Topic 1 Quiz 1- Introduction, Construction Project
Preparation of Abstract of Bids Determining the
Cycle, Preparing a Bid Package, Bidding Process and
Requirements
1. A set of documents that contain the scope of work,
specifications, drawings, and general conditions for
a project or job.
*a. Bid Package
2. Once the ___________has been approved by the
owner, final or detailed design is accomplished.
*b. Preliminary design
3. The _______________ is the second step in the
production of the plans and specifications.
*a. Final / detailed design
4. ________ are provisions regarding how a contract
is to be administered and the relationships
between the parties involved are often the same
for all contracts.
*a. General Conditions
5. Those aspects of the contractual relationship that
are peculiar or unique to a given project are given
in the _____________________.
*b. Supplementary Conditions
6. The document announcing to prospective bidders
that design documents are available for
consideration and that the owner is ready to
receive bids.
*d. Invitation to bid
7. An _________ becomes a part of the contract
documents and provides the vehicle for the owner
or the owner’s representative to modify the scope
and detail of a contract before it is finalized.
*c. Addendum
8. For ___________, technical specification is often
done by citing a specific brand name and model
number as the desired item for installation.
*c. Materials and Equipment
9. The production of the plans and specifications
usually proceeds in two steps, the first step is called
________ and offers the owner a pause in which to
review the plan before detail design commences.
*b. Preliminary design
10. A cost estimate based on the _________ and other
design information, such as square footage of roof
area, floor space, size of heating and air
conditioning units, etc., is prepared.
*a. Conceptual design
11. Also known as tender process.
*a. Bidding process
12. Procurement of a contract; selection of a winning
bidder.
*b. Award
13.
lowest calculated responsive bid and ranking of the
total bid prices as calculated from lowest to highest
and Bid Evaluation Report.
*c. Bid evaluation
14. It is where contract signing and notice to proceed
takes place.
*c. implementation of contract
15. _________shall be available to prospective bidders
in a given time specified by the purchaser
correlated to their bidding schedule.
*a. bidding documents
16. Is the forum where all officials involved in the
procurement meet and discuss all aspects of a
specific procurement activity, which includes the
technical specifications, the Approved Budget for
the Contract (ABC), the applicability and
appropriateness of the recommended method of
procurement and the related milestones, the
bidding documents, and availability of the
pertinent budget release for the project.
*d. Pre-Procurement Conference
17. Partnerships duly organized under the laws of the
Philippines and of which at least ______________
of the interest belongs to citizens of the Philippines.
*d. sixty percent (60%)
18. Bidding documents shall be issued by the ___
Secretariat or the property Officer.
*b. BAC
19. A construction bidding process involves the
submission of a bid form or proposal to either the
__________, construction manager or general
contractor.
*c. Owner
20. Typically, construction managers or general
contractors will solicit construction bids from
subcontractors by sending out ____________:
documents that detail the construction project and
scope of work.
*a. bid invitations
21. There are ___ phases in the project life cycle.
*c. 5
22. It is a procedure and techniques utilized during
construction.
*b. Construction Method
23. This approach encompasses building techniques
and structural systems that cannot be placed in the
category of off-site manufacture.
*a. Non off site manufacture
24. A production process that is carried out away from
the building site.
*b. Off site manufacture
25. It is the steps and collection of phases that are
performed in completing a project.
*d. Project life cycle
26. It is the very first phase in the project management
cycle where objectives and the needs of the project
are recognized.
*d. Initiating
27. In this phase, you will aim to have a realistic
estimate of time, cost & resources.
* c. Planning
28. Releasing of the final deliverables or handling over
the project documentation to the business are
important in this stage.
*b. Closing
29. The project plan is now put into motion and work
is performed in this phase. People carrying out the
task.
*c. Executing
30. Measures progress regularly to identify variances
from the plan so corrective actions can be taken.
*a.Controlling
(Topic 1) Quiz 1
1. It is the first phase of the entire project
management life cycle.
* b. Initiation
2. What is the meaning of PID?
* a. Project Initiation Development
3. All of these are part of the Advertising of the
Invitation to Bid EXCEPT?
* c. Tarpaulin
4. It provides a concise specification or description of
the item and the quantity.
*b. Prepare Bidding Documents
5. Who is the Division/Person in charge of the Routes
Documents to BAC Secretariat?
*b. Records Officer
6. What is the duration of activity (under normal
circumstances) of the Receipt and Opening Bids?
*d. 4 hrs
7. How much is the required fee of the records
incoming documents?
*b. None
8. What is the fourth bidding process of the
procurement system?
*b. Records Incoming Documents
9. The ________ shall open the bids in front of the
bidder or any of their duly authorized
representatives.
*b. Bids and Awards Committee (BAC)
10. Procurement system thru public bidding for goods
and services required by?
*c. Bureau of Local Government Finance
11. __________ is like a blueprint?
*c. Project Initiation Document
12. What phase of Construction Life Cycle identifies
the scope of work?
*a. Planning
13. It aims to examines all the aspect of a proposed
project.
*b. Feasibility Study
14. What paper work is done or should be presented
in the monitoring phase?
*a. Blue Print
15. This happens simultaneously with the
implementation phase?
*d. Monitoring
16. Last step in Construction Project Cycle?
*b. Closing
17. A kind of list to see all areas that have been
finished?
*a. Punch List
18. A phase in Construction Project Cycle that
identifies what went as planned or according to
plan?
*a. Closing
19. Construction Bidding is the process of submitting
a proposal (tender) to undertake, or manage the
undertaking of a construction project. The process
starts with a cost estimate from blueprints and
material take offs
*a. True
20. __________ is a formal, structured procedure for
generating competing offers from different
potential suppliers or contractors looking to obtain
an award of business activity in works, supply, or
service contracts.
*d. Invitation to Tender or Proposal
21. A construction bidding process involves the
submission of a bid form or proposal to either the
owner, construction manager or general
contractor.
*b. True
22. _______are documents issued by the Procuring
Entity to provide the prospective bidders all the
necessary information that they need to prepare
their bids.
*c. Bidding Documents
23. Which does not describe Bidding Documents?
* b. The unexpected contract duration;
24. Which does not belong to the Philippine Bidding
Documents (PBDs) in the following
*c. Birth Certificate
25. Partnerships duly organized under the laws of the
Philippines and of which at least seventy five
percent (25%) of the interest belongs to citizens of
the Philippines.
*b. False
26. Corporations duly organized under the laws of the
Philippines, and of which at least seventy five
percent (75%) of the outstanding capital stock
belongs to citizens of the Philippines
*a. True
27. What is ITB
*a. Instructions to Bidders
28. Often from companies who have been previously
assessed for suitability by means of a supplier
questionnaire (SQ) or pre-qualification
questionnaire
*d. Proposal
29. Which does not belong to the Philippine Bidding
Documents (PBDs) in the following
*b. NBI Clearance
30. What does ACME stand for
*c. Advance Construction Methods and Equipment
Topic 2 – Quiz 2
1. It is an additional expense and the owner may hold
