RESERVOIR
 A Reservoir is a artificial lake or
impoundment from a dam which is used to
store water.
- There is natural and manmade reservoir
- Natural reservoir is a natural storage while
man made reservoir has man intervention
• Reservoirs may be created in river valleys by
the construction of a dam or may be built by
excavation in the ground or by conventional
construction techniques such as brickwork
or cast concrete.
- it is used in creating aalley in order for us to
build, and design structure that will
impound water
- Brickworks – old dams whereas cast
concrete – modern dams wherein we use
hulmahaan para buhusan
PURPOSE OF RESERVOIR
The Storage reservoir is formed for the
following purpose:
a. Flood Control
Kapag we impound or hold the water for a long
period of time and release it little by little. As
Compared to the natural discharge na kapag
uulan is mapupunta yung tubig sa low lying
areas.
Example: since the development in Luzon is in
north to south, nagchange din tayo ng land use
to the eastern side (maraming natural
reservoir). If the area is highly developed the
movement of water is segregate.
b. Irrigation
c. Water Supply
d. Hydroelectric Power Generation
Example: Mindanao, development of fisheries in
aquaculture
Example: Landlocked salmon, kapag umakyat
sila ng winter hindi sila bumaba kapag summer
dahil nalock sila sa area na yun
e. Development of fishery
f. Navigation
g. Soil Conservation
h. Other thing is purpose of recreational, like
water parks
Things na byproduct ng tao na binabaon sa lupa
that causes pollution are:
1. Corpse
2. Chemical – chemical waste ng industry
3. Fertilizer – since naaalter natin yung
salinity and acidity ng lupa
RESERVOIR MAY BE DESIGNATED BY.
a. Single Purpose Reservoir: This type of
reservoir is formed mainly to serve a single
purpose, such as irrigation, flood control,
water supply, etc.
b. Multipurpose Reservoir: This type is formed
to serve many purpose such as,
• Irrigation and water supply.
• Irrigation water supply and flood control.
• Irrigation, water supply, flood control,
hydroelectric power generation, fishery,
etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESERVOIR
a. Storage Reservoir
The storage reservoir is formed by constructing
a dam across a river valley. The idea of
constructing such a reservoir is to store the
excess water which flows through the river
during the high floods or rainy season. This
stored water is then utilized for various
purposes, such as irrigation, water supply,
fishery, hydroelectric power generation, etc.
Again the storage reservoir may be named as
single purpose reservoir or multipurpose
reservoir according to its utility.
b. Flood Control Reservoir
Flood control reservoir are for are formed by
constructing dams at suitable places in the
catchment area or river valley to arrest the
flood water temporarily so that the
downstream area may not get damaged by
sudden high flood discharge. The arrested water
is then allowed to flow or released gradually
without causing any harm to the low lying area
on the downstream side. This type of reservoir
is designated as single purpose reservoir. The
flood control reservoir can be of two type:
Example: ang release ng tubig ang angat dam
and nagalit ang tao. Dapat na niya talaga irelsele
dahil masisira ang dam
c. Detention Reservoir
In this type of reservoir, the spill ways with
adjustable gates provided with the dam so that
the flood water may be detained for sometime
and then released according to the situation of
the downstream area by operating the gates of
the spillways.
d. Retarding Reservoir
In this type of reservoir spillways are provided
with the dam at such a level an capacity so that
the flood discharge is retarded and it takes long
time for the flood water to flow completelv
towards the downstream area. The discharge
stops when the water level falls below the crest
of the spillways.
Example: La mesa dam, like Kapag nareach na
yung overflowing point, aapaw lang ito
e. Distribution Reservoir:
The distribution reservoir is not formed by
constructing a dam across a river or valley. It is
constructed by masonry work or concrete work
in the form of a rectangular or circular tank at
suitable places near the town or city. The water
from the river or lake is pumped into this
reservoir and stored there for supplying to the
consumers of the town or city. The water may
be supplied to consumers by pumping system or
gravity system.
- It can be horizontal and vertical in form.
Example is Rain water harvest na
nakokollect yung water
SITE SELECTION FOR RESERVOIR
The following points should be remembered
while selecting a site for a reservoir.
• Stable foundation for the dam should be
available where the reservoir basin is
proposed to be formed.
