Chapter 4: Flowing Fluids and

Pressure Variation

By

Dr Ali Jawarneh

1
Outline
• In this lecture we will become familiar with:
– Different approaches for viewing velocity.
– Flow patterns and streamlines.
– Different flow classifications
classifications.
• We will also discuss the concept of
convective and local acceleration
• Euler’s Equation
• Bernoulli Equation
• Rotation and Vorticity
• Separation
2
4.1: Velocity & Descriptions of Flow

• There are two ways of expressing the

equations for fluids in motion:

– The Lagrangian approach

– The Eulerian approach

3
4
 Lagrangian
g g Approach
pp
The Lagrangian approach is based on recording
the motion of a specific fluid particle at all time
time.
• The position vector for a particle can be given as:

r (t ) = x i + y j + z k

• Differentiating:
Diff ti ti ddx d
dy d
dz
V (t ) = i + j+ k
dt dt dt
V (t ) = u i + v j + w k
To describe the motion of the flow field , the motion
off all
ll fluid
fl id particles
ti l mustt be
b considered
id d
simultaneously. 5
Eulerian Approach
pp
• This approach focuses on a certain point in
space and describes the motion of fluid
particles passing through this point.
• The
Th velocity
l it off fluid
fl id particles
ti l will
ill be
b
described depending on the location of the
point in passing through it in space and time:
u = f1 ( x, y, z , t )
v = f 2 ( x, y , z , t )
w = f 3 ( x, y , z , t )

6
Eulerian Approach
pp
• This approach is favoured on the Lagrangian
approach in most engineering problems in
fluid mechanics.
• There
Th is
i another
th way off expressing
i the
th
velocity using this approach as a function of
position along a streamline and time:
V = V ( s, t )

7
 Streamlines
• They are lines drawn through the
flow field so that the velocity
y vector
at each and every point on the
streamline is tangent to the
streamline at that instant.
• A group of streamlines construct
what is known as a flow pattern.
• Streamlines are very y effective in
illustrating the geometry of the fluid
flow or even the speed of the flow.
As the speed is inversely
proportional to the spacing
between the streamlines.

8
At each point, the derivative  is the slope
p p of a line that is tangent
g to the curve. 
The line is always tangent to the blue curve; its slope is the derivative. Note 
derivative is positive where green, negative where red, and zero where black. 9
Streamlines
• A dividing streamline
is a streamline that
follows the flow
division.
division
• The point of division
is called the
stagnation point,
where the velocityy is
equal to zero.

10
Flow Classification
Uniform Flow: Non-uniform Flow:
• The velocity does not • The velocity changes
change from point to along the streamlines
point
i t along
l any off the
th either
ith iin direction
di ti or
streamlines in the magnitude.
flow field
field. • The
Th streamlines
t li may
• The streamlines are not be straight and/or
straight and parallel
parallel. parallel
parallel.
∂V ∂V
= 0.0 ≠ 0.0
∂s ∂s
11
Flow Classification
Uniform Flow:

Non-Uniform Flow:
The magnitude of
the velocity does not
The change along the
magnitude of fluid path
path, but the
the velocity direction does, so
increases as the flow is
the duct nonuniform.
converges, so
the flow
is nonuniform 12
Flow Classification
• In addition to uniform and nonuniform, the flow can be
classified
l ifi d tto:
∂V
– Steady Flow = 0.0
∂t
– Unsteady Flow ∂V ≠ 0.0
∂t
• In steady flow
flow, the velocity at any given point does not
vary in magnitude or direction with time.
• One can see that the flow can be steady and uniform,
steady and nonuniform, unsteady and uniform, or
unsteady and nonuniform.

13
Laminar and Turbulent Flow
• Turbulent flow is mainly characterised by the
mixing action throughout the flow field, caused
by eddies of varying size.
• Laminar
L i fl
flow on th
the other
th h handd iis very smooth-th
looking.
• The
Th flow
fl is
i judged
j d d if it iis llaminar
i or tturbulent
b l t
depending on Reynolds number (Re = ρVD/μ):
– Re<2100: Laminar Flow
– Re>3000: Turbulent Flow

14
Laminar and Turbulent Flow

15
4.2: Methods for Developing Flow Patterns
-Analytical
Analytical methods
-Computational Methods, CFD
-Experimental Methods
In Experimental Methods, two ways to visualize the flow
patterns:
a- Pathline: is a line drawn through the flow field in such
a way that it defines the path that a given particle of fluid
has taken. Ex.: PIV
b Streakline: is to inject dye or smoke in the flow field
b-
and to observe the dye or smoke trace as it travels
downstream.
Note: Streamline, streakline and pathline are identical
and the same for steady flow. 16
Figure 4.7
Predicted streamline pattern over the
Volvo ECC prototype (Courtesy of J. Michael
Summa, Analytical Methods Inc.).