the contractor liable for the work.
*b. Incomplete or Defective Work
2. These are predetermined damages that the
contractors estimated in the project.
*c. Liquidated Damages
3. It is a mutually binding agreement between two
parties based on policies and conditions recorded
in the document form.
*a. Construction Contract
4. It is the alteration of the original contract to the
owner by the contractor.
*a. Changed Conditions
5. This occurs when one party to a contract breaches
its term in one way.
*c. Termination for Default
6. This occurs when materials are late and/or
circumstances that are out of control.
*b.Delays
7. This issue should specify who is responsible for the
work and what happens if one party doesn’t have
adequate coverage.
*c.Insurance
8. Which of the following is not the true meaning of
Construction Contract?
*d.Late Material Deliveries
9. One party assigns their rights and responsibilities to
another party.
*a. Subcontracting
10. It cost more time and money spent on the project
and has possible disputes down the road for the
owner.
*a.Changed Conditions
11. ______ is an agreement between two or more
parties whereby one binds the other, to give or
perform a service for another out of respect for
himself.
*b.Contracts
12. Type of specification that delivers all operational
requirements needed to finish a project.
*a. Performance Specification
13. Which of the following is not a common issue in
contracts and specifications?
*a.Following the contract specification of project
14. It describes the scope of work, the materials to be
utilized, the installation procedures, and the level
of workmanship for a project that will be put under
contract.
*c.Specification
15. Which of the following does not belong to the
prescriptive subcategories.
*c.Master Provisions
16. It stands for provisions that will reference national
or state building codes and standards that must be
complied with.
*d.General Provisions
17. ______ is a specification which is used when a
specific product or material is required for
installation.
*b.Proprietary Specification
18. A subcategory of prescriptive specification that
details the methods of installation and how to
measure quality effectiveness.
*d.Execution Procedures
19. The ______ lists the type of products and materials
required, based on the performance and structural
requirements.
*a. Required Products
20. _____ provide detailed instructions and step-by-
step guidance on the sorts of materials to be
utilized and the preferred installation techniques.
*c.Prescriptive Specification
21. _________ is an unexpected change in the project
budget that ends up increasing the total project
cost.
*a. Cost Overrun
22. _________ is a time overrun either beyond
completion date specified in a contract or beyond
the date that the parties agreed upon for delivery
of a project.
*b. Delays
23. _________ refers to the collection of innovative
tools, machinery, modifications, software, etc.
used during the construction phase of a project.
*b. Technologies and Equipment
24. ________ is an ineffective, unsuccessful, and
deficient and lack communication process of
project information.
*d. Poor Communication
25. ________ is called when a number of appropriately
skilled, qualified, trained and experienced
personnel sufficient to maintain the Project
Schedule is not available. *
*a. Labor Shortage
26. ________ is a process of analyzing and managing
expected costs and evaluate the impact of those
outlays over time.
*c. Poor Planning, Forecasting and Budgeting
27. ________ is the process of dealing with a lot of
documentation, from contracts to material orders
to receipts to insurance certificates.
*d. Lacking Organization and Haphazard Document
28. _________ is the measurement document in the
construction industry that shows the movement of
income into the project and expenditure out of the
project.
*d. Cash flow
29. _________ is the sector of the economy that
builds, improves and repairs buildings, structures,
infrastructure and land features.
*d. Construction
30. _________ is the physical process of building and
all other associated activities such as landscaping,
refurbishing, site clearance, and demolition.
*d. Construction
Topic 2 – Quiz 2
1. This includes the physical process of building as
well as all associated activities such as landscaping,
refurbishing, site clearance, and demolition.
*a. Construction Phase
2. The construction phase is the industry's
_________.
*d. backbone
3. What must be awarded through a competitive
bidding process before construction can begin?
*c. Contracts
4. Most companies do not purchase or order all the
materials required to complete a construction
project all at once. Which of the following reason is
true?
a. Limited space on site
b. Reducing the number of materials that must be
stored.
C. Avoid spending all the money at once.
*d. All of the above
5. If materials are not ordered on time or are
forgotten about, the crew may be unable to
complete the current phase of construction. This
may lead to a _____?
*b. Delay
 6. To meet the rising demand, some employers are
being forced to hire __________ workers.
*b. Less skilled
7. Because of a shortage of skilled laborers on job
sites, structures are taking _____ to complete.
*a. Longer
8. This can cause delays because it affects what
construction work can and cannot be done on any
given day.
*c. Weather
9. A construction equipment failure could be caused
by a product with a flawed design or by
______________ .
*c. Poor manufacturing
10. Poor and _________ communication channels can
slow down the transfer of information within a
project and cause information blocks where
information is transferred to the incorrect person.
*d. Ineffective
11. This describes the scope of work, materials to be
used, installation methods, and quality of
workmanship for a parcel of work to be placed
under contract.
*b. Specification
12. It is a written or spoken agreement, especially
concerning employment, sales, or tenancy,
intended to be enforceable by law.
*c. Contracts
13. This requires compliance with certain formalities
prescribed by law.
a. Construction Phase
b. Specification
c. Contracts
d. Bid
*e. None of the Above
14. Which of the following does not belong to the
group?
*d. Issues in terms of Qualifications
15. Confidentiality covers the suppliers’ discretion if
needed. This issue falls under compliance.
*Statement 1 is true. Statement 2 is false.
16. Unmanaged and mismanaged procurement spend
aren’t the same. They are issues in terms of pricing.
*Both statements are true.
17. This quality of specification shows that the written
specification is not too broad and general.
*e. Specific
18. This issue emphasizes that written specification is
hard to understand due to variations in meaning
and interpretation?
*Ambiguous
19. One of the parties involved gained more than the
other. What quality of specification isn’t applied?
*Be fair.
20. All the necessary details and information were
written in the specification directly. What quality of
written specification was shown?
*Be concise.
21. It is an effective price result in realistic pricing and
a fixed-price contract.
*Price Competition
22. It can provide a realistic pricing standard with or
without competition.
*Price Analysis
23. The government provide the bases for negotiating
contract pricing agreements and it is the absence
of effective price competition.
*Cost Analysis
24. It is greater proportion of risk to performance
outcomes to ensure timely contract performance.
*Urgency of the Requirement
25. A contracts extending over a relatively long period
may require economic price adjustment or price
redetermination.
*Period of Performance
26. The performance is under the proposed contract
that involves operations under the other contracts.
*Concurrent Contracts
27. The contractor agrees to perform job for a fixed
sum of money and responsible for preparing the
Bill of Quantities.
*Lump-Sum Contract
28. Items of work of the contract are specified with
estimated quantities in the Bill of Quantities. The
client or owner pays a fixed fixed sum for each
completed unit of work.
*Unit-Price Contract
