Kinematics I (Rectilinear motion)
Speed = distance
time taken
d
S x t
Introduction
• Dynamics includes:
- Kinematics: study of the motion (displacement, velocity,
acceleration, & time) without reference to the cause of
motion (i.e. regardless of forces).
- Kinetics: study of the forces acting on a body, and the
resulting motion caused by the given forces.
• Rectilinear motion: position, velocity, and acceleration of
a particle as it moves along a straight line.
• Curvilinear motion: position, velocity, and acceleration of
a particle as it moves along a curved line.
2
EXAMPLE OF RECTILINEAR MOTION
Motion of a particle in a straight line is known as a rectilinear
motion. A car moving on a straight highway, lift traveling in a
vertical well, stone falling from the top of a building, is examples
of rectilinear motion.
Displacement
Displacement is a change of position in time.
Displacement: x x f (t f ) xi (ti )
f stands for final and i stands for initial.
It is a vector quantity.
It has both magnitude and direction: + or - sign
It has units of [length]: meters.
x1 (t1) = + 2.5 m
x2 (t2) = - 2.0 m
Δx = -2.0 m - 2.5 m = -4.5 m
x1 (t1) = - 3.0 m
x2 (t2) = + 1.0 m
Δx = +1.0 m + 3.0 m = +4.0 m
Different types of rectilinear motions possible are
1) Motion with Uniform Velocity
2) Motion with Uniform Acceleration
3) Motion with Variable Acceleration. These
are further explained in detail.
Velocity
Velocity is the rate of change of position.
Velocity is a vector quantity.
Velocity has both magnitude and direction. displacement
Velocity has a unit of [length/time]: meter/second.
We will be concerned with three quantities, defined as: distance
Average velocity
x x f xi
Average speed vavg
t t
Instantaneous total distance
savg
velocity t
x dx
v lim
t 0 t dt
displacement
Uniform Velocity
Uniform velocity is the special case of constant velocity
In this case, instantaneous velocities are always the same, all the
instantaneous velocities will also equal the average velocity
Begin with then
x x f xi x f xi v x t
vx
t t Note: we are plotting
x v
velocity vs. time
x(t)
v(t)
xf vx
xi
0 t 0 t
ti tf
Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
Average Acceleration
Changing velocity (non-uniform) means an acceleration is
present.
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
Acceleration is a vector quantity.
Acceleration has both magnitude and direction.
Acceleration has a dimensions of length/time2: [m/s2].
Definition:
Average acceleration
v v f vi
aavg
Instantaneous acceleration t t f ti
v dv d dx d 2v
a lim 2
t 0 t dt dt dt dt
Average Acceleration Note: we are plotting
Average acceleration velocity vs. time
v v f vi
aavg
t t f ti
Velocity as a function of time
v f (t ) vi aavg t
It is tempting to call a negative acceleration a “deceleration,” but note:
When the sign of the velocity and the acceleration are the same (either positive or
negative), then the speed is increasing
When the sign of the velocity and the acceleration are in the opposite directions, the
speed is decreasing
Average acceleration is the slope of the line connecting the initial and final
velocities on a velocity-time graph
Instantaneous and Uniform Acceleration
The limit of the average acceleration as the time interval goes to
zero v dv d dx d 2v
a lim
t 0 t dt dt dt dt 2
When the instantaneous accelerations are always the same, the
acceleration will be uniform. The instantaneous acceleration will
be equal to the average acceleration
Instantaneous acceleration is the
slope of the tangent to the curve
of the velocity-time graph
Kinematic Variables: x, v, a
Position is a function of time: x x(t )
Velocity is the rate of change of position.
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
x dx v dv
v lim a lim
t 0 t dt t 0 t dt
Position d
Velocity d
Acceleration
dt dt
Graphical relationship between x, v, and a
This same plot can apply to an elevator that is initially
stationary, then moves upward, and then stops. Plot v and a as
a function of time.
Distance vs Time Graphs
distance
time
No movement?
distance
time
No movement
distance
time
Constant speed?
distance
time
Constant speed
distance
time
Constant speed
distance
The slope of this
graph gives the speed
time
Constant speed
How would the graph
look different for a
faster constant speed
distance (walking to Mrs.
Herrington’s class)?
time
fast
Constant speed
How would the
graph look
distance different for a
slower constant
speed (walking to
Ms. Jones)?
time
fast
Constant speed
distance The slope of the
graph gives the
speed
slow
time
Constant speed
distance
Rise
Slope = Rise/Run
Run time
Getting faster? (accelerating)
distance
time
Getting faster (accelerating)
distance
time
Examples
distance
time
A car accelerating from stop and
then hitting a wall
distance
time
A car accelerating from stop and
then hitting a wall
Let’s try a
simulation
distance
time
Speed against time graphs
speed
time
Speed against time graphs
speed
time
No movement?
speed
time
No movement
speed
time
Constant speed?
speed
time
Constant speed
speed
time
Constant speed
How would the
graph look
speed
different for a
faster constant
speed?
time
Constant speed
How would the
graph look
speed
different for a
slower constant fast
speed?
