PHYSICS for

ENGINEERS
Engr. Virginia D. Suarez
Department of Physics
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippin
 CHAPTER I
One/Two / Three DIMENSIONAL
MOTION

• One-Dimensional Motion
• Displacement and Position in 1-D, 2-D and 3-D
• Average and Instantaneous Velocity in 1-D, 2-D and 3-D
• Motion with Constant Acceleration
• Average and Instantaneous Acceleration in 1-D, 2-D and 3-D
• Projectile Motion
• Circular Motion
 MECHANICS – the study of motion of objects.
 •
Kinematics – description of how objects move (e.g. , )

• Dynamics – studies the relation of motion to its causes (why

do objects move the way they do?)

• Distance, x – a scalar quantity that refers to the interval between

one point in time and another. The length of a path
followed by a particle.
 • Displacement, – a vector quantity that refers to the difference
between an object’s starting position and final
position after it moves.
SI Unit: meter (m)
 1.1 One Dimensional Motion
•   SI Unit: meter (m)
Δ

x1 (t1) = + 2.5 m
x2 (t2) = - 2.0 m
Δx = -2.0 m - 2.5 m = -4.5 m

x1 (t1) = - 3.0 m
x2 (t2) = + 1.0 m
Δx = +1.0 m + 3.0 m = +4.0 m
 Distance and Position-time graph

• Displacement in space
– From A to B: Δx = xB – xA = 52 m – 30 m = 22 m
– From A to C: Δx = xc – xA = 38 m – 30 m = 8 m
• Distance is the length of a path followed by a particle
– from A to B: d = |xB – xA| = |52 m – 30 m| = 22 m
– from A to C: d = |xB – xA|+ |xC – xB| = 22 m + |38 m – 52 m| = 36 m
• Displacement is not Distance.
 VELOCITY
• the rate of change of displacement.
– Average velocity:
  
 x x2  x1
vave  
t t

• a vector quantity.
• has a unit of [length/time]: m/s.

– Average speed
x x2  x1
vave  
t t
Velocity with Varying Magnitude and Direction
  Δ𝑥
𝑚=
Δ𝑡

  the slope of the line joining the initial and final positions.

  𝐿𝑒𝑡 Δ 𝑡 0 𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒
  :𝑡2𝑡1
 Acceleration
• the rate of change of velocity.
– Average acceleration
 
 v v2  v1
aave  
t t 2  t1

• Acceleration is a vector quantity.

• Acceleration has a unit of [length/time2]: m/s2.
– Instantaneous acceleration

 𝐿𝑒𝑡 Δ 𝑡 →0
 𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒 : 𝑡 2 → 𝑡 1

   
  v dv d dx d 2 x
aave  a  lim   
t 0 t dt dt dt dt 2
 Instantaneous and Uniform Acceleration
•• The
  limit of the average acceleration as the time interval, ,
goes to zero:
   
 v dv d dx d 2v
a  lim    2
t 0 t dt dt dt dt

• When the instantaneous acce. are always the same, the acce.
will be uniform and instantaneous acce.

• Instantaneous acce, , the slope of

the tangent to the curve of the
velocity-time graph

September 8, 2008
Motion with Constant Acceleration
(Uniformly Accelerated Linear Motion)

• Kinematic Equations

v  v0  at
x  x0  v0t  12 at 2
2
v  v0  2a ( x  x0 )
2

1
x  x0  v t  (v0  v)t
2

September 8, 2008
Sample Problems

•  AIt car
1. heading accelerates after passing a signpost marking the city’s limit.
is accelerating at =4.0m/ . At =0, the car is 5.0m of the signpost moving at
15m/s.
a) Find the car’s position and velocity at t=2.0s
b) Where is the car when the velocity is 25 m/s?
c) How long would it take for the car to reach that point in (b)?

2. A speeding car traveling with constant speed of 15 m/s passes a sch.-

crossing corner, where where the speed limit 10m/s. Just as the car
passes the crossing sign, a police on his motorcycle chasses the car with
a constant acce.of 3.0m/
a) How much time elapses before the police catches up with the car?
b) What is the speed of police at that point?
c) At that time, what distance has each vehicle travelled?
3. A car starting from rest is accelerated by 2.0m/Find
a) the car’s velocity in 5.0 s.
b) the car’s displacement in 5.0 s.
 
1. A car is traveling 30 m/s and approaches 10 m from an intersection when the driver sees a
pedestrian and slams on his brakes and decelerates at a constant rate of 50 m/s2
a) How long does it take the car to come to a stop?
b) How far does the car travel before coming to a stop? Does the driver brake in time to
avoid the pedestrian?
Vertical Motion
- Free-fall • Earth gravity provides a constant
acceleration (most important case of constant
y acceleration)

• Free-fall acceleration is independent of

mass.