29. The contractor will be reimbursed for all the actual
cost plus agreed fee to cover his services.
* Overhead and Profit
30. The contractor guarantees that he will construct
the project in full accordance with the drawing and
specifications. The price to the owner will not
exceed some total upset price.
*Guaranteed Maximum Price
 Topic 3 – Quiz 3
1. These refer to the equipment used to process the
materials into finished or semi-finished products.
*c. Machine
2. They are group of people who work together, like a
neighborhood association
*b. Organization
3. Which of the following does not belong to the list
of training objectives?
*d. To perform tasks poorly
4. The “A” in the functional chart, stands for _______.
*a. Project Manager
5. The organization structure reflects the vertical and
horizontal working relationships among the
departments, _______ , and sections. *c. Divisions
6. It is the chart that has lists of employees’ names or
titles, the positions they hold, and the reporting
relationships between them and their superiors.
*d. Position
7. What organization structure is Organization
Structure “C”?
*a. Interrelationship among project participants
8. This department recruit, select, hire, and place
complement workers. They are also responsible for
security services and management.
*a. Administrative Department
9. They are responsible for procurement of
construction materials, supplies, equipment, and
etc.
*b. Procurement Department
10. They perform tasks that require skills not
commonly available such as plumbing, glass works,
air conditioning, and elevator installation.
*c. Specialty Contractors
11. Allows the client to clarify what is required and the
level of any budget limits a.
*c. Briefing
12. __________ are conditions or tasks that must be
completed to ensure the success or completion of
the project
*a. Project Requirements
13. __________ is the starting point of the project and
provides guidance for the other types of
requirements
*b. Business Requirements
14. What does PCAB stand for?
*d. Philippine Contractors Association Board
15. Every __________ has specific needs or
requirements that they want to be fulfilled
*a. Individual Stakeholders
16. This also applies to sub-contractors and specialty
contractors to gain this license before conducting
any construction related business here in the
Philippines. *c. PCAB License
17. To ensure that works have been completed as per
the contract and that everything works as it should.
*a. Commissioning
18. Which of the following is the benefit of effective
gathering of business requirements?
*d. All of the above
19. __________ describe something that a product or
service is required to do.
*a. Functional Requirements
20. One of the final stages of a project is the handover
after a commissioning exercise.
*c. Contractor retention
21. An organizational framework for how a business
entity operates *a.Legal Structure
22. A business entity that limits the liability of the
owner(s) both financially and legally.
*a. Limited liability Company
23. Refers to a legal relationship between two or more
people who are jointly identified in a business
contract as principals *b. Partnerships
24. Are smaller entities with under 100 shareholders
which don’t allow other corporations to own stock
in the entity
*c. S Corporation
25. Meaning that the business may issue stock publicly
and company profit is taxed before itis paid to
shareholders.
*d. C Corporation
26. Is the person for whose benefit the work is carried
out. *a. Employer
27. Employed by the contractor, usually carry out the
majority of the physical site works.
*d. Sub-contractors
28. Also known as a constructor, builder or supplier
*b. Contractor
29. Builds the project but may also carry out design.
*b. Contractor
30. Also known as the client, the developer or the
purchaser.
*a. Employer
 Topic 3 – (Quiz 3) Construction Project Organization,
Legal Structure, Construction Project Requirements
1. _______ determines possible critical areas and
forms a solution or prevention.
*b. Senior Project Engineer
2. It is liable for the actions and finances of the
business. *a. Corporation
3. _______ is an aspect of construction-related
activities concerned with protecting construction
site workers and others from death, injury, disease
or other health-related risks.
*d. Construction Site Safety
4. A project manager conducts regular meetings
with _______. *a. Staff
5. It is the structure of the project. *d. Project
Organization
6. Coordinates with different subcontractors and
draftsmen.
*c. Structural Engineer
7. A technical drawing, also known as ________, is an
approved detailed, precise diagram or plan that
conveys information about how object functions or
is constructed. *b. Engineering Drawing
8. ________ are conditions or tasks that must be
completed to ensure the success or completion of
the project. *a. Project
9. The reason for forming a partnership is based on
the principle of division of risk and _______ of
management and financial resources.
*a. Pooling
10. What are the three types of legal structure?
*a. Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, and
Corporation
11. Coordination between subcontractors for the
preparation of shop drawings.
*c. Architectural Coordination Engineer
12. Deals with the preparation and approval of the
project schedule, updates, and revisions.
*d. Planning Engineer
13. Prepares cost load values for all activities.
*d. Quantity Surveyor
14. Coordinates with the senior project engineer to
ensure safety control at site. *a. Safety Officer
15. In charge with the financial follow up, controls the
cost of project, and the duration execution.
*b. Quality Control Engineer
16. Measures the depth and distance of points, and
prepares the boundary lines and mapping.
*b. Land
17. Manages labors at site and reports to the civil
engineer.
*c. Foreman
18. Project organization is a _______. *b. Process
19. In situations in which a single person owns and
operates a construction firm and makes all of the
major decisions regarding the company’s activity,
the company is referred to as a ____________.
*a. Sole Proprietorship
20. In this legal structure, there are two or more
partners, and the liability is spread among several
principals.
*d. Partnership
21. It is significant if you're planning to have a
construction. Ensure that the contractor abides by
the law, standards, and code in construction.
*a. Legal Documents
22. Which of the following is not a legal document?
*d. Agreement
23. What does PPE stand for? *a. Personal Protective
Equipment
24. Engineers, electricians, and contractors all use
drawings as guides when constructing or repairing
objects and buildings. *a. True
25. Any stockholder who wishes to sell a block of
stock must first offer the stock for sale to the other
stockholders.*a. True
26. A corporation is a business entity that is owned
by its shareholders, who elect a board of directors
to oversee the organization's activities. *a. True
27. What does BOQ stand for?
* a. Bill of Quantities
28. Which of the following is not a PPE? Gloves b.
Helmet c. Safety shoes *d. None of the above
29. Structural plan, architectural plan, electrical plan,
and mechanical plan are all considered technical
documents and plans. *a. True
30.One of the first problems confronting an
entrepreneur who has decided to become a
construction contractor is that of deciding how
best to organize the firm to achieve the goals of
profitability and control of business as well as
technical functions. *a. True
TOPIC 4 – Q4
1. Generally, the Critical Path Method is utilized for
research-oriented project. Program Evaluation Review
Technique is generally utilized for repetitive research-
oriented project types.
*D. Both statements are false E. None of the above.
2. PERT is more appropriate than CPM for managing projects
that are unfamiliar and for which we can only estimate
activity durations.
*A. True
3. In PERT, we assume that activity times are deterministic,
while in CPM we assume that activity times are probabilistic.
*B. False
4. Ensures the optimal use of resources and helps to control
idle resources so that projects can be effectively executed
