unit vectors along the x, y and z axis respectively.

S0 is its initial position at a given time t = t 0.

• In the example shown below particles A and B have been identified and traced. Position
vectors and velocity vectors are shown in Fig.1 at any instant of time for each of these
marked particles. As the particles move in the flow field, their positions and velocities
change with time.

Fig.1: Lagrangian approach to study fluid motion

• The physical laws, such as Newton's laws and conservation of mass and energy, apply
directly to each particle.
• If there were only a few particles to consider, as in a high school physics experiment
with billiard balls, the Lagrangian description would be desirable.

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• However, fluid flow is a continuum phenomenon, at least down to the molecular level. It
is not possible to track each "particle" in a complex flow field. Thus, the Lagrangian
description is rarely used in fluid mechanics.
1.2.1.1. Advantages of Lagrangian Method:
• Since motion and trajectory of each fluid particle is known, its history can be traced.

• Since particles are identified at the start and traced throughout their motion,

conservation of mass is inherent.

1.2.1.2. Disadvantages of Lagrangian Method:

• The solution of the equations presents appreciable mathematical difficulties except

certain special cases and therefore, the method is rarely suitable for practical

applications.

1.2.2. Eulerian approach:

• In the Eulerian description of fluid flow, individual fluid particles are not identified.

Instead, a control volume is defined.

• In other words, each property is expressed as a function of space and time, as shown

for the velocity field in the Fig.2.

• Pressure, velocity, acceleration, and all other flow properties are described

as fields within the control volume.

Fig.2: Eulerian approach to study fluid motion

• Since fluid flow is a continuum phenomenon, at least down to the molecular level, the

Eulerian description is usually preferred in fluid mechanics.

Note.1:

• The Lagrangian method of description can always be derived from the Eulerian method.

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2. TYPES OF FLUID FLOW

Types of fluid flow can be described into the following categories:

2.1. Steady flow
• At a fixed position, if fluid properties and flow parameters do not change with time
then it is a steady flow.
• Both the Eulerian and Lagrangian approach becomes identical in this situation.
• For the steady flow:

 V   P    
 t  = 0,   = 0,   =0
 x0 ,y0 ,Z0  t x0 ,y0 ,Z0  t x0 ,y0 ,Z0

2.2. Unsteady flow

• If fluid properties and flow parameters change with time as a fixed position then it is
called unsteady flow.
• For the Unsteady flow:

 V   P    
 t   0,    0,   0
 x0 ,y0 ,Z0  t x0 ,y0 ,Z0  t x0 ,y0 ,Z0

2.3. Uniform and Non-uniform flow:

• The flow is defined as uniform flow when in the flow field the velocity and other
hydrodynamic parameters do not change from point to point at any instant of time.
• For a uniform flow, the velocity is a function of time only, which can be expressed in
Eulerian description as:

 dV 
V = V(t) and   =0 ( For Uniform Flow).
 ds t = cons tan t
• While a flow in which the velocity and other hydrodynamic parameters changes from
one point to another the flow is defined as non-uniform.

 dV 
 ds  0 (For Non uniform flow)
 t = cons tan t
Note.2:
• For a non-uniform flow, the changes with position may be found either in the direction
of flow or in directions perpendicular to it.
• Non-uniformity in a direction perpendicular to the flow is always encountered near
solid boundaries past which the fluid flows.
2.4. Laminar flow and Turbulent flow
• Laminar flow is type of flow in which the fluid particles move along well-defined paths
or steam line & all the streamlines are straight & parallel. Thus, the particles move in
layers gliding smoothly over the adjacent layer.

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• It is type of flow in which the fluid particles move in a zig zag way which results in
eddies formation which are responsible for the energy loss.
• The deciding parameter is the Reynolds number (Re) which determines that whether
the flow is laminar or turbulent.
2.5. Compressible flow and Incompressible flow
• Compressible flow is a type of flow in which density of the fluid changes from point to
point.
  cons tant (For compressible flows)

• While a flow in which the density is constant for fluid flow is called the incompressible
flow.
 = cons tant (For incompressible flows)