17
Figure
g 4.8
Pathlines of floating particles.

18
Figure 4.9
Smoke traces about an airfoil with a large
angle of attack. (Courtesy of Education
Development Center, Inc., Newton, MA.).

19
4.3: Acceleration
• Using the Cartesian coordinate system,
and applying the Eulerian approach:
V = u i + v j + wk
• Where:
u = f1 ( x, y, z , t )
v = f 2 ( x, y , z , t )
w = f 3 ( x, y , z , t )

In the Lagrangian fromulation, the velocity is a function of

time only
only.
In the Eulerian formulation, the velocity at a point in the
flow field is a function of both spatial coordinates and time. 20
Acceleration
• The acceleration of a fluid particle in the x-
direction is given by:
du
ax =
dt

• Applying the chain rule for differentiating:

∂u dx ∂u dy ∂u dz ∂u
ax = + + +
∂x dt
d ∂y dt
d ∂z dt
d ∂t

21
Acceleration
• Or: ax = u
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
+v +w +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t

• Similarly:
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v
ay = u + v + w +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t

∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w
az = u +v +w +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t

22
Acceleration
• In general: a = u ∂( ) + v ∂( ) + w ∂( ) + ∂( )
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t

• It can be seen that there are two parts forming

the acceleration:
– Derivatives with respect to position (convective
acceleration).
acceleration)
– Derivative with respect to time (local acceleration).
• Local acceleration is zero in steady flow
flow, while
convective acceleration is zero in uniform flow.

23
• Example:
u = xt + 2y
Gi
Given:
v = x t2 − y t
w=0
Whatt is
Wh i the
th acceleration i t x=1
l ti att a point 1 m, y=2
2 m,
and at a time t=3 s?
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
S l ti
Solution: ax = u +v +w +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
a x = ( xt + 2 y )( t ) + ( xt 2 − yt )( 2 ) + 0 + x

@ x = 1 , y = 2 , and t = 3 → a x = 28 m / s 2
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v
ay = u +v +w +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
a y = ( xt + 2 y )( t 2 ) + ( xt 2 − yyt )( − t ) + 0 + ( 2 xt − y )

@ x = 1 , y = 2 , and t = 3 → a y = 58 m / s 2 a = 28 i + 58 j m / s 2 24
Acceleration by Applying the Lagrangian approach

V = V ( s, t ) et
dV dV det
a= = ( ) et + V ( )
dt dt dt
Use the chain rule
dV ∂V ds ∂V
= ( )( ) +
dt ∂s dt ∂t
dV ∂V ∂V
=V( )+
dt ∂s ∂t ∂V ∂V V2
a = (V + )et + ( )en
det V
= en ∂s ∂t r
dt r
r: is the local radius of curvature of the pathline. 25
Example:
p
The velocity of water flow in the nozzle shown is
given by the following equation:
V=2t / (1- 0.5 x /L)2 , where L=4 ft. When x=0.5 L
and t= 3 sec, what is the local acceleration along
th centerline?
the t li ? WhWhatt iis th
the convective
ti
acceleration? Assuming one-dimensional flow
prevails.
prevails

26
 ∂V ∂V V2
Solution: a = (V + )et + ( )en
∂s ∂t r

27
4.4: Euler’s Equation
q
• There are three causes for pressure
variation in flowing fluid:
– Weight
g effects
– Acceleration
– Viscous resistance
• Pressure variation is needed to overcome
viscous resistance that acts in an opposite
direction to the motion of the fluid.

28
Pressure Variation
• Also, if a fluid mass accelerates in a certain
direction, this means that there is a net force in
the direction of acceleration, and consequently,
pressure must decrease in the direction of
acceleration.

