DYNAMICS

• TWO BRANCHES OF DYNAMICS

– KINEMATICS
– Study of geometry of motion and is used to relate
displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time

– KINETICS
– Study of the relation existing between the forces acting on the
body, mass of the body, and the motion of the body. It is used
to predict the motion caused by the given forces or to
determine the forces required to produce given motion

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DYNAMICS
Types of Plane Motion
• Translation
• if at least two points on the body move in the same
direction during motion but maintains its initial
orientation
– Rectilinear Translation
– Curvilinear Translation
• Rotation
• if at least two points on the body move in concentric
circles about a fixed point called center of rotation

2
DYNAMICS
Types of Plane Motion
• General Plane of Motion
• Combination of translation and rotation (but these two
motions occur simultaneously)

3
DYNAMICS
Kinematics
Vector/
Quantity Notation S.I. Unit English Unit
Scalar
Δs; Δr; Δx;
Distance Scalar m ft
Δy
Position s, r, x, y Vector m ft
Δs; Δr; Δx;
Displacement Vector m ft
Δy
Velocity v Vector m/s ft/s

Acceleration a Vector m/s2 ft/s2

Time t Scalar s s

4
DYNAMICS
Kinematics
• VELOCITY – rate of displacement in a given interval of
time
s ds
v  lim  Instantaneous velocity
Δt→0
t dt

• ACCELERATION – rate at which velocity changes in a

given interval of time

s dv d 2 s
a  lim   2 Instantaneous acceleration
Δt→0
t dt dt

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Kinematics DYNAMICS
Translation
A. Rectilinear Motion
Case 1: constant velocity (uniform rectilinear motion)
Case 2: constant acceleration (uniformly accelerated rectilinear
motion)

Constant Acceleration
Constant Velocity v  vo  at

s  so  vt s  so  vot 
1 2
at
2

v 2  vo  2as
2

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Kinematics DYNAMICS
Examples
1. The motion of a particle is defined by the
relation x = 2t4 –15t3 +24t2 +4t. What is the
total distance traveled by the particle when
its acceleration is zero.

a. 7.88 units c. 8.87 units

b. 8.10 units d. 9.88 units

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Kinematics DYNAMICS
Examples
2. An automobile moving at a constant velocity of 15
m/s passes a gasoline station. Two seconds later,
another automobile leaves the gasoline station and
accelerate at a constant rate of 2 m/s2. How soon
will the second automobile overtake the first?

a. 15.3 s c. 13.5 s
b.
b. 16.8
16.8 ss d. 18.6 s

8
Kinematics DYNAMICS
Examples
3. A ball is dropped from the roof of a building
40 meters tall. What will be the speed of the
ball when it strikes the ground?

a. 50 m/s c. 19.8 m/s

b.
b. 28
28 m/s
m/s d. 30.0 m/s

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Kinematics DYNAMICS
Translation
B. Curvilinear Motion

• The velocity and acceleration (vector quantities) of a

particle at any instant t traversing its path can be
expressed in the following components

– Rectangular components
– Normal and tangential components

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Kinematics DYNAMICS
Translation - Curvilinear Motion
Rectangular Components – select a reference system x&y axes
in order to define the position vector of the particle

Projectile Motion
• Projectile – refers to the motion of a particle
• Trajectory – refers to the parabolic path of the particle motion
• Range – maximum distance between the initial and final positions
along the horizontal axis
• Peak – maximum elevation the particle can reach along the vertical
axis
• Initial velocity, vo – muzzle velocity or firing velocity
• Firing angle, α – angle made by the initial velocity with the x-axis

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Kinematics DYNAMICS
Translation - Curvilinear Motion
Properties of Projectile Motion
– Uniform velocity along x-axis
– Uniform acceleration along y-axis
• a = -g where g = 9.81 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2
– Vy at peak is zero
– Symmetry
– At same elevation
v1  v2

1   2

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Kinematics DYNAMICS
Translation - Curvilinear Motion
Properties of Projectile Motion

vo sin 2
2
R
g

vo sin 2 
2
H
2g

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Kinematics DYNAMICS
Comparison between Rectilinear and Curvilinear Motion

Case 1. constant velocity Motion along Horizontal Axis

s  so  vt x  x o  v ox t

Case 2. constant acceleration Motion along Vertical Axis

v  vo  at v y  voy  gt
1 2 1 2
s  so  vot  at y  yo  voyt  gt
2 2

v 2  vo  2as v y  voy  2 gy

2 2 2

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Kinematics DYNAMICS
Translation - Curvilinear Motion
Normal and Tangential Components
– The velocity vector of a particle is tangent to the path of the particle
and always points towards the direction of motion
– The acceleration vector has two components
• Tangential acceleration
• Normal Acceleration
    dv
a  at  an at  at 
dt
  v2
a  a  at  an
2 2

an  an 
r

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Kinematics DYNAMICS
Examples
4. A baseball is thrown from a horizontal plane
following a parabolic path with an initial velocity of
150 m/s at an angle of 35º above the horizontal.
How far from the throwing point will the ball attain
its original level?