2.6. Rotational flow and Irrotational flow

• Rotational flow is the type of flow in which the fluid particles while flowing along
streamlines also rotate about their own axis.
• On the other hand, a flow in which the fluid particles while flowing along the
streamlines do not rotate about their own axis.
2.7. One-dimensional (1- D), Two-dimensional (2-D) and Three-dimensional (3-D)
flows:
• 1-D is a type of flow in which flow parameter such as velocity is a function of time &
one space co – ordinate only.
• 2- D is a type of flow in which flow parameter such as velocity is a function of time &
two space co – ordinate only.
• 3 -D is a type of flow in which flow parameter such as velocity is a function of time &
three space coordinate only.
• Mathematically, it can be expressed as:
u = f(x), v = 0andw = 0 for 1 – D flow

u = f1(x, y), v = f2 (x, y)andw = 0 for 2 – D flow

u = f1(x, y, z), v = f2 (x, y, z)andw = f3(x, y, z) for 3 – D flow

3. FLOW PATTERN DESCRIPTION

3.1. Streamlines:
• A streamline at any instant can be defined as an imaginary curve or line in the flow
field so that the tangent to the curve at any point represents the direction of the
instantaneous velocity at that point.
• Streamlines are the Geometrical representation of the flow velocity.

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• In an unsteady flow where the velocity vector changes with time, the pattern of
streamlines also changes from instant to instant.
• Only for steady flow, streamlines remain same at all instants of time.

Fig.3: Representation of Streamlines

P1P2 = dr
By definition:

dr  V = 0 (no flow across streamline)

i j k
dx dy dz = 0
u v w

dx dy dz
= = Equation of streamline in 3D
u v w
3.2. Streak-line:
• A streak line is the locus of fluid particles that have passed sequentially through a
prescribed point in the flow.
3.3. Path line
• A path line is the actual path travelled by an individual fluid particle over some time
period.
3.4. Timeline:
• A timeline is a set of adjacent fluid particles that were marked at the same (earlier)
instant in time.
Note.3:
• For steady flow, Streamlines, Streak lines & path lines are identical.

4. CONTINUITY EQUATION

• This equation is based on the principle of conservation of mass. Consider two cross sections
of a pipe as shown in Fig.4.

Fig.4: Continuity equation in a fluid flow

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By continuity equation:
Mass flow rate at inlet = mass flow rate at outlet
ρ1A1V1 = ρ2A2V2 (If fluid in compressible).
A1V1 = A2V2 (if fluid is Incompressible i.e. ρ = constant).
Continuity Equation for Steady and 3 – D Incompressible Flow:

u v w
+ + =0
x y z
Continuity Equation for Steady and 2 – D Incompressible Flow:

u v
+ =0
x y
Proof:
CONTINUITY EQUATION IN THREE-DIMENSIONS
Consider a fluid element of lengths dx, dy and dz in the direction of x, y and z. Let u, v and w
are the inlet velocity components in x, y and z directions respectively.

Fig.5 Showing a fluid element

Mass of fluid entering the face ABCD per second
mABCD =  × Velocity in x-direction × Area of ABCD
=  × u × (dy × dz)

Then mass of fluid leaving the face EFGH per second = u dydz + (u dydz) dx
x
 Gain of mass in x-direction = Mass through ABCD − Mass through EFGH per second

= u dydz − u dydz − (u dydz) dx
x

=− (u dydz) dx
x

Gain of mass in x-direction = − (u) dx dydz
x
Similarly,

The net gain of mass in y-direction = − (v) dx dydz
y


and in z-direction = − (w) dx dydz
z

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   
 Net gain of masses = − (u) + (v) + (w) dx dydz
 x y z 
Since the mass is neither created nor destroyed in the fluid element, the net increase of mass
per unit time in the fluid element must be equal to the rate of increase of mass of fluid in the
element. But mass of fluid in the element is .dx.dy.dz and its rate of increase with time is
 
(dx.dy.dz) or . dx.dy.dz.
t t
Equating the two expressions.
    