29
Pressure Variation Due to Acceleration

• Considering the
element which is
being accelerated in
the l direction:

∑F l = Ma l

pΔA − ( p + Δp ) ΔA − ΔW sin α = Ma l

pΔA − ( p + Δp )ΔA − ρ g ΔlΔA sin α = ρ ΔlΔA al

30
Pressure Variation Due to Acceleration

• Simplifying:
Δp
− − ρ g sin α = ρ al
Δl

Δp Δz
− − γ = ρ al
Δl Δl

• Taking the limit as

Δl→0
∂p ∂z
− − γ = ρ al
∂l ∂l

31
Pressure Variation Due to Acceleration

• Rearranging:
∂ Inviscid
− ( p + γ z ) = ρ al Flow
∂l
• This is basically Euler’s equation of
motion for a fluid.
• The pressure must decrease in the
direction of flow
• Note that if acceleration is zero, the
equation reduces to: p + γ z = C
32
Acceleration of a tank of liquid
q
• Considering the open
tank of liquid which is
accelerated in the x-
direction
• The force on the left
is greater than that on
the right of the tank
and so the water
surface readjusts its
surface.

33
Acceleration of a tank of liquid
q
• Applying Euler’s
equation on the
surface A′B′:
∂
− ( p + γ z ) = ρ al
∂l
d
( γ z ) = − ρ a x cos α
dl

dz a cosα
=− x
dl g

34
Acceleration of a tank of liquid
q
ax cosα
i α=
sin
g
ax
tan α =
g

• If we apply
pp y Euler’s
equation at the
bottom of the tank:
dp
= − ρ ax
dx

35
Example:
A liquid with a specific weight of 100 Ibf/ft3 is in
th conduit.
the d it Thi
This iis a special
i l ki
kind
d off liliquid
id th
thatt
has zero viscosity. The pressures at points A
and B are 170 psf and 100 psf, psf respectively
respectively.
Find the acceleration.

36
Solution:

37
Example:
p

If the velocity varies linearly with distance

through this water nozzle, what will be the
pressure gradient , dp/dx, halfway through the
nozzle?
l ? Assume
A steady
t d and d inviscid
i i id flow
fl

38
 ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
Solution: ax = u +v +w +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
∂V ∂V V2
a = (V + )et + ( )en
∂s ∂t r

V = c1 + c2 x
@ x = 0, V = 30, c1 = 30
@ x = 1, V = 80, c2 = 50
V = 30 + 50 x, at x = 1 / 2, V = 55

39
• Example: The closed tank shown, which is full
off liquid, is accelerated downward at 2/3
/ g and to
the right at one g. Here L=2 m, H=3 m, and the
liquid has a specific gravity of 1.3
1 3.
Determine pC-pA and pB-pA.

40
 Apply Euler Eq. at A-B: Solution:
∂
− ( p + γ z ) = ρ az
∂z
∂p ∂p
+ γ = − ρ (−2 / 3 g ) ⇒ = (−1 / 3)( S )(γ water ) = −4251 N / m 3
∂z ∂z
∂p p A − pB
= = −4251
4251⇒⇒ pB − p A = 12.75 kpa (1)
∂z 3

Apply Euler Eq. at C-B:

∂ ∂p
− ( p + γ z) = ρ ax ⇒ = − ρ a x = − ρg = −γ = − Sγ water = −12753 N / m 3
∂x ∂x
∂p pB − pC
= = −12753 N / m 3 ⇒ pC − pB = 25.506 kpa (2)
∂x 2
) pC − p A = 38.26 kpa
From ((1)) and ((2): p
Discussion: if static, p A+γh=pB, so pB - p A= 38 259 pa
41
Discussion: pC>pB due to acceleration
4.5: Bernoulli Equation
q
• Starting with the Euler’s equation
derived in the previous lecture along
streamline: ∂
− ( p + γ z ) = ρ at
∂s
• The acceleration along the pathline
i given
is i as:
∂V ∂V
at = V +
∂s ∂t
• F
For steady
t d flow,
fl local
l l acceleration
l ti iis
equal to zero: a = V ∂V
∂s
t

42
Bernoulli Equation
q
• Substituting in the equation:
∂ ∂V
− ( p + γ z ) = ρV
∂s ∂s

• Rearranging:
d V2
(p+ γ z + ρ )=0
d
ds 2

• Integrating
g g the equation:
q
V2
p+γ z+ρ =C
2

43
Bernoulli Equation
q
• This is what is known as the Bernoulli equation
which states that the sum of the piezometric
pressure and the kinetic pressure is constant.
• The
Th equation
ti can also
l be
b written
itt in
i th
the ffollowing
ll i
form:
p V2
+ z+ =C
γ 2g

• Or:
O V2
h+ =C
2g

44
Bernoulli Equation
q
• Bernoulli’s equation can be applied along
streamline if:
– The flow is steady
– The
Th flow
fl is
i incompressible
i ibl
– The flow is inviscid (viscous effects negligible)

45
• Example: The velocity in the outlet pipe from this
reservoir is 6 m/s and h=15 m.
m Because of the rounded
entrance to the pipe, the flow is assumed to be
irrotational. Under these conditions,, what is the pressure
p
at A?