a. 2000 m c. 2255 m
b. 2100 m d. 2155 m

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Kinematics DYNAMICS
Examples
5. The muzzle velocity of a projectile is 1000
fps and the distance of the target is 5 miles
on the same elevation. What must be the
firing angle to hit the target?

a. 6º30’ c. 7º30’
b. 5º30’ d. 8º30’

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Kinematics DYNAMICS
Examples
6. A shot is fired at an angle of 45º with the
horizontal with a velocity of 300 ft/s. Find
the maximum height and range that the
projectile can cover, respectively.

a. 800 ft, 1600 ft c. 700 ft, 2800 ft

b. 923 ft, 3500 ft d. 1800 ft, 3000 ft

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Kinematics DYNAMICS
Examples
7. A motorist is traveling along a curved section of a
highway of radius 1300 m at the speed of 30 m/s.
The brakes were applied causing the vehicle to slow
down at a constant rate. After 5 s, the speed has
been reduced to 20 m/s. Find the total acceleration
of the vehicle immediately after the brakes have
been applied.

a. 0.70 m/s2 c. 2 m/s2

b. 2.12 m/s22 d. 2.72 m/s2

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Kinematics DYNAMICS
Rotation
θ = angular displacement (radians Relationship between linear
or degrees) and angular quantities:
ω = angular velocity (rad/s or rpm) v=rω
α = angular acceleration (rad/s2) at = r α
t = time an = rω2

Uniform Rotation Uniformly Accelerated Rotation

ω = ωo = constant α = constant
α=0 θ = θo + ωot + ½ αt2
θ = θo + ωot ω = ωo + αt
ω2 = ωo2 + 2αΔθ

20
Kinematics DYNAMICS
Examples
8. A point on the rim of a rotating pulley, whose radius
is 4 m, has a constant tangential acceleration of 10
m/s2 CW and an initial velocity of 15 m/s CW.
Determine the number of revolutions made by the
pulley after 2 seconds.

a. 4.12 revs c. 1.59 revs

b.
b. 2.00
2.00 revs
revs d. 3.00 revs

21
Kinematics DYNAMICS
Examples
9. A rotating wheel has a radius of 2 ft and 9 in.
A point on the rim of the wheel moves 30 ft
in 3 seconds. Find the angular velocity of the
wheel.

a. 2.64 rad/s c. 4.64 rad/s

b. 3.64 rad/s d. 5.64 rad/s

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Kinematics DYNAMICS
Examples
10. A pulley has an angular velocity of 2 rad/s
and a tangential speed of 4 m/s. Determine
the normal acceleration.

a. 2.0 m/s2 c. 6.0 m/s2

b. 4.0 m/s2 d. 8.0 m/s2

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Kinematics DYNAMICS
Examples
11. A turbine started from rest to 200 rpm in 8
minutes at a constant acceleration. Find the
number of revolutions that it made within
the elapsed time.

a. 500 c. 700
b. 600 d. 800
d. 800

24
Kinematics DYNAMICS
Examples
12. Find the angular acceleration of a rotating
disk if it was observed that a point, 2 m from
the axis of rotation, has a total acceleration
of 5 m/s2 and a normal acceleration of 3
m/s2.

a. 1 rad/s2 c. 3 rad/s2
b. 2 rad/s22 d. 4 rad/s2

25
Kinematics DYNAMICS
Relative Motion
POSITION
VELOCITY
rB / A  rB  rA vB / A  vB  v A
xB / A  xB  x A v xB / A  v xB  v xA
yB / A  yB  y A v yB / A  v yB  v yA
ACCELERATION
aB / A  aB  a A
a xB / A  a xB  a xA
a yB / A  a yB  a yA

26
Kinematics DYNAMICS
Examples
13. Car A is traveling at a constant speed of 7
m/s when its driver saw Car B (ahead of
him) moving at a constant speed of 10 m/s
in the same direction. Determine the
absolute speed of Car B at that instant.

a. 12 m/s c. 14 m/s
b. 17 m/s d. 18 m/s

27
Kinematics DYNAMICS
Examples
14. Two cars approaching each other at the
same speed of 8 m/s. What will be the
speed of one car when observed from the
other car?

a. 12 m/s c. 16 m/s
b. 14 m/s d. 18 m/s

28
Kinematics DYNAMICS
Examples
15. Instruments in an airplane indicate that with respect
to the air, the plane is moving north at a speed of
500 km/hr. At the same time, ground-based radar
indicates that the plane is moving at a speed of 530
km/hr in a direction 5º east of north. Determine the
speed of the air.