• At the selected site the river valley should be
narrow and well defined so that the length
of the dam may be short.
- Mas prefer for the dams to be narrow and
deep compared sa wide and deep in order
to minimize the exposure of the surface to
evaporation since mas malaking part ng
water maeevaporate if wide dams ang
gagawin. Also area is linearly proportional
to the rate of evaporation. To minimize
the evaporation rate the dam should be
narrow and deep
• The proposed reservoir basin should be
watertight and free from cracks, fissures,
etc. so that there is no loss of water due to
percolation.
• The reservoir water should not submerge
valuable land or property.
• The tributaries which carry high content of
sediment should be avoided.
- Sediment transport. Scouring na may
dumadaloy sa ilalim ng foundation ng tubig
so nangyayari is nagiging exposed ito
which can cause problem in the column
• The site should be such that a deep reservoir
may be formed with minimum surface area
to control the loss of water due to
evaporation.
• The site should be easily accessible by road
or railway.
• The construction material for the dam and
other allied works should be available in the
vicinity of the site.
• Suitable area should be available for labour
colonies, staff quarters, godowns, stack
yards etc.
INVESTIGATION WORKS FOR THE RESERVOIR
The following investigation should be carried
out for planning the storage reservoir.
a. Engineering Survey
The area of the dam site and reservoir basin
should be surveyed thoroughly to prepare
topographical map and contour map. From the
contour map the storage capacity of the
reservoir should be fixed by ascertaining the
height of the dam. Thus, the valuable land and
properties which may get submerged in the
reservoir can be found out. So, the amount of
compensation to be paid to the owner can be
estimated. A detailed statement may be
prepared for the land acquisition.
- Reconnaissance survey must be performed
prior to starting a project.
- Contour map is a map of elevation in eagles
view. And came from either DEM (digital
elevation map) or DTM (digital terrain
map). Unlike it use manually, called
cadastral survey
- In specific interval, map out the elevation
like 10 or 20 difference, depending on the
resolution you want to see
- There is engineering survey, to know how
big the property that can submerge. And
also look into family affected with
compensation where you will quantify and
turn into monetary value.
b. Geological Survey
It should be carried out to determine the
following informations:
i. Dam foundation: The sub-surface
exploration at the dam site should be
carried out to locate the cracks, fissures,
etc, which are responsible for the
percolation loss. Necessary measures can
then be recommended for percolation
zones to control the losses.
- The capacity of the structure of the
dama should be determined and if hindi
kakayanin ng lupa, what will be the
solution.
Figure: underneath there is different types of soil
and each soil has different properties. We need
to know the location of the fissures or fracture
within that area of the soil.
ii. Characteristics of reservoir basin: The
geological survey of the basin should be
carried out to locate the cracks, fissures
etc. which are responsible for the
percolation loss. Necessary measures can
then be recommended for percolation
zones to control the losses.
- OSM – Owner Supply Material - Examle si
client maghahire ng general contractor
then si client ay gusto ng OSM na kung saan
lahat ng material ay provided nya while si
contractor is kung kalian nya kakailanganin
yung material. Ang problema is saan
kukunin, paano idedeliver on site, and
paano istostore
- Straight Contract – lahat ng material and
labor. Example, sagot ni contractor ito ang
need niya lang is magreport sa client
- Semi – may specific material na sasaluhin
ang owner. Example, ang kukunin ni client
kay contractor is yung bultuhan since mas
makakatipid siya
iii. Availability of Construction Materials:
Huge quantity of materials like fine
aggregate and coarse aggregate are
required for the construction of dam and
allied structures The place where these
materials are available should be located
and they should preferably be near the
site. If the quarries and sand pits are
situated in the vicinity of the project, it
reduces the cost of the project.
c. Hydrological Survey
This survey includes the collection of following
data:
1. River gauging: River gauging should be
carried out for the main river and its
tributaries in the catchment area and on
the upstream side of the site. This is to
estimate the probable discharge of the
river throughout the year.
- Aalamin yung velocity and discharge of
the stream. Ang problem dito is you need
to measure directly because if not you will
not have a good representation model.
Mas mahabang observation, mas
magandang projection since we create a
model then use it to determine the law
and use it to project possible scenario in
the future
2. Rainfall records: The rainfall records from
the rain gauge stations in the catchment
area for the past few decades are collected
and the runoff is estimated. Then the
hydrographs are prepared from the high
flood discharge for the previous decades.