within the budgeted costs and scheduled time.
*C. Network Analysis
5. In the S-Curve, the Rate of work at that point in time is
represented by the slope of the resulting curve.
*A. True
6. Which of the following are benefits of the network
analysis approach?
*A. Allows progress to be monitored against plan.
7. In this method of network analysis, it is assumed that
activity durations are deterministic, i.e.known with
certainty. Such projects are of repetitive and non- complex
in nature.
*C. Critical Path Method
8. In PERT, the path with the fewest activities is referred to
as the critical path.
*B. False
9. The S-Curve shows when to expect the greatest and
smallest billings throughout the project.
*A. True
10. Program Evaluation and Review Technique is utilized
when activity durations are already estimated. The critical
Path Method is used to estimate the time required to
complete activities.
*D. Both statements are false.
11. It is the amount of time an activity can be delayed
without delaying the start of its successor activity.
*B. Free Float
12. It is the amount of time a scheduled activity can be
delayed without delaying the overall project completion
date.
*A. Total Float
13.To calculate this float is subtracting the Late Finish to the
Early Finish
*A. Total Float
14. A network diagram that uses various boxes or "nodes" is
connected from beginning to end with arrows. depict a
logical progression of the dependencies between the
scheduled activities.
*A. Activity on Node
15. It is a project management tool for mapping and
scheduling activities, such as tasks or events where each
node has sections that denote the earliest and latest start of
the project.
*B. Activity on Arrow
16. A physically identifiable part of a project which
consumes both time and resources.
*A. Activity
17. Beginning or ending points of one or more activities,
instantaneous point in time
*B. Event
18. Combination of all project activities and the events
*C. Network
19. Used to identify precedence relationships correctly and
to eliminate possible confusion about two or more activities
having the same starting and ending nodes.
*D. Dummy Activities
20. This is the estimated time it takes an activity to be
finished
*A. Duration
21. It is the earliest starting time plus the duration of an
activity
*B. EF
22. Time that an activity may be started without delaying the
completion of a project.
*C. LS
23. This is the earliest time that an activity can be started
*A. ES
24. Activities along the critical path, any delay in their
completion would result in a delay of a project completion.
*D. Critical Activity
25. These are the two types of scheduling computation used
in Network Analysis
*A. Activity-on-Node
*B. Activity-on-Arrow
26. A management tool that is suited for research and
development projects which are generally non- repetitious
in nature and are therefore sometimes called "once-
through" projects.
*D. Program Evaluation Review Technique
27. CPM stands for
*A. Critical Path Method
28. Widely used because it can display real-time cumulative
data from various project elements and compare it with the
projected data.
*A. S-Curve
29. The following shows the importance of the S-Curve
except for
*D. Disable the plan for the same schedule scenarios
30. Critical Path is the longest path in the network of
activities representing a project.
*A. True
 TOPIC 4 -QUIZ 4
1. What is the meaning of network analysis AOA?
*B. Activity on Activity
2. Project planning is a part of construction project
management ?
*TRUE
3. What is the meaning of network analysis AON?
*A. Activity on Node
4. A part of construction project management which
is a procedural steps that defines project goal,
objectives and specify project tasks / work within a
certain time frame.
*D. Project Planning
5. What does PERT stand for?
*D. Program Evaluation and Review Technique
6. A process that includes managing a schedule to
have an organize tasks, deliverables, and
milestones on a project timeline?
*B. Project Scheduling
7. In network analysis AOA, what does the arrow
represent ?
*C. Duration
8. This technique is used to analyze how long it will
take to complete the project
*C. Program Evaluation and Review Technique
9. This assumes that all resources are available and all
predecessor activities are to be completed on time
which results in the fastest time an activity can be
completed.
*A. Optimistic Time Estimation
10. A PERT time estimate technique that assumes all
resources are unavailable and there will be an error
on the progress of the project.
*B. Pessimistic Time Estimation
11. This project management method also refers to a
precedence diagramming method in which it uses
boxes/ nodes to denote scheduled tasks.
*B. Activity On Node
12. This technique is used as a tool for mapping a
specific activity and used for scheduling events and
tasks in project management.
*C. Activity On Arrow
13. In AOA what are the nodes represented for?
*A. Milestones
14. In AON what are the arrows represented for?
*D. To know the logical progression of the activities
15. Is it possible to use circles/ boxes in AON? *A. True
16. What is the correct formula for Program Evaluation
and Review Technique (PERT)?
*D.PERT= (O + 4*M + P)/6
17. __________ is a form of bar chart that depicts a
project schedule and demonstrates the
dependencies between activities and current
schedule status.
*B. Gantt Chart
18. It refers to tasks that must be finished or begun
before another job may begin.
*A. Predecessors
19. It refers to tasks that come after the predecessor.
*B. Successors
20. Is it okay to refine the tasks that undergo slack/
float in a construction project?
*A. True
21. What is the meaning of ES ?*A. Earliest Start Time
22. What is the meaning of LS ? *C. Latest Start Time
23. What is the meaning of LF ? *D. Latest Finish Time
24. What is the meaning of EF ? *B. Earliest Finish Time
25. An activity that start at the earliest time possible ?
*A. ES
26. If an activity has one or more immediate
predecessor what is the value of ES?
*A. Max
27. If an activity has one or more immediate
predecessor what is the value of LF?
*A. Max
28. It is the length of time that an activity can be
delayed without delaying the entire project ?
*C. Float/Slack Time
29. What is latest time by which an activity has to be
finished (completed) so as to not delay the
completion time of the entire project ?
*D. Latest Finish Time
30. It is the earliest time at which an activity can be
completed
*B. Earliest Finish Time
Module 1: Introduction, Construction Project Cycle, B. Planning Processes
Preparing a Bid Package, Bidding Process and • Defining and redefining objectives and selecting best
Requirements alternative courses of action to attain it.
• Every details and main point of the project are carefully
Construction Method addressed and outlined to meet the requirements
• Procedure and techniques utilized during construction. needed.
• Developing schedule and budget of the project.
Why is it advanced?
Modern methods of construction
1. Off site manufacture
Production process that is carried out away from the
building site
2. Non off site manufacture
This approach encompasses building techniques and C. Executing Processes
structural systems that cannot be placed in the category of • The project plan is now put into motion and work is
off-site manufacture. performed in this phase. People carrying out the task.
• The goal is to achieve the project deliverables within
Project Construction Life Cycle planned budget and schedule.
Project Life Cycle • Continuously monitored and appropriate adjustments
- It is the steps and collection of phases that are performed are made.
in completing a project.
- Beginning to the end of a project. D. Controlling Processes
What technical work should be done? • Project objectives are met by monitoring thoroughly. It
✓ Who should be involved in each phase? coordinates with the executing phase.
• Identifying problems and risk.
• Measures progress regularly to identify variances from
plan so corrective actions can be taken.
E. Closing Processes
• Completion phase of the project.
• Formalizing acceptance of the project to an orderly end.