• Magnitude: g = 9.8 m/s2

• Direction: always downward,

September 8, 2008
Equations of Motions with Constant Acceleration
Horizontal Motion Vertical Motion

= =
1.2 Two or Three Dimensional Motion
• Kinematic variables in one dimension
– Position: x(t) m
– Velocity: v(t) m/s x
– Acceleration: a(t) m/s2
y
• Kinematic variables in three
dimensions

– Position: (m) r (t )  xiˆ  yˆj  zkˆ j
i
– Velocity: (m/s) 
v (t )  v x iˆ  v y ˆj  vz kˆ x
k
– Acceleration (m/s2 a(t )  a iˆ  a ˆj  a kˆ z
x y z
 Vector Position and Displacement
 In one dimension   
x  x2  x1
  1 = - 3.0 m, = + 1.0 m
2
Δ = +1.0 m + 3.0 m = +4.0 m   
r  r2  r1
 In two dimensions
 Position: described by its position

vector, r(t ) , always points to particle
from origin.   
 Displacement: r  r2  r1
    
r  ( x2iˆ  y2 ˆj )  ( x1iˆ  y1 ˆj )
   
 ( x2  x1 )iˆ  ( y2  y1 ) ˆj
 
 x iˆ  yˆj
 Average & Instantaneous Velocity

 r
 Average velocity vave 
t
 
 x ˆ y ˆ 
vave  i j  vave, x iˆ  vave, y ˆj
t t
 Instantaneous velocity

 
  r dr
v  lim vave  lim 
t 0 t 0 t dt
  
 dr dx ˆ dy ˆ  ˆ  ˆ
v  i j  vxi  v y j
dt dt dt

 Direction of ⃗𝑣 is tangent to the path in x-y

 
graph;
Average & Instantaneous Acceleration
 Average acceleration

 v
aave 
t
 v v y
aave  x iˆ  ˆj  aave, x iˆ  aave, y ˆj
t t

 Instantaneous acceleration

 
  v dv
a  lim aave  lim 
t 0 t  0 t dt


 dv dv x ˆ dv y ˆ
a  i j  a x iˆ  a y ˆj
dt dt dt
 Motion with Constant Acceleration
in Two Dimensions
 𝑴𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔  𝑴𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔

v x  v0 x  a x t v y  v0 y  a y t

x  x0  v0 x t  a x t
1 2 y  y0  v0 y t  12 a y t 2
2

2 2
v x  v0 x  2a x ( x  x0 ) 2 2
v y  v0 y  2a y ( y  y0 )
Projectile Motion

  Projectile – any body that is given an initial velocity and flies off
following a curve path (trajectory) entirely determined by the and by air
resistance
 Moves with constant effect of gravitational acce : ax = 0 and ay = g.
 Parameters:

September 22, 2008

 Trajectory of Projectile Motion

 Initial conditions (t = 0): x0 = 0, y0 = 0

 v  v cos
0x 0 and v0 y  v0 sin  0
0

 Horizontal motion:
v  v  v cos
x 0x 0 0

xv t 0x

v y  voy   gt

y  v sin  t  gt
0 0
1
2
2
Resultant :

v  v v
2 2

x y

v
  tan 1 y

v x

r x y 2 2
 Maximum Range,R, and Height, H
 Initial conditions (t = 0): x0 = 0, y0 = 0

 v0x = v0 cosθ0 and v0x = v0 sinθ0, then

2v0 sin  0
2v0 y
T 
g g h

v sin 2
2

R 0 0

v sin 
2 2

H 0 0

2g
 Projectile Motion
at Various Initial Angles

• Complementary values v sin 2

2

of the initial angle result R 0


g
in the same range
– The heights will be
different
• The maximum range
occurs at a projection
angle of 45o
 An object may Accelerate:
1. Moving with changing magnitude at constant direction
ex. Rectilinear motion
- acceleration is parallel to its change in velocity

2. Moving with changing direction at constant magnitude

ex. Uniform circular motion
- acceleration is perpendicular to its instantaneous velocity

3. Moving with changing both magnitude and direction

ex. Nonuniform circular motion
 Circular Motion
a) Uniform Circular Motion
– object moving along a curved path with constant speed, v
Magnitude of Velocity: CONSTANT vi
Direction of velocity: CHANGING
Velocity: CHANGING
Δv = vf - vi
Acceleration is NOT zero!
vf
A
vi y B
 Centripetal Acceleration
vf
 Ratio:
v r v Δr R
 so, v  r
v r r ri rf
v r v v v v 2
2

  O
t t r r a   x
t r
r

 Direction: Inward or towards the CENTER

of the circle.

September 22, 2008

 Uniform Circular Motion

Constant speed, or, Motion along a circle or curve:

constant magnitude changing direction of velocity
of velocity i.e. tangent to the curve in all
instances

 
ac  v

 Acceleration always perpendicular to the direction of its velocity

and always towards the center of the circle of motion:

September 22, 2008

 In terms of Period and Frequency:
Period – the time spent to move a complete circle, T
 
Frequency – the no. of times the object move a complete
circle,
1 2 r
f n ,v 
T T

ac 
v2

,a 
 2r 
T
2

,a 
4(  ) r 2

T
c 2
r c
rT

, a  4(  ) n
c
2 2
b) Nonuniform Circular Motion
- Motion with changing both
magnitude and direction of velocity
-
  Undergoing both centripetal, and
tangential acceleration,
v2
ac 
r

September 22, 2008

THANK
YOU !!!