The probable flood discharge for the future
decades are ascertained from the graphs.
- Aside sa rainfall, you also need
humidity, temperature. Mas mahabang
projection nallll gagawin, dapat mas
mahaba din yung record na need ilagay
sa model
3. Determination of discharge from
empirical formulae: The peak flood
discharge may also be determined by
empirical formulae like Ryve's formulae,
Dickens's formulae, etc. The number and
capacity of spillway are determined
according to the available highest flood
discharge from different observations.
- Pinagkaiba ng empirical formula sa
theoretical formula is, empirical you
perform laboratory experiment or
control set-up and dun magkakarrive sa
formula whereas theoretical based on
theory like fundamental of
mathematics. The three following
survey mentioned for hydrological is a
quantitative investigation
 4. Water Quality Testing
Three Major Assessment in order to know the
properties of water
 Physiochemical – determine the dissolved
salts like potassium, phosphorus, etc.
 Biological – measures the number of
chloroforms kung gaano karaming
biological entities like bacteria, virus na
nasa loob ng tubig
 Acidity – if corrosive ba or hindi
Minerals vs Vitamins
Minerals came from inorganic resources while
vitamins came from organic resources
YIELD OF RESERVOIR
Yield - The yield of reservoir is defined as the
amount of water which is available in the
reservoir at a specified interval of time.
Why do we know the yield of reservoir? There
is a basis of structure kung gaano kataas ang
gagawin mong structure
 Safe yield: It is the maximum quantity of
water available in the reservoir during
critical dry period.
- Period in the philippines – dry seaon is
from latter part of February or end of
while March to May,June and sometimes
extending on July is wet season
CAPACITY OF RESERVOIR
Capacity - The capacity of a reservoir is defined
as the total volume of water that can be stored
in it. The capacity of a reservoir may be
determined by the following methods.
a. By Mass Curve
b. By Actual Discharge
c. By Empirical Formulae
- For volumetric capacity of a reservoir, use
modelling programs or avergae the cross
sectional area of reservoir and multiply to
depth
ZONES OF STORAGE RESERVOIR
The storage capacity of a reservoir is designated
by several zones which are demarcated by
certain pools
- Old means of water resevoir in Taiwan is
based on the statue (frog)
Different levels or capacity in the reservoir:
a. Normal Pool Level (N.P.L): It is the maximum
elevation of the water surface which is to be
stored in the reservoir during normal
working period. The water above this level
will flow over the spillway crest. This water
level is also known as full reservoir level
(F.R.L)
- This level is during wet season, or where we
normally extract water from the reservoir.
This is a maintaining level
Example: La mesa Dam, NPL nya ay kapag
nareach niya, magooverflow lang.
Example: Anggat Dam, they discharged the
water without the warning of the LGU. The
warnings measure the volume of rainwater or
precipitation rate
b. Maximum Pool Level (M.P.L): It is the
maximum elevation to which the water
surface is allowed to rise in the reservoir
during the period of flood. This level can be
controlled by providing spillway gate (M.
W.L).
- This is the level where we need to arrest the
water to avoid flooding in low lying levels
c. Minimum Pool Level: It is the lowest
elevation to which the water level is allowed
to drop in a reservoir. This level is fixed by
providing outlets in the dam. In case of
hydroelectric power generation, the
minimum head is essential. So, the water
level of the reservoir should not drop below
the minimum pool level (L.W.L).
- Kapag bumaba na sa level it is Critical level
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE VARIOUS STORAGE
ZONES:
a. Dead Storage: The volume of water which is
stored below the minimum pool level of a
reservoir is known as dead storage. This
water cannot be utilized under normal
operating Condition.
- At this point dapat hindi na magrelease ng
water
b. Live Storage: The volume of water stored in
the reservoir between normal pool level and
minimum pool level is known as useful
storage or live storage. This water can be
used for various purposes, such as irrigation,
water supplies, fisheries, hydroelectric
power generation.