VA=6
0 0 0 -15

• Solution: p1 V pA V A2
2
+ z1 + 1
= + zA + p A = 129.15 kpa
γ 2g γ 2g
9810
46
Application of the Bernoulli Equation
- Stagnation Tube
• The stagnation tube is
a simple device that
can be used for
measuring the velocity
of the flow with the aid
of Bernoulli equation.
• Applying Bernoulli
equation
q between
points 1 and 2:(equal z)
p1 V12 p 2 V2 2
+ = +
γ 2g γ 2g
47
Stagnation
g Tube
• Point 2 is a stagnation
point (V=zero):
2
V1 = ( p 2 − p1 )
2

ρ
• But:
p1 = γ d
p 2 = γ (l + d )

48
Stagnation
g Tube
• Substituting:
2
V1 = (γ (l + d ) − γ d )
2

• Consequently:
V1 = 2 gl

49
- Pitot Tube
• The Pitot tube is another
device that can be used for
measuring the velocity of
the flow.
flow
• It becomes extremely
useful in pressurised pipes
and for gases.
g

50
Pitot Tube
• Applying Bernoulli
equation between
points 1 and 2:
2 2
V1 V2
p1 + ρ + γ z1 = p2 + ρ + γ z2
2 2

• But V1=zero,
rearranging:
12
⎛ ⎡ p1 p2 ⎤⎞
V2 = ⎜⎜ 2 g ⎢( + z1 ) − ( + z 2 )⎥ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎣ γ γ ⎦⎠

51
Pitot Tube
• Or (in terms of
peizometric
i ti h
head):
d)
V = 2 g ( h1 − h2 )
• For the special case of
gases, the effect of
elevation
l ti ((weight)
i ht)
becomes negligible and
so the equation
reduces to:
V = 2 Δp / ρ
52
• Example: Find the velocity at the pipe center.

• Solution:
- Apply Bernoulli (1&2)

0.0 ((stag.)
g)
p1 V12 p2 V22 V12
+ + z1 = + + z2 p2 − p1 = γ w (1 )
γw 2g γw 2g 2g
- Manometer
M t or the
th hydrostatic
h d t ti Eq.:
E
62.4 Ibf/ft3
13.6 x 62.4
ρw =1.94 slug/ft3
p1 + γ w y + γ M ( 1 / 12 ) − ( 1 / 12 + y )γ w = p2
p2 − p1 = 65 .52 Ib/ft 2 (2) 32.2 ft/s2

- From Eq.(1)
Eq (1) & Eq (2) V = p − p ) ( 2 g) = 8 .2 ft/s
Eq.(2):
1 2 1
γw 53
• Example: A pitot-static probe connected to a
water manometer is used to measure the velocity of
air. If the deflection (the vertical distance between
the fluid levels in the two arms)) is 7.3 cm. Determine
the air velocity. Take the density of air to be 1.25
kg/m3 .

54
• Solution:
- Apply Bernoulli between point 1& 2:
0.0 (stag.)
p1 V12 p2 V22 2( p1 − p2 )
+ + z1 = + + z2 V = V2 = (1 )
γ air 2 g γ air 2 g ρ air

- Apply the hydrostatic equation between point 1& 2:

p1 − γ w ( 0 .073 ) = p2 p1 − p2 = 716.13 pa

- From Eq.(1) and Eq.(2):

2(p1 − p2 ) 2 × 716 .13
V = V2 = = = 33 .8 m/s
ρair 1.25

55
56
• Example: The maximum velocity of the flow past
a circular
i l cylinder
li d iis twice
i the
h approach h velocity.
l i
What is Δp between the point of highest pressure
and point of lowest pressure in a 40 m/s wind?
Assume irrotational flow and the air density is 1.2
kg/m
g 3.
• Solution: 0.0 (stag.)

p1 V12 p2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2
γ 2g γ 2g

V22 V22
p1 − p2 = γ =ρ = 1.2( 80 2 / 2 ) = 3 .84 kpa
2g 2

57
4.6: Rotation & Vorticity

58
59
60
 Rotation & Vorticity
y
• The rate of rotation of flow about the z-axis is given
as: Ω = 1 ( ∂v − ∂u )
2 ∂x ∂y
z