• Releasing of the final deliverables or handling over the

project documentation to the business.
• Within this type of analysis, understanding the
experience is transferred back to the project
organization which will help future project teams.
Links between process groups
Bidding Package
What is a bid package?
A set of documents that contain the scope of work,
specifications, drawings, and general conditions for a
project or job. Prospective contractors should be able to
review the bid package and develop their cost estimates and
schedules for the work.
A. Initiating Processes
• In the initiation phase, a project begins with an idea.
Basically, it is the very first phase in project management
cycle.
• Objective and the needs of the project is recognized.
• Feasibility of a project is investigated:
✓ Can we do the project?
✓ Should we do the project?
Bid package components 5. General conditions
• General conditions are provisions regarding how a
contract is to be administered and the relationships
between the parties involved are often the same for all
contracts.
Topics addressed in general conditions usually includes:
a. Definitions
b. Preliminary matters
c. Contract documents
d. Bonds and insurance
e. Contractor’s responsibilities
f. Owner’s responsibilities
Preparing a Bid Package
g. Engineer responsibilities
1. Project concept and need
h. Changes in the work
• The first step in any project is the establishment of a
i. Change of contract price
need and a conceptual definition and refinement of the
j. Change of contract times
facility that will meet that need.
k. Tests and inspections
• Each project has a life cycle triggered by the recognition
l. Payments to contractor and completion
of a need that can best be addressed with the
m. Suspension of work and termination
construction of a facility.
n. Dispute resolution
6. Supplementary conditions
2. Formal need evaluation
Those aspects of the contractual relationship that are
• In deciding whether to proceed with preliminary and
peculiar or unique to a given project are given in the
final design of a given project, three items should be
supplementary conditions
developed during the conceptual portion of the project
Items contained in supplementary conditions are of two
cycle. The following elements provide input to the
types:
decision process:
a. Modifications to the basic articles of the general
a. Cost/Benefit analysis
condition in the form of additions, deletions, or
b. Graphical representation of the project and a layout
substitutions
diagram of the facility
b. Additional articles of a contractual-legal nature that
c. Cost estimate based on the conceptual-level
may be desirable or necessary for a particular
information available
project
3. Conceptual drawings and estimates
7. Technical specifications
• Graphical information, including architect’s renderings
• The contract documents must convey the requirements
or sketches as well as layout drawings and 3D computer
of the project to potential bidders and establish a legally
models assist the potential bidders in better
precise picture of the technical aspects of the work to be
understanding the project.
performed. This is accomplished visually through the use
• A cost estimate based on the conceptual drawings and
of drawings.
other design information, such as square footage of roof
• A verbal description of the technical requirements is
area, floor space, size of heating and air conditioning
established in the technical specifications.
units, etc., is prepared.
• For materials and equipment, this is often done by citing
a specific brand name and model number as the desired
4. Preliminary and detail design
item for installation.
The production of the plans and specifications usually
proceeds in two steps:
8. Addenda
• The first step is called preliminary design and offers
• Any changes in detail, additions, corrections, and
the owner a pause in which to review the plan before
contract conditions that arise before bids are opened
detail design commences.
that are intended to become part of the bid package and
• Once the preliminary design has been approved by
the basis for bidding are incorporated into the bid
the owner, final or detail design is accomplished. This
package through addenda.
is the second step in the production of the plans and
• An addendum thus becomes part of the contract
specifications.
documents and provides the vehicle for the owner or the
owner’s representative to modify the scope and detail of
a contract before it is finalized.
Forms usually included in a bid package
1. Bid Form
2. Form of contract agreement
3. Omnibus sworn statement
4. Bid securing declaration
9. Invitation to bid
• The document announcing to prospective bidders that
design documents are available for consideration and
that the owner is ready to receive bids.
• The invitation to bidders contains information regarding
the general type and size of the project, the availability
of plans and specifications for review, and the time,
place, and date of the bid opening.
Bidding Process and Requirements
What Is the Bidding Process?
The bidding process (also known as the tender process) is a
method to select the most suitable service provider or
supplier, by comparing proposals against specific criteria.
What is the Construction Bidding Process?
A construction bidding process involves the submission of a
bid form or proposal to either the owner, construction
manager or general contractor. Typically, construction
managers or general contractors will solicit construction
bids from subcontractors by sending out bid invitations:
documents that detail the construction project and scope of
work.
Eligible Bidders
1. Duly licensed Filipino citizens/sole proprietorships;
2. Partnerships duly organized under the laws of the
Philippines and of which at least sixty percent (60%) of
the interest belongs to citizens of the Philippines;
3. Corporations duly organized under the laws of the
Philippines and of which at least sixty percent (60%) of
the outstanding capital stock belongs to citizens of the
Philippines;
4. Cooperatives duly organized under the laws of the
Philippines, and of which at least sixty percent (60%)
belongs to citizens of the Philippines; or
5. Persons/entities forming themselves into a joint venture,
i.e., a group of two (2) or more persons/entities that
intend to be jointly and severally responsible or liable for
a particular contract: Provided, however, That Filipino
ownership or interest thereof shall be at least sixty
percent (60%). For this purpose, Filipino ownership or
interest shall be based on the contributions of each of
the members of the joint venture as specified in their
JVA.
Bidding Process and Requirements
1. Prepare Bidding Documents Provides a concise
specification or description of the item and the quantity
2. Invitation to Bid
3. The Customer / Client Submits BID Documents and
relative requirements to the Bureau’s Records Unit
4. Records Incoming Documents
5. Routes Documents to BAC Secretariat
6. Receives the BID Documents and affix initials / signature
in the logbook
7. Pre-bid Conference
8. Receipt and Opening of Bids
9. Bid Evaluation
10. Award
1. Prepare Bidding Documents Provides a concise
specification or description of the item and the quantity
• Bidding documents shall be available to prospective
bidders in a given time specified by the purchaser
correlated to their bidding schedule.
• Biding documents shall be issued by the BAC Secretariat
or the Property Officer.
The bidding documents shall include the following:
• Approved Budget for the Contract
• Instructions to Bidders
• Terms of Reference
• Eligible Requirements
• Plans and Technical Specifications
• Delivery Time or Completion Schedule
• Form of Bid, Price Form, and List of Goods or Bill of
Quantities
• Form and Amount of Bid Security
• Form and Amount of Performance Security and Warranty
• Form of Contract and General and Special Conditions of
Contract
2. Invitation to Bid
Pre-Procurement Conference
• is the forum where all officials involved in the
procurement meet and discuss all aspects of a specific
procurement activity, which includes the technical
specifications, the Approved Budget for the Contract
(ABC), the applicability and appropriateness of the
recommended method of procurement and the related
milestones, the bidding documents, and availability of
the pertinent budget release for the project.
Bidding Process in Construction
1. Implementation of Contract
• Contract Signing
• Notice to Proceed
2. Delivery, Inspection and Acceptance
• Delivery of goods / services per contract For Goods
• Final Inspection and Acceptance