−  (u) + (v) + (w) dx dydz = .dx dydz
 x y z  t

   
+ (u) + (v) + (w) = 0 [Cancelling dx.dv.dz from both sides]
 t x y z
Above equation is the continuity equation in cartesian co-ordinates in its most general form.
This equation is applicable to:
(i) Steady and unsteady flow,
(ii) Uniform and non-uniform flow, and
(iii) Compressible and incompressible fluids.
For steady flow:

= 0 and hence equation becomes as
t

  
(u) + (v) + (w) = 0
x y z
For incompressible Fluid:
 is constant and the above equation becomes as

u v w
+ + =0.
x y z
Above equation is the continuity equation in three-dimensions.
For a two-dimensional flow, the component w = 0. Hence continuity equation becomes as

u v
+ = 0.
x y

5. ACCELERATION OF FLUID FLOW

5.1. Acceleration components of fluid particles in x, y and z directions:

Let ax, ay and az are the total accelerations in x, y and z directions respectively. Then by the
chain rule of differentiation, we have
Acceleration of a fluid particle in x-direction is given as,

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Du u dx u dy u dz u
ax = lim = lim + lim + lim +
t →0 Dt t →0 x dt t →0 y dt t →0 z dt t

Du u dx u dy u dz u
ax = = + + +
Dt x dt y dt z dt t

dx dy dz
But u = , v = and w =
dt dt dt
Therefore,
Du u u u u
ax = =u +v +w +
Dt x y z t
Similarly, acceleration in y and z directions is given by:

Dv v v v v
ay = =u +v +w +
Dt x y z t

Dw w w w w
az = =u +v +w +
Dt x y z t

5.2. Material derivative:

• The total differential D/Dt is known as the material or substantial derivative with
respect to time.

• The first term in the right hand side of is known as temporal or local derivative
t
which expresses the rate of change with time, at a fixed position.
• The last three terms in the right-hand side of the equation, are together known as
convective derivative which represents the time rate of change due to change in
position in the field.
5.3. Total acceleration:
• The total acceleration is given by the following vector:
ˆ
A = axˆi + ayˆj + azk

DV V
A= = + V.V
Dt t
Thus, magnitude of the total acceleration is given by:

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A= ax2 + ay2 + az2

Note.5:

• For steady flow: Local or temporal acceleration =0
t
Thus, Total acceleration= convective acceleration.
• For uniform flow: Convective acceleration = 0
Thus, Total acceleration= temporal acceleration
• For steady and uniform flow:
Total acceleration=0

Example. The velocity vector in a fluid flow is given V = 4x3i − 10x2yj + 2tk. Find the
velocity and acceleration of a fluid particle at (2, 1, 3) at time t = 1.
Solution:
The velocity components u, v and w are u = 4x 3, v = − 10x2 y, w = 2t
For the point (2, 1, 3), we have x = 2, y = 1 and z = 3 at time t = 1.
Hence velocity components at (2, 1, 3) are
u = 4 × (2)3 = 32 units
v = − 10(2)2(1) = − 40 units
w = 2 × 1 = 2 units
 Velocity vector V at (2, 1, 3) = 32i − 40j + 2k

Resultant velocity = u2 + v2 + w2

= 322 + (− 40) + 22 = 1024 + 1600 + 4

2

= 51.26 units. Ans.

Acceleration is given by equation:
u u u u
ax = u +v +w +
x y z t

v v v v
ay = u +v +w +
x y z t

w w w w
az = u +v +w +
x y z t

Now from velocity components, we have

u u u
= 12x 2 , = 0 and =0
x y t

v v v v
= −20xy, = 0, = 0 and =0
x y z t

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w w w w
= 0, = 0, = 0 and = 2.1
x y z t

Substituting the values, the acceleration components at (2, 1, 3) at time 1= 1 are

ax = 4x3 (12 × 2) + (− 10x2y) × (0) + 2t × (0) + 0
= 48x5 = 48 × (2)2 = 48 × 32 = 1536 units
ay = 4x3(− 20xy) + (− 10x2y) (− 10x2) + 2t (0) + 0
= − 80x4y + 100x4y
= − 80 (2)4 (1) + 100 (2)4 × 1 = − 1280 + 1600 = 320 units.
az = 4x3 (0) + (− 10x2y) (0) + (2t) (0) + 2.1 = 2.0 units
 Acceleration is A = axi + ayj + azk = 15361 + 320j + 2k.