• Similarly: 1 ∂w ∂v 1 ∂u ∂ w
Ωx = ( − ) Ωy = ( − )
2 ∂y ∂z 2 ∂z ∂x

1 ∂w ∂v 1 ∂u ∂w 1 ∂v ∂u
Ω= ( − )i + ( − ) j + ( − )k
2 ∂y ∂z 2 ∂z ∂x 2 ∂x ∂y
• Vorticity is twice the rate of rotation, consequently,
the vorticity vector can be given as:
∂w ∂v ∂u ∂w ∂v ∂u
ω = 2Ω = ( − )i + ( − ) j + ( − )k
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y

61
• Example: Is the following equation irrotational?
V = ( − x 2 y )i + ( xy 2 )j
• Solution:
∂v ? ∂u
=
∂x ∂y

y2 ≠ − x2

™The flow is rotational.

62
4.7: Pressure Distribution in Rotating Flows
Fluid
u d rotates
otates as a rigid
g d body

- Rotation of tank of liquid

• C
Considering
id i a
cylindrical tank of liquid
rotating at a constant
speed ω, and applying
q
Euler’s equation in the
radial direction:

d
− ( p + γ z ) = ρ ar
dr
V2 For a liquid rotating as
ar = − V =ω r a rigid body
r 63
Rotation of tank of liquid
q
• Substituting for the
acceleration:
d
− ( p + γ z ) = − ρ rω 2
dr
• Integrating along the
r-direction:

ρ r 2ω 2
p+γ z− =C
2

64
• Example: A U-tube is rotated about one leg,
before
f being rotated the liquid in the tube fills
f
0.25 m of each leg. The length of the base of the
U tube is 0.5
U-tube 0 5 m,
m and each leg is 0.50 5 m long
long. What
would be the maximum rotation rate (in rad/sec)
to ensure that no liquid is expelled from the outer
leg?

65
• Solution:
0.0
r12 2 0.0 r22 2
p1 + γz1 − ρ ω = p2 + γz 2 − ρ ω
2 2

z1=0.0, r1=0.0, z2=0.5 m, r2=0.5 m

2 gz 2
ω= = 6 .264 rad/s
r22

66
• Think!

V1 = V2
A1 h1 = A2 h2 67
Example:
A tank of liquid (S=0.8) that is I ft in diameter and 1
ft high (h=1 ft) is rigidly fixed (as shown) to a
rotating arm having a 2 ft radius. The arm rotates
such that the speed at point A is 20 ft/s. If the
pressure at A is 25 psf,
psf what is the pressure at B?

68
Solution:

69
Example:
A closed tank of liquid (S=1.2) is rotated
about a vertical axis, and at the same time
the entire tank is accelerated upward at 4
m/s2. If the rate of rotation is 10 rad/s,
what is the difference in p
pressure between
points A and B (PB-PA)? Points B is at the
bottom of the tank at a radius of 0.5 m
from the axis of rotation,
rotation and point A is at
the top on the axis of rotation.

70
Solution:

71
 4.8: The Bernoulli Equation in
Irrotational Flow
• Starting with the Euler’s equation normal to the
streamline: ∂ V2
− (p + γ z) = ρ a n = ρ ( − )
∂r r
p V2
+ z+ =C
γ 2g
Bernoulli s equation can be freely applied
Bernoulli’s
anywhere in the flow field (along streamline or
cross streamlines, given that:
The flow is steady
The flow is incompressible
The flow is irrotational
Th flow
The fl is
i inviscid
i i id (viscous
( i effects
ff t
negligible) 72
Rotation in Flows with Concentric Streamlines
It is interesting to realize that a flow field rotating with circular streamlines can
be irrotational; that is, the fluid elements do not rotate. Consider the two-
dimensional flow field shown in Fig. 4.19. The circumferential velocity
on the circular streamline is V, and its radius is r. The z-axis is perpendicular to
the page. As before, the rotation of the element is quantified by the rotation of
the bisector, Eq. (4.24), which is

73
as expected. This type of circular motion is called a “forced” vortex.

74
where
h C iis a constant.
t t IIn this
thi case, th
the circumferential
i f ti l velocity
l it varies
i iinversely
l
with r, so the velocity decreases with increasing radius. This flow field is known
as a “free” vortex. The fluid elements go around in circles, but do not rotate.