a. 35 km/hr c. 45 km/hr
b. 53 km/hr d.
d. 54
54 km/hr
km/hr

29
Kinematics DYNAMICS
Examples
16. Two airplanes A and B are flying at the same
altitude; plane A is flying due east at a constant
speed of 500 km/hr, while plane B is flying southwest
at a constant speed of 300 km/hr. Determine the
change in position of plane B relative to plane A,
which took place during a 5-min interval.

a. 27.40 km c. 46.35 km
b. 61.92 km d. 83.50 km

30
Kinetics DYNAMICS
I. NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION
• If the resultant force acting on a particle is not zero, the
particle will have an acceleration proportional to the
magnitude of the resultant and in the direction of this
resultant force.

 F  ma
Where
 ΣF = sum of all forces acting on a
particle
 a = absolute acceleration

Units
 SI F = 1N = (1 kg)*(m/s2)
 English F = 1 lbf (pound force) = (1 lbm)*(1 ft/s2)
mass: 1 slug (lbf-sec2/ft) = 14.594 kg

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Kinetics DYNAMICS
I. NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION
• Rectilinear Motion  F  ma
 Curvilinear Motion
 Rectangular Components F x  ma x F
y  ma y

 dv 
 Tangential and Normal
Components
 t
F  ma t
 m 
 dt 
 v2 
 Fn  man  m r   mr 2
 

32
Kinetics DYNAMICS
Examples
17. An elevator weighing 4000 lb is initially at
rest and attains an upward velocity of 15 ft/s
in 5 seconds with uniform acceleration.
What is the tension in the supporting
cables?

a. 4150 lb c. 4550 lb
b. 5270 lb d. 4370 lb

33
Kinetics DYNAMICS
Examples
18. A 5N weight is swing in a vertical circle of 2m radius
and the end of the cable will break if the tension
exceeds 500 N. Which of the following most nearly
gives the angular velocity of the weight when the
cable breaks?

a. 22 rad/s c. 18 rad/s
b. 20 rad/s d. 24 rad/s

34
Kinetics DYNAMICS
Examples
19. A block weighing 445 N starts from rest and
slides down a plane at an angle of 20º with
the horizontal for which the coefficient of
friction is 0.12. How far will it move during
the first second?

a. 2.25 m c. 2.52 m
b.b.1.12 m
1.12 m d. 1.52 m

35
Kinetics DYNAMICS
Examples
20. A block is placed on an inclined plane making an
angle of 30º with the horizontal at a vertical distance
of 6 m from the horizontal plane. The coefficient of
friction between the block and the inclined plane is
0.25. If the block is released from rest, which of the
following gives the time at which the block landed
on the horizontal plane?

a. 2.781 s c. 4.085 s
b. 1.740 s d. 2.938 s

36
Kinetics DYNAMICS
F
II. WORK AND ENERGY
A’
• WORK OF A FORCE α
– Particle moving from pt. A to pt. A’ A dr
• dr = displacement of the particle
• ds = magnitude of the displacement dr
• F = force acting on a particle with magnitude F and makes an angle α wrt
dr

•Work
dU  Fds cos  Units:
1 N-m = 1 Joule (J)
F cos  ds
s2
U12   ft – lb = 1.356 J
s1

37
Kinetics DYNAMICS
II. WORK AND ENERGY
• PRINCIPLE OF WORK AND ENERGY

The work of a force F is equal to the change in Kinetic Energy of the

particle
1
T  KE  mv 2 Where
2 m = mass
1 v = velocity
 T  m(v2  v1 )
2 2
U1 2
2

38
Kinetics DYNAMICS
II. WORK AND ENERGY

• POTENTIAL ENERGY – when the work done of a force is

independent of the path followed, the force is said to be a CONSERVATIVE
FORCE, and its work is equal to negative change in Potential Energy
associated with F

U12  V1  V2   V

39
Kinetics DYNAMICS
II. WORK AND ENERGY
POTENTIAL
FORCE WORK
ENERGY
Force (in general) U1-2 = integral [(F cosα) ds]

Frictional Force U1-2 = F cosα (s2 - s1)

Force of Gravity U1-2 = -W (y2 – y1) Vg = Wy

Gravitational Force U1-2 = GMm/r2 – GMm/r1 Vg = -G (Mm)/r

Spring U1-2 = - ½ k(x22 – x12) Vs = ½ kx2

Moment U1-2 = ± MΔθ

40
Kinetics DYNAMICS
Examples
21. A body weighing 1000 lb fall 6 inches and
strikes a 2000 lb/in spring. What is the
maximum deformation of the spring?