Advertising of the Invitation to Bid

• Newspaper
• G-EPS Posting
• Bureau’s Website

6. Receives the BID Documents and affix initials / signature

in the logbook

7. Pre-bid Conference
• A pre-bid conference shall be held on any given time as
specified by the purchaser to discuss, among other
things, technical and financial components of the bid and
eligibility requirements
• Any statement made at the pre-bid conference shall
modify the bidding documents, unless such statement is
specifically identified in writing as an amendment
thereto and issue a supplemental or bid bulletin

8. Receipt and Opening of Bids

• The BAC shall open the bids in front of the bidder or any
of their duly authorized representatives
• All members of the BAC who are present during the
opening shall initial every page of the original copies of
all eligible document received and opened

9. Bid Evaluation
• Preliminary Examination of Bids Evaluation of bidder’s
eligibility, examination of documents and bid prices and
Clarification of bids
• Preparation of Abstract of Bids Determining the lowest
calculated responsive bid and ranking of the total bid
prices as calculated from lowest to highest and Bid
Evaluation Report
10. Award
• Preparation of Resolution to Award and Notice to Award
• Approval of Resolution to Award and Notice to Award
• Issuance of Notice to Award
• Posting of Performance Security
Module 2: Issues During Construction Phase, ISSUES IN CONTRACTS
Contracts And Specifications, Construction Contracts 1. In terms of Pricing
- Unmanaged procurement spend
I. CONSTRUCTION PHASE - Mismanaged procurement spend
The construction phase includes the physical process of 2. In terms of Conditions
building as well as all associated activities such as - Lack of clarity
landscaping, refurbishing, site clearance, and demolition. - Lack of price protection
The construction phase is the industry's backbone, but 3. In terms of Compliance
contracts must be awarded through a competitive bidding - Intellectual Property
process before construction can begin. These are some of - Buyer standards
the issues/problems encountered during this phase. 4. In terms of Supplier Service Obligations
- Confidentiality
ISSUES DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE - Rights of access
1. Delay of Materials - Material shortages are another 5. In terms of Performance
common cause of construction delays - Metrics Deliveries on time
2. Labor Shortage Weather - Because of a shortage of - Inspection failures
skilled laborers on job sites, structures are taking
longer to complete, and some projects have been HOW TO RESOLVE CONTRACT ISSUES
canceled entirely. • Instate signature notarizations
3. Weather - The weather is one of the most common • Thoroughly review the
causes of construction delays. • Contract contact a professional contract negotiation
4. Malfunction in Equipment - Construction firm
equipment, new or old, can fail for any number of
reasons. ISSUES IN SPECIFICATIONS
5. Lack in Communication - Poor communication and • Ambiguous
ineffective communication channels can slow down • Incomplete
the transfer of information within a project and • Inconsistent
cause information blocks where information is • Out of date
transferred to the incorrect person. • Too technical
• Infeasible
II. CONTRACTS AND SPECIFICATIONS
CONTRACTS - meeting of minds between two persons THE 10 PRECEPTS TO ENSURE QUALITY OF SPECIFICATIONS
whereby one binds himself, with respect to the other, to WRITING
give something or to render some service. It is an agreement • Be complementary. • Be fair.
that gives rise to obligations. • Be concise. • Be objective.
• Be consistent. • Be organized.
SPECIFICATIONS - written documents describing in detail • Be current. • Be practical.
the scope of work, materials to be used, methods of • Be correct • Be specific.
installation, and quality of workmanship for a parcel of work
to be placed under contract. CONTRACTS DEFINITIONS
a. From a Legal Point of View:
CLASSIFICATION OF CONTRACT ACCORDING TO A mutual agreement between two or more parties that
PERFECTION something shall be done, an agreement enforceable at
1. Solemn Contract - that which requires compliance law
with certain formalities prescribed by law. (e.g. b. According to FIDIC:
donation of real property which must be in a public Contract means the General Conditions, the
instrument). Supplementary Conditions, the Specifications, the
2. Consensual Contract - that which is perfected by Drawings, the Bill of Quantities, the Letter of Acceptance,
mere consent. (e.g. sale, lease, agency). the Contract Agreement.
3. Real Contract - that which is perfected by the c. According to Method of Payment:
delivery of the thing subject matter of the contract. The agreement of how the owner will pay the contractor
(e.g. pledge). for work
Module 3: Construction Project Organization, Legal Organizational Structure
Structure, Construction Project Requirements Reflects the vertical and horizontal working relationships
among the departments, divisions, and sections.
Construction Project Organization 1. ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE "A" - LARGE PROJECTS
What is a Construction Project?
A construction project, sometimes just referred to as a
‘project’, is the organized process of constructing,
renovating, refurbishing, retrofitting, or adapting a building,
or other built asset such as a tunnel or bridge.

What is an Organization?
An organization is a group of people who work together, like
a neighborhood association, a charity, a union, or a
corporation. You can use the word organization to refer to a
group or business, or to the act of forming or establishing 2. ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE "B" - SMALL PROJECTS
something.

Structure of Elements in an Organization

1.) Manpower - refers to the managerial and non-
managerial personnel employed in an organization
2.) Material - represents the physical raw materials and
intermediate products (semi-finished goods ) which are
converted and/or assembled into finished products with
the help of certain processes and technology.
3.) Machine - are the equipment used to process the
materials into finished or semi-finished products 3. ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE "C" - INTERRELATIONSHIP
4.) Methods - refer to the normal and prescribed ways of AMONG PROJECT PARTICIPANTS
doing things various operations are performed according
to certain systems and procedures.
5.) Money - is the most critical and all-purpose resource
because it is used to acquire or hire other resources.

Project Organization and Staffing

is where organization structure, individual positions and
functions are developed, duties and responsibilities are
defined, teams are formed and training programs are
formulated.