Resultant A = (1536)2 + (320)2 + (2)2 units

Resultant A = 2359296 + 102400 + 4 = 1568.9 units

6. FOUR FUNDAMENTAL TYPES OF MOTION

A particle in motion can go under different four type of motions:

a. Translation
• A fluid particle is said to have undergone linear or pure translation if it moves body in such
a way that the two sides are parallel and in same configuration as originally.

Fig. 6 Linear Translation

b. Linear strain (linear deformation):
• Linear strain rate is defined as the rate of increase in length per unit length.
• Linear strain components are given by the following expressions:
u v w
xx = ,  yy = and zz =
x y z

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Fig. 7 Linear Deformation

c. Shear strain (angular deformation)

• Shear strain rate at a point is defined as half of the rate of decrease of the angle between
two initially perpendicular lines that intersect at the point.
• Shear strain rates in cartesian co-ordinates are given as:

1  u v  1  u w  1  v w 
xx =  +  , zx =  +  ,  yz =  + 
2  y x  2  z x  2  z y 

Fig. 8 Angular deformation

1
Then angular deformation or shear strain rate = 1 + 2 
2
v x v u y u
Now 1 =  = and 2 = . = .
x x x y y y

1
 Angular deformation = = 1 + 2 
2

1  v u 
Shear strain rate = +
2  x y 

d. Rotation
• The rotation component about any axis may be defined as the average velocity of any two
linear elements in the particle that are perpendicular to each other and to the axis of
rotation.

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Fig. 9 Rotation

1  v u 
z =  − 
2  x y 

1  w v 
x =  − 
2  y z 

1  u w 
y =  − 
2  z x 

Note.6:
• Translation and rotation without deformation represent the rigid body displacements which
do not induce any strain in the body.

Example. A fluid flow is given by V = 8x 3i − 10x2yj. Find the shear strain rare and slate
whether the flow is rotational or irrotational.
Solution:
Given:
Velocity vector V = 8x3i − 10x2yj
3
 u = 8x
u u
Thus, = 24x2 , =0
x y
and v = −10x2y
v v
Thus, = −20xy, = − 10x2
x y
(i) Shear strain rate is given by the following equation:
1  v u  1
=  +  = (− 20xy + 0) = − 10xy
2  x y  2

(ii) Rotation in x − y plane is given by equation:

1  v u  1
z =  − = (− 20xy − 0) = − 10xy
2  x y  2

As rotation z  0. Hence flow is rotational.

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7. ANGULAR VELOCITY (𝜴
⃗⃗ )

Angular velocity of a fluid particle is given by:

⃗ = ω𝑥 i+ω𝑥 j+ω𝑥 k
𝛺
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
⃗ = 1 (𝛻⃗ × 𝑉
𝛺 ⃗ ) = 1 |𝜕/𝜕𝑥 𝜕/𝜕𝑦 𝜕/𝜕𝑧|
2 2
𝑢 𝑣 𝑤

1  v u 
z =  − 
2  x y 

1  w v 
x =  − 
2  y z 

1  u w 
y =  − 
2  z x 

Note.7:
• For an irrotational motion of a fluid particle, angular velocity is zero. i.e.

8. VORTICITY (𝝃)

• Vorticity (𝜉) in the simplest form is defined as a vector which is equal to two times the
rotation vector. It is given by:
⃗⃗
𝒗𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝟐𝜴
• It is a measure of rotationality of fluid flow.
• Vorticity is equal to curl of velocity vector.

i.e. 𝜉=   V = curlV
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜉 = (𝛻⃗ × 𝑉
⃗ ) = |𝜕/𝜕𝑥 𝜕/𝜕𝑦 𝜕/𝜕𝑧|
𝑢 𝑣 𝑤
Thus, Vorticity in the x – direction is given by:

 w v 
x = (  V) = i  − 
 y z 
• If vorticity at a point in fluid flow is zero, then flow in that region is called irrotational flow.
• Vortex line: A imaginary line drawn in the fluid so that tangent to it at each point is in the

direction of the vorticity vector  at that point, the line is called the vortex line. Therefore,

the general equation for the vortex line can be written as:

  ds = 0 .
• Vorticity in the cartesian co-ordinates:

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dx dy dz
= =
x y z

• Vorticity equations in polar coordinates are given as:

Vr Vz
 = −
z r
1 Vz V
r = −
r  z
V 1 Vr V
z = − +
r r  r
Where Vr, Vθ and Vz are the velocities in radial, tangential and z directions respectively.
• Vorticity equations in spherical coordinates are given as:
V V 1 VR
 = + −
R R R 

1 VR V V
 = − −
R sin   R R

1 V 1 V V
R = − + cot 
R  R sin  R R

9. CIRCULATION (Г)

• Circulation is defined as the line integral of tangential component of velocity vector along a

closed curve,

Circulation(Г)=Vorticity×Area

• Circulation per unit area is called vorticity.