75
The difference between element rotation and deformation for flows
with circular streamlines is shown in Fig. 4.20. For the rotational flow
shown in Fig. 4.20a the fluid elements rotate but they do not deform.
I the
In th irrotational
i t ti l flow
fl shown
h i Fig.
in Fi 4 20b the
4.20b, th elements
l t
continuously deform but do not rotate. In other words, the elements
deform to maintain a constant orientation (no rotation).

76
Example:
A free vortex in air rotates in a horizontal plane
and has a velocity of 40 m/s at a radius of 4 km
from the vortex center. Find the velocity at 10
km from the center and the pressure difference
between the two locations. The air density is 1.2
kg/m3.

77
SOLUTION:
Si
Since flow
fl is
i irrotational,
i t ti l use the
th Bernoulli
B lli equation,
ti ffor pressure diff
difference.

78
Pressure
V i ti in
Variation i a
Cyclonic Storm

79
80
A cyclonic storm is characterized by rotating winds with a low-pressure region in
the center. Tornadoes and hurricanes are examples of cyclonic storms. A simple
model
d l for
f the
th flow
fl field
fi ld iin a cyclonic
l i storm
t iis a fforced
d vortex
t att th
the center
t
surrounded by a free vortex, as shown in Fig. 4.22. This model is used in several
applications of vortex flows. In practice, however, there will be no discontinuity in
the slope
p of the velocity
y distribution as shown in Fig. g 4.22, but rather a smooth
transition between the inner forced vortex and the outer free vortex. Still, the
model can be used to make reasonable predictions of the pressure field.

The model for the cyclonic storm is an illustration of where the Bernoulli equation
can and cannot be used across streamlines. The Bernoulli equation cannot be
used across streamlines in the vortex at the center because the flow is rotational.
The pressure distribution in the forced vortex is given by Eq. (4.13b). The
Bernoulli equation can be used across streamlines in the free vortex since the
flow is irrotational.

Take point 1 as the center of the forced vortex and point 2 at the junction of the
forced and free vortices, where the velocity is maximum. Let point 3 be at the
extremity of the free vortex, where the velocity is essentially zero and the
pressure is atmospheric pressure p0. Applying the Bernoulli equation, Eq. (4.42),
between any arbitrary point in the free
f vortex and point 3, one can write
81
82
83
Pressure Coefficient,, Cp

h − ho V 2
For liquid: Cp = 2 = 1− ( )
Vo / 2g Vo
F Gas:
For G p − po V 2
Cp = = 1− ( )
1 Vo
ρVo2
2
Where: h=piezometric head=p/γ +z
Vo,p
po= reference velocity,pressure
velocity pressure
84
Pressure Distribution around a
circular Cylinder
Cylinder-Ideal
Ideal Fluid
• Consider the ideal
flow across the shown
cylinder:
• Velocity
V l it att point
i t B iis
zero and hence the
flow decelerates from
A to B, implying that
the static pressure
p
would increase.

85
• The opposite
happens from B to C.
• Despite the fact that
the pressure
th
decreases from C to
D the momentum of
D,
the flow is sufficient to
make it travel to point
p
D.

86
• This is further
illustrated in the figure
showing the
distribution of Cp:
– Positive Cp is drawn
inward.
– Negative Cp is drawn
outward.
outward

87
4.9: Separation
Phenomenon occurs when
the flow separate from the
boundary and a
recirculation
i l ti pattern
tt is
i
generated in the region.

88
89
Downstream off the midsection, the pressure
gradient is adverse and the fluid particles in the
boundaryy layer,
y , slowed byy viscous effects,, can
only go so far and then are forced to detour
away from the surface. This is called the
separation point.
point A recirculatory flow called a
wake develops behind the cylinder. The flow in
the wake region is called separated flow. The
pressure distribution
di t ib ti on the
th cylinder
li d surface
f i
in
the wake region is nearly constant, as shown
in Fig.
g 4.25b. The reduced p pressure in the
wake leads to increased drag.

90
Distribution around a Cylinder-Real
y
• What happens in reality is
that after the flow passes
mid-section (maximum
velocity point), viscous
resistance leads to slow the
velocity, therefore, the fluid
near the boundary can
proceed only a very short
distance against the
adverse pressure gradient
before stopping completely
causing the flow to be
separated from the
boundary
boundary.
91
Distribution around a Cylinder-Real
y

92
Flow pastt a plate.
Fl l t (a)
( ) Ideal
Id l flflow pastt a
plate. (b) Real flow past a plate.

93