Areas of Responsibility Position Chart

• Project Leadership - responsible for the management of
the project
• Project Team - implements the project
• Project Board - is the decision-making authority that
defines project success and whether or not a project
must be canceled.
a position chart lists employee names or titles, the positions
they hold and the reporting relationships between them and
their superiors.
1. POSITION CHART "A" - LARGE PROJECTS
2. POSITION CHART "B" - SMALL PROJECTS
Functional Chart
Organizes workers in a business based on skills, expertise,
and specialty
FUNCTIONAL CHART
"A"
• Manage day-to-day activities
• Provide overall direction
• Responsible for the technical performance & successful
completion of the project
• Engineer project expenses are within budget
• Conduct periodic coordination meetings
• Administer periodic evaluation of project activities and
the productivity of the project participants
• Carry out responsibilities for the preparing the procedure
for the turnover of the project when completed
"B"
• Recruit, select, hire, place complement workers Handle
timekeeping
• Monitor attendance, tardiness and absences Update
personnel records
• responsible for security services and management
Secure necessary licenses and permits
• Provide messenger services
"C"
• Design and adopt appropriate accounting procedures
and standards
• Records all financial transactions
• Summarize the “Book” on a monthly, quarterly and
annual basis Responsibilities for payroll services
• Undertake Billing and Collection
• Issue Receipts of Payments
• Responsible for timely payments of SSS, Pag-ibig and
Philhealth dues
"D"
• Responsible for procurement of construction materials,
supplies, equipment, etc.
• Handle property and supply management including
inventory of materials, equipment, vehicles, tools and
other properties of the company
"E"
• Responsible for Technical Operations including field
investigation, surveys and project management services
depending on the specialization like: civil works,
architecture, sanitary, plumbing, electrical works and
mechanical works.
• Undertake the actual physical execution of works called
for in the project.
"F"
• Depending on the assigned tasks, responsibilities in
implementing and commissioning certain jobs called for
in project
"G"
• Normally, specialty contractors (e.g., plumbing, glass
woks, air conditioning, elevator installation) perform
tasks that require skills not commonly available. Thus,
specialty contractors handle the installation, testing and
commissioning of air conditioning units, elevators, glass
works (cladding), and the like.
Training
is the process of increasing the knowledge and skills of an
employee for doing a particular job.
The objectives of the training are varied depending on the
requirements of the project. Enumerated below are the
typical objectives of training:
1. To orient new recruits or workers;
2. To ensure that the project engineers and workers know
exactly their tasks;
3. To improve skills, productivity, job performance and
aptitude based on acceptable standards.
 CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT
A construction contract is a mutual or legally binding
agreement between two parties based on policies and
conditions recorded in document form. The two parties
involved are one or more owners, and one or more
contractors. For both the owner and the builder, that the
executed job will receive the specific amount of
compensation or how the compensation will be
distributed.
WHY DO WE USE CONTRACT IN CONSTRUCTION?
• Describe scope of work
• Establish time frame
• Establish cost and payment provision
• Set fourth duties, obligations and relationship
• Minimize disputes
• Improve economic return of investment
• Provide protection for parties which abide by
their obligations
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF CONTRACT
TYPE
• Price Competition
• Price Analysis
• Cost Analysis
• Urgency of the Requirement
• Period of Performance
• Concurrent Contracts
• Allocation of Risks
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS
TWO BROAD CATEGORIES:
A. Price Given in Advance Contracts (Price-based
Contracts)
1. LUMP-SUM CONTRACT
Contractor agrees to perform job of work for a fixed sum of
money. The contractor is responsible for preparing the Bill
of Quantities
ADVANTAGES
• Low risk on the owner, Higher risk to the contractor
• Contractor will assign best personnel
• Contractor selection is easy
DISADVANTAGES
• Contractor is free to use the lowest cost of material
equipment and methods
• Contractor carries much of the risks. The tendered
price may include high risk contingency.
• Competent contractors may decide not to bid to
avoid a high-risk contract
2. UNIT PRICE CONTRACT
Items of work of the contract are specified with estimated
quantities in the Bill of Quantities The client or owner pays
a fixed sum for each completed unit of work
ADVANTAGES
• Fair basis for competition
• Lower risk for contractor
• Changes in contract documents can be made easily
DISADVANTAGES
• Final cost not known form the beginning
• Unit price sometime tend to draw unbalanced bid
3. SCHEDULE OF RATES CONTRACT
Schedule of the work items without quantities is prepared
by the owner and to be rated by the contractor. Used for
repair and maintenance works or under conditions of
urgency.
ADVANTAGES
• Work can be commenced earlier than if a full BOQ
has been prepared
DISADVANTAGES
• No indication of the final price of the works
• Very difficult to determine which contractor the
most advantageous offer
• May cause financial problems to the owners
B. Cost Reimbursement Contracts (Cost-based Contracts)
OVERHEAD AND PROFIT
The contractor will be reimbursed for all the actual cost plus
an agreed fee to cover his services
1. COST PLUS PERCENTAGE OF COST
The contractor is reimbursed for all his costs with a fixed
percentage of cost to cover his services
2. COST PLUS FIXED CONTRACTS
The owner pays all costs of construction with a fixed sum of
money . The fee is fixed and does not fluctuate with the
actual cost of the project.
3. TARGET COST WITH VARIABLE FEES
The contractor and owner agree to a target estimate of
construction. Bonus or penalty arrangements are tied to this
target figure.
4. GUARANTEED MAXIMUM PRICE
The contractor guarantees that he will construct the project
in full accordance with the drawings and specifications The
price to the owner will not exceed some total upset price.
Construction Project: Legal Structure
What is Legal Structure?
A legal structure is an organizational framework for how a
business entity operates. Also called a business structure, a
business form, or a business ownership structure, the
proper legal structure depends on the size and type of your
business and your business goals.
Why is it important?
Every new business is required to form a business entity by
choosing a legal structure under which the company will
operate.
COMMON LEGAL STRUCTURES
1. Limited Liability Company (LLC)
An LLC is a business entity that limits the liability of the
owner(s) both financially and legally. It is a simpler type of
operation to set up compared to some of the other possible
business categories like corporations and also provides a
legal distinction between the company assets and personal
assets of the founders.
2. Partnerships
A partnership refers to a legal relationship between two or
more people who are jointly identified in a business contract
as principals. Partnership Agreements, also called 50/50
Partnership Agreements, specify each party's
responsibilities within the company. Additionally,
partnership contracts may serve as a roadmap detailing the
contributions, obligations, and other partner duties.
3. S Corporations
A corporation is a type of business that exists separately
from its owners or founders. It is its own entity, is usually
owned by shareholders, and managed by a board of
directors.
S corporations are smaller entities with under 100
shareholders which don’t allow other corporations to own
stock in the entity. Under this categorization, the business
can elect to have tax assessed by individual shareholder
income only. This avoids the business being taxed once as
an entity and again when shareholders declare their
personal income.
4. C Corporations
Most corporations are C corporations, meaning that the
business may issue stock publicly and company profit is
taxed before it is paid to shareholders, who then must pay
tax based on their individual income. Other corporations
may also be shareholders of a C corporation.
How to choose the right legal structure for your
construction company?
CRITERIA TO CONSIDER AND EVALUATE
1. owner liability
2. expenses and procedures needed to create and run the
business structure
3. how the business will be taxed
4. investment needs
“:A quick guide to construction projects: The legal structure
(The key legal aspects of a construction project, including
things to look out for that can go wrong.)" -PLC Construction
What is the legal structure of a construction and
engineering project?
Key Legal Pillars
1. The parties
• The employer (also known as the client, the developer or
the purchaser) is the person for whose benefit the work
is carried out.
• The contractor (also known as a constructor, builder or
supplier) builds the project but may also carry out design.
• Professional consultants such as architects, engineers,
project managers or quantity surveyors design and
manage the project. Sub-contractors, employed by the
contractor, usually carry out the majority of the physical
site works
2. Procurement
“Procurement” in a construction project refers to the
process of the purchase of goods and services from
conception to completion. It is a vital part of the overall
construction process. Historically, the responsibility for the
design of a project was split from the responsibility for its
construction. Today, “design and build” contracts where the
contractor both designs and constructs the project are also
common.
3. Contracts
• Professional institutions and trade bodies produce
standard form construction contracts.
• Employers often ask for changes to standard form
building contracts, particularly as some standard form
contracts favour one of the parties to that contract.
Many employers use bespoke professional appointment
contracts to appoint professional consultants.
• A typical construction project also uses bonds, deeds of
assignment and deeds of novation.
4. Insurance
Precise and detailed insurance arrangements are a vital
component of a construction project. Employers must
understand any insurance requirements imposed on them.
Usually, an employer will jointly insure the construction of a
building in its own name and in those of its contractors and
sub-contractors.
5. Legislation and regulation
• Health and safety legislation applies to construction
projects. The most important regulations are the
Construction (Design and Management) Regulations
2007. These impose detailed obligations on the
employer.
• Part II of the Housing Grants, Construction and
Regeneration Act 1996 regulates payment under
construction contracts. You may negotiate the details of
your payment arrangements but you cannot “opt out” of
these compulsory payment rules.
• Projects must comply with the Building Regulations. 3 Main Category of Project Requirements
• The most important construction industry-specific tax 1. Business Requirements
rules are the Construction Industry Scheme (CIS). Are the high-level needs of the business, it addresses what's
• Public bodies (and those exercising public functions, such required and why the project is happening.
as utilities) must follow EU public procurement rules. 2. Solution Requirements
Are the specific features and characteristics of the product
As a non-specialist, how do I run a construction project? or service that meet all requirements, both business and
1. Get good advice early. stakeholder. It includes both functional and non- functional
2. Give the project time requirements.
3. Accept some compromise. 3. Stakeholders
Anyone who has an interest in the product or service that's
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT REQUIREMENTS being produced or provided. They may be internal
Project Requirements - Are conditions or tasks that must be stakeholders (employees) or external stakeholders
completed to ensure the success or completion of the (customers, regulators, or suppliers). Every individual
project. stakeholder has specific needs or requirements that they
• Provide a clear picture of the work that needs to be done want to be fulfilled.
• Align the project's resources with the objectives of the
organization 6 essential permits that is needed in the Construction
• Costs and quality are considered. Project
1. PCAB LICENSE
The benefits of effectively gathering project requirements 2. SANITARY PERMIT
Cost Reduction 3. BUILDING PERMIT
• Higher Project Success rate 4. MECHANICAL PERMIT
• More effective change management 5. ELECTRICAL PERMIT
• Improved communication among stakeholders 6. OCCUPANCY PERMIT