10. VELOCITY POTENTIAL

• It is a scalar function of space & time such that its negative derivate with respect to any

direction gives the fluid velocity in that direction. It is denoted by ϕ.

− − −

Hence, u= ,v = and v =
x y Z

• The velocity potential function (ϕ) exists, the flow should be irrotational i.e. when   V = o

• If velocity potential function satisfies the Laplace equation, it represents the possible steady

incompressible irrotational flow.

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• Line joining points of equal velocity potential function in a flow field is called equipotential

line.

• Along equipotential line:

  
= = =0
x y z
Thus, flow will not occur along equipotential line.

• Steady incompressible flow, the continuity equation is given by:

u v w  2 2 2 
+ + =  2 + 2 + 2  = 0
x y z  x y  Z 

2 = 0

• If velocity potential function satisfies Laplace equation, flow will exist.

1 𝜕v 𝜕u
ω𝑧 = ( − )
2 𝜕x 𝜕y

curlV =  V = 0
1 𝜕2 ∅ 𝜕2 ∅
ω𝑧 = (− + )=0
2 𝜕xdy 𝜕xdy

Thus, if velocity potential function exists flow is irrotational.

11. STREAM FUNCTION

• It is defined as the scalar function of space and time, such that its p[atrial derivative with
respect to any direction gives the velocity component at right angles to that direction.
• It is denoted by the ψ and defined only for the two – dimensional flows.
• Mathematically, for the steady flow it is defined as ψ = f(x,y) such that:


=v
x

= −u
y

• The velocity components in cylindrical polar co-ordinates in terms of stream function are
given as:

1  
ur = and u = −
r  r
• For 2 – D incompressible flow:
u v
+ =o (continuity equation)
x y

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Example. If for a two-dimensional potential flow, the velocity potential is given by  = x (2y −
1). Determine the velocity at the point P (4, 5). Determine also the value of stream function 
at the point P.
Solution:
Given:
Velocity potential function () =x (2y − 1)
(i) The velocity components in the direction of x and y are
 
u=− =− [x (2y −1)] = −[2y − 1] = 1 − 2y
x x
 
v=− =− [x (2y − 1)] = − [2x] = − 2x
y y

At the point P (4, 5), i.e., at x = 4, y = 5

u = 1 − 2 × 5 = − 9 units/sec
v = − 2 × 4 = − 8 units/sec
 Velocity at P = − 9i − 8j

Resultant velocity at P = 92 + 82 = 81 + 64 = 12.04 units/sec = 12.04 units/sec. Ans.

(ii) Value of Stream Function at P

Since = − u = − (1 − 2y) = 2y − 1 .... (i)
y


And = v = − 2x ... (ii)
x
Integrating equation (i) w.r.t. ‘y’, we get

 d =  (2y − 1) dy
2y2
= − y + Constant of integration.
2
The constant of integration is not a function of y but it can be a function of x. Let the
value of constant of integration is k. Then
 = y2 − y + k ... (iii)
Differentiating the above equation w.r.t. ‘x’, we get
 k
= .
x x

But from equation (ii), = − 2x
x
 k
Equating the value of , we get = − 2x.
x x

2x 2
Integrating this equation, we get k =  − 2xdx = −
2
= −x 2 .

Substituting this value of k in equation (iii):

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 = y2 − y − x2.
 Stream function  at P (4, 5) = 52 − 5 − 42 = 25 − 5 − 16 = 4 units. Ans.

11.1. Equation of Streamline:

As, Stream function: ψ = Ψ(x,y)
Thus, on partial differentiation:
 
d = dx + dy
x y
dΨ = 0
– vdx + udy = 0

dy v
mst = = equation of streamline
dx u
As along a streamline
Ψ = constant
 
u=− , and v =
y x
v u
Irrotationality : − =o
x y
 2 2 
 2 + 2   = 0
 x y 

2  = 0

Note.