a. 3.0 inches c. 1.5 inch

b. 6.0 inches d. 2.0 inches

41
Kinetics DYNAMICS
Examples
22. A 300 N block slides down an incline having a slope
of 3 vertical, 4 horizontal whose coefficient of kinetic
friction is 0.2. The block starts from rest and after
moving 1.2 m, strikes a spring. If the maximum
deformation of the spring is 50 mm, what is the
spring constant?

a. 123 kN/m c. 100 kN/m

b. 120 kN/m d. 132 kN/m

42
Kinetics DYNAMICS
III. IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM

• PRINCIPLE OF IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM

mv1   Im p12  mv2

 SYSTEM OF PARTICLES

 mv   Im p
1 1 2   mv2

43
Kinetics DYNAMICS
III. IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
• Impact Equations
v A t  v A 't Along t-axis: component of velocity of each
vB t  vB 't particle remains unchanged

mA vA n  mB vB n  mA vA 'n  mB vB 'n

Along n-axis: total momentum is conserved
(conservation of momentum)

vB 'n  v A 'n

e
v A n  vB n
Along n-axis: Coefficient of Restitution

44
Kinetics DYNAMICS
III. IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
 TWO SPECIAL CASES OF IMPACT

vB 'n  v A 'n  v'

mA v A   mB vB   mA  mB v'
Perfectly Plastic, e = 0

vB 'n  v A 'n  v'

Perfectly Elastic, e = 1
mA v A   mB vB   mA  mB v'

45
Kinetics DYNAMICS
Examples
23. What momentum does a 40 lbf projectile
posses if the projectile is moving at 420
mph?

a. 24640 lbf-s c. 765.0 lbf-s

lbf -s
b. 16860 lbf-s d. 523.6 lbf-s

46
Kinetics DYNAMICS
Examples
24. A 15 kg mass is moving at 30 cm/s while a 5
kg mass is moving in an opposite direction
at 50 cm/s. If the impact is perfectly elastic,
determine their velocity.

a. 12 cm/s c. 10 cm/s
b. 13 cm/s d. 11 cm/s

47
Kinetics DYNAMICS
Examples
25. A ball is dropped from a height of 10 m
above a solid floor. If the coefficient of
restitution is 0.90, determine the rebound
height.

a. 8.1
a. 8.1 m
m c. 6.1 m
b. 7.1 m d. 5.1 m

48
Kinetics DYNAMICS
Examples
26. A ball is thrown at an angle of 50º with
respect to the horizontal towards a
frictionless floor and rebounds at an angle
25º with respect to the horizontal.
Determine the coefficient of restitution.

a. 0.65 c. 0.54
b. 0.56 d. 0.45

49
Other sample problems

50
Kinetics DYNAMICS
Examples
4. A wooden block having a weight of 50 N is placed at
a distance of 1.5 m from the center of a circular
platform rotating at a speed of 2 rad/s. Determine
the minimum coefficient of friction between the
platform and the block so that it will not slide. The
radius of the circular platform is 3m

a. 0.55 c. 0.61
b. 0.58 d. 0.65

54
Kinetics DYNAMICS
Examples
5. A block weighing 200 N rests on a plane inclined upward to the
right at a slope of 4 vertical to 3 horizontal. The block is
connected by a cable initially parallel to the plane passing
through the pulley which is connected to another block weighing
100 N moving vertically. If the coefficient of kinetic friction
between the 200 N block and the inclined plane is 0.10, which of
the following mostly gives the acceleration of the system?

a. 2.93 m/s2 c.
c. 1.57 m/s22
1.57 m/s
b. 0.37 m/s2 d. 3.74 m/s2

55
 Kinetics DYNAMICS
Examples (6 - 8)
6. A block weighing 100 kN is pushed by a horizontal force of 100
kN along a smooth horizontal plane from A to B, 10m long. The
velocity of the block at A is 10 m/s. The block is then released
from B and passes through an upward circular arc BC (tangent to
B) of radius 10 m and central angle of 45º, and along an inclined
plane CD tangent toarc at C. Which of the following gives the
velocity of the block at B?
a. 25 m/s c. 20 m/s
b. 23 m/s d. 17 m/s
7. What is the velocity of the block at C?
a. 13.5 m/s c. 15.5 m/s
m/s
b. 11.5 m/s d. 10.5 m/s
8. What is the distance along CD that the block will move before it
comes to rest?
a.
a. 17 m c. 14 m
b. 20 m d. 12 m
56
Kinetics DYNAMICS
Examples
9. A bullet weighing 15 grams and moving horizontally
with a velocity of 610 m/s strikes centrally and
embeds to a 4.5 kg block which is suspended by a
cord from a point 1.2 m above the center of the
block. Determine the maximum angle from the
vertical at which the block and the bullet will swing.

a. 35.34º c.
c. 34.35º
34.35º
b. 53.34º d. 43.35º

57