Many construction projects are divided into stages and are

often named in different ways. Some common ones for the
construction industry and briefing description might be:
1. BRIEFING
• Allows the client to clarify what is required and the level
of any budget limits.
• A project brief is agreed with the client and user and
initial staffing, recruitment and training.
2. DESIGNING
• Approval is required from the authorities involved and
the client by completing the project brief, determining
the construction layout, methods of construction and
estimated costs.
3. TENDERING
• The aim of the tendering phase is to appoint a contractor
to carry out the site construction work.
4. CONSTUCTION
• To construct the building to cost, time and quality
specifications
5. COMMISIONING
• To ensure that works have been completed as per the
contract and that everything works as it should.
6. CONSTRACTOR RETESSION
• One of the final stages of a project is the handover after
a commissioning exercise.
Module 4: Planning and Scheduling: Network Analysis
AOA and Scheduling Computation, Network Analysis
AON and Scheduling Computation
What is Network Analysis?
Network analysis in project management analyzes the
different networks of activities. It is carried out to know the
critical path and duration of the project. Determination of
the critical path and critical activities is important because,
with the help of critical activities, project controlling and
rescheduling of the delayed activities can be possible.
There are many methods available for network analysis in
project management. The critical Path Method and
Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT and
CPM) are the most used methods for network analysis in
project management.
PERT or Program Evaluation Review Technique is a
management tool that is suited for research and
development projects which are generally non-repetitious
in nature and are therefore sometimes called “once
through” projects
Importance of Network Analysis
• Network analysis helps management to minimize the
total cost and total maintenance time. With network
analysis, the production cost can be minimized by
reducing the maintenance time.
• Network analysis ensures the effective utilization of
limited resources. It also ensures the optimal use of
resources and helps to control the idle resources so that
projects can be effectively executed within the budgeted
costs and scheduled time.
• Time management plays a crucial role in every project.
Sometimes available resources must be arranged with a
view to reducing the total time for the project rather
than reducing the cost of the project. Network analysis
helps managers to manage activities without any delay.
S-CURVE
In general use, the S Curve is used to measure the progress
of project work, evaluate performance, and serve as a
consideration for making cash flow estimates. S Curve is
widely used because it can display real-time cumulative data
from various project elements and compare it with the
projected data
Understanding the S-Curve
Importance of S-Curve
• Track project progress
• Enable to predict when resources will be heavily utilized
• Helps to manage stakeholder expectation
• Enable to plan for different schedule scenarios
Basic Elements of a Network Diagram
• Activity - An activity is a physically identifiable part of a
project which consumes both time and resources.
• Event - beginning or ending points of one or more
activities, instantaneous point in time
• Network - Combination of all project activities and the
events
• Dummy Activities - Dummy activities are used to identify
precedence relationships correctly and to eliminate
possible confusion about two or more activities having
the same starting and ending nodes.
• Duration - This is the estimated time it takes an activity
to be finished
• Earliest Start (ES) This is the earliest time that an activity
can be started
• Earliest Finish (EF) This is the earliest time that an activity
can be finished. It is the earliest starting time plus the
duration of an activity
• Latest Start (LS) This is the latest time that an activity may
be started without delaying the completion of a project.
• Latest Finish (LF) This is the latest time that an activity
can be finished without delaying the completion of the
project.
• Critical Path It is the longest path in the network of
activities representing a project. The critical path is the
series of interconnected activities through the network
for which each activity has zero float time, the critical
path determines the minimum time required to
complete a project
• Critical Activity These are the activities along the critical
path, any delay in their completion would result in a
delay of a project completion.
• Activity-On-Arrow - The network analysis activity-on-
arrow displays the optimal plan for the entire project,
any scheduling conflicts, and the needed order of actions
in a project or process.
• Activity-On-Node - “Activity-on-node" refers to a
precedence diagramming technique that uses nodes to
represent scheduling activities. This technique uses a
logical progression of the interdependence between the
scheduled tasks is shown by connecting these numerous
boxes, or "nodes," from beginning to conclusion with
arrows.