• Stream function exists both for rotational as well as irrotational flows.

• While velocity potential function exists only for the irrotational flow.

Equation of equipotential line:

A line along which the velocity potential  is constant, is called equipotential line.

For equipotential line:

 = Constant

 d= 0

But  = f(x, y) for steady flow

     
 d = dx + dy = − udx − vdy  = − u, = − v
x y  x x 

= − (udx + vdy).

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For equipotential line, d = 0

or − (udx + vdy) = 0 or udx + vdy = 0

dy u
 =−
dx v

dy
But = Slope of equipotential line.
dx

dy u
Slope of equipotential line: meq = =−
dx v

Product of slopes of equipotential line and streamline:

u v
meq  mst = −  = −1
v u
Hence, streamlines and equipotential lines are perpendicular to each other.

11.2. Cauchy Riemann Equation (For irrotational incompressible flow):

(a). For cartesian coordinates:

1  u v 
xx =  +  ,
2  y x 
1  v w 
 yz =  +
2  z y 

 
v= =
y x
(b). For polar coordinates:

u 1 v
ur = = and
r r 
u v
u = = −r
 r
11.3. For 2 – D compressible steady flow
Discharge per unit width between two points in a flow = absolute difference between values of
stream function through those two points, i.e.

Q 2 − Q1
=  2 − 1
b

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11.4. Relation between equipotential line and streamline

dy −u
= = m1
dx =c v
dy v
= = m2
dx =c u
dy dy
 = m1m2 = −1
dx =c dx =c
Hence, equipotential lines and streamlines are ORTHOGONAL to each other everywhere in flow
field except at stagnation point where V = 0.

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. A 40 cm diameter pipe, conveying water, branches into two pipes of diameters 30 cm and 20 cm
respectively. If the average velocity in the 40 cm diameter pipe is 3 m/s. Find the discharge in
this pipe. Also determine the velocity in 20 cm pipe if the average velocity in 30 cm diameter pipe
is 2 m/s.
2. Find the convective acceleration at the middle of a pipe which converges uniformly from 0.6 m
diameter to 0.3 m diameter over 3 m length. The rate of flow is 40 lit/s. If the rate of flow changes
uniformly from 40 lit/s to 80 lit/s in 40 seconds, find the total acceleration at the middle of the
pipe at 20th second.
3. The velocity potential function, , is given by  = x2 − y2. Find the velocity components in x and y
direction. Also show that  represents a possible case of fluid flow.
4. A stream function is given by:  = 2x − 5y. Calculate the velocity components and also magnitude
and direction of the resultant velocity at any point.
5. The stream function for a two-dimensional flow is given by  = 8xy, calculate the velocity at the
point p (4, 5). Find the velocity potential function .
8 3 8 3
6. The velocity components in a two-dimensional flow are: u = 8x 2y − y and v = − 8x3y + x .
3 3
Find the angular velocity of the flow field.
7. A pipe 450 mm in diameter branches into two pipes of diameters 300 mm and 200 mm
respectively. If the average velocity in 450 mm diameter pipe is 3 m/s, find:
(i) discharge through 450 mm diameter pipe and
(ii) velocity in 200 mm diameter pipe if the average velocity in 300 mm pipe is 2.5 m/s.
8. A fluid flow is given by: V = 10x3i − 8x3yj. Find the shear strain rate.
 2z3 
9. A fluid flow is given by: V = xy2i − 2yz2j −  zy2 − k. Calculate the velocity and acceleration
 3 

at the point (1, 2, 3)
Answers:
1. 0.3769 m3/s, 2.25 m/s
2. .0499 m/s2, 0.1187 m/s2
3. u = 8 units, v = -10 units
4. u = 5 m/s, v = 2m/s, V = 5.384 m/s, θ = 21.48 °
5. u = -32 units, v = 40 units, ϕ = 4y2 – 4x2
6. 0
7. Q= 0.477 m3/s, V3 = 9.6 m/s
8. -8xy
9. 36.7 unit, 874.5 units

****

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