time
Constant speed
speed
time
Getting faster? (accelerating)
speed
Constant acceleration
time
Getting faster? (accelerating)
speed
The slope of this graph
gives the acceleration
time
Example:
speed
time
A rock falling from a tall building
(no air resistance)
speed
time
A rock falling from a tall
building (no air
resistance)
speed
time
A dog falling from a tall building
(no air resistance)
speed
Area = height of building
time
No movement
speed
distance
time
time
Constant speed
speed
Slope = speed
distance
time
Area under graph =
distance travelled
time
Constant acceleration
speed
distance
time
time
Interpret as an x-t or v-t graph
Object A Object B
Object 1 Object 2
V-T Graph
X-t Graph
X-t Graph
X-t Graph
Slide #18—X-t Graph
Slide #19—V-t Graph
Displacement D Vs Time t
Displacement D, Velocity V Vs Time t
Displacement D, Velocity V, acceleration a Vs Time t
(a) Motion under uniform acceleration
(a) Equations of motion along a straight line:
i. V=u+a.t
ii. S=u.t+1/2.a.t2
iii. V2-u2=2as
iv. Sn=u+a(n-1/2)
Where,
u- initial velocity
v- Final velocity
a - acceleration
T- time
x - displacement in t seconds
sn - displacement in the nth second.
Note: If a body starts from rest u = 0 and if a body comes to
rest v = 0.
(b) Equation of motion under acceleration due to
gravity: (g)
(b) Equation of motion under acceleration due to
gravity: (g)
Example: A car is moving with a velocity Of
12 m/s. The car is brought to rest by applying
breaks in 5s. Determine
(i) retardation
(ii) Distance travelled by the car after
applying breaks.
Example: A car is moving with a velocity Of 12 m/s. The
car is brought to rest by applying breaks in 5s. Determine
(i) retardation
(ii) Distance travelled by the car after applying breaks.
Hints:
V=u+a.t
S=u.t+1/2.a.t2
Answer: a=-2.4 m/s2; s=90 m
Two electric trains A and B leave the same station
on parallel lines. The train A starts from rest with a
uniform acceleration of 0.2 m/s2 and attains a speed
of 45 km.p.h., which is maintained constant
afterwards. The train B leaves 1 minute after with a
uniform acceleration of 0.4 m/s2 to attain a
maximum speed of 72 km.p.h., which is
maintained constant afterwards. When will the
train B overtake the train A ?
Two electric trains A and B leave the same station on parallel lines. The
train A starts from rest with a uniform acceleration of 0.2 m/s2 and
attains a speed of 45 km.p.h., which is maintained constant afterwards.
The train B leaves 1 minute after with a uniform acceleration of 0.4
m/s2 to attain a maximum speed of 72 km.p.h., which is maintained
constant afterwards. When will the train B overtake the train A ?
Given :
Initial velocity of train A (uA) = 0 (because it starts from rest) ;
Uniform acceleration of train A (aA) = 0.2 m/s2 ;
Final velocity of train A (vA) = 45 km.p.h. = 12.5 m/s;
Initial velocity of train B (uB) = 0 (because it also starts from rest);
Uniform acceleration of train B (aB) = 0.4 m/s2
and final velocity of train B (vB) = 72 km.p.h. = 20 m/s
Let tA = Time taken by the train A to attain a speed of 12.5 m/s, and
T = Time in second when the train B will overtake the train A
from its start.
Two electric trains A and B leave the same station on parallel lines. The
train A starts from rest with a uniform acceleration of 0.2 m/s2 and
attains a speed of 45 km.p.h., which is maintained constant afterwards.
The train B leaves 1 minute after with a uniform acceleration of 0.4
m/s2 to attain a maximum speed of 72 km.p.h., which is maintained
constant afterwards. When will the train B overtake the train A ?
Two electric trains A and B leave the same station on parallel lines. The
train A starts from rest with a uniform acceleration of 0.2 m/s2 and
attains a speed of 45 km.p.h., which is maintained constant afterwards.
The train B leaves 1 minute after with a uniform acceleration of 0.4
m/s2 to attain a maximum speed of 72 km.p.h., which is maintained
constant afterwards. When will the train B overtake the train A ?
Assignment: A car moves along a straight
line whose equation of motion is given by s
= (12t + 2t2 — 3t3) m Determine (i)
Velocity and acceleration at start (ii)
Acceleration when velocity is zero
Example: A stone is thrown vertically
upwards with a velocity of 29.4 m/s from the
top of a tower 78.4 m high. Find the total time
taken by the stone to reach the foot of the
tower.
Example: A stone is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity
of 29.4 m/s from the top of a tower 78.4 m high. Find the total
time taken by the stone to reach the foot of the tower.
Hints:
V=u+a.t [a=-g (upward)]
V2-u2=2as
S=u.t+1/2.a.t
Answer: t=8 s
Example: A stone is thrown vertically
upwards, from the ground with a velocity 58.8
m/s. After 2 seconds, another stone is thrown
vertically upwards from the same place. If
both the stones strike the ground at the same
time, find the velocity with which the second
stone was thrown upwards.
Example: A stone is thrown vertically upwards, from the
ground with a velocity 58.8 m/s. After 2 seconds, another
stone is thrown vertically upwards from the same place. If
both the stones strike the ground at the sane time, find the
velocity with which the second stone was thrown upwards.
Hints:
V=u+a.t [a=-g (upward)]
Answer: u=49 m/s
A stone is dropped into a well is
heard to strike the water after 4
seconds. Find the depth of the
well if the velocity of sound is
350 m/s.
A stone is dropped into a well is heard to strike the
water after 4 seconds. Find the depth of the well if
the velocity of sound is 350 m/s.
Hints:
t1+t2=4 sec
S=ut+1/2gt2
T2=depth/velocity of sound
Answer: s=70.75 m