- At this point, pwede to extract water with
specific purpose like fisheries, residential,
industrial, and hydroelectric power
production
c. Surcharge Storage: The volume of water
stored in a reservoir between the normal
pool level and maximum pool level is known
as surcharge storage, this storage is not
meant for any work, but it is mainly for the
detention of flood water so that it may not
cause any danger on the downstream side.
d. Valley Storage: The minimum volume of
water which flows through a river before the
construction of dam is known as valley
storage. This water may always be available
from the river even before the formation of
reservoir. This water may always be available
from the river even before the formation of
reservoir.. So, the effective storage capacity
is given by.
- Before the construction of dam, water need
to be hold on the upper stream. To hold the
water we install steel plate to hold the
water from getting inside
e. Effective Storage = (Live storage + Surcharge
Storage- Valley Storage).
Exclusive flood control = surcharge level
Levels of Dam Inside
1. Flood control elevation- maximum pool
level, if it exceeds, spill the water
2. Exclusive flood control- surcharge level, to
control the water that would cause flood
3. Normal level – active conservation storage
pool at this point
4. Inactive conservation storage pool
5. Dead storage pool
CAUSES OF SEDIMENTATION IN RESERVOIR
In the catchment area the soil may get eroded
and rocks may get disintegrated due to various
reasons. The disintegrated rocks and loose soil
form the sediment which is carried by the river
and gets deposited on the reservoir bed near
the base of the dam. The sediment mainly
consists of sand and silt. The process of
deposition of sand and silt in the reservoir is
designated as reservoir sedimentation.
- Sedimentation is the process of settling of
soil particles
- Sand and silt is low cohesive soil
What will happen if yung reservoir mo is mataas
yung volume ng sedimentation?
1. Liliit yung cross section na available for
water flow. Since liliit yung area, the
velocity will get low.
2. Bababa din yung biological processes
within your reservoir, kung saan baba yung
photosynthesis and oxygen supply
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE CAUSES OF
SEDIMENTATION
a. Characteristics of soil in Catchment area
If the catchment area is composed of loose soil,
then it may get easily eroded and get carried
away by the river. On the other hand, if the soil
of the catchment area is hard and rocky, the
river would not be able to carry sediment.
- If the top soil is highly sandy then mabilis
are erosion kaya kailangan alamin yung
soil classification ng soil
b. Topography of the catchment Area
If the catchment area consists of steep slope,
then it will develop high velocity of flow which
will cause more erosion of the surface soil
thereby making the river carry a lot of sediment.
- Mas mataas ang slope, mas mataas ang
velocity ng tubig
c. Intensity of Rainfall in Catchment Area
If the intensity of rainfall in catchment area is
high, then it will increase the rate of run-off
and the river will carry more sediment.
- Mas malakas ang ulan, malakas ang
velocity lalo na kung combined steep and
loose soil
d. Cultivation in Catchment Area
The intensive cultivation in the catchment
area will make the soil loose and rain water
will carry a lot of sediment to the river.
- One important data is the topographic
map, Soil classification map and Land use
map
- Land use map- we need to know of that
area is currently in use (NEDA NEED TO
KNOW REGARDING THE LAND-USE)
- Yung lupa ay ni-lossen up or cultivate para
ma-penetrate siya hanggan sa root level.
And para yung oxygen ng lupa mapunta sa
ilalim ng ugat and salt will be dissolved by
the water
e. Vegetation cover in Catchment Area
If the catchment area is covered with
vegetation cover like grass, plants, forest area,
etc. then the erosion of the soil will be
controlled and the river will not carry
sediment. If there is no such vegetal apron or
cover, the soil may be easily eroded and the
river will carry much sediment.
EFFECT OF SEDIMENTATION
When the sediment laden water of the river
approaches the zone of reservoir, the velocity
of flow reduces gradually and thus the heavier
particles are settled down at the head of the
reservoir, i.e. starting zone of reservoir. This
zone is termed as delta. Most of the sediments
get deposited at this zone. The fine sediments
remain in suspension for a considerable time
and are carried towards the dam. These
sediments are deposited at the foot of the dam.
The very fine particles are carried with water
as turbid flow and ultimately discharged
through the outlets. The floating debris is
collected above delta. The clear water
circulates the middle portion of the reservoir.
Thus, the life of reservoir depends on the trend
of the sedimentation.
- What happen if the head of reservoir ay
bumaba? Hindi mag-move ang reservoir to
the community. Kung mababa ang energy
at hindi matransfer, kailangan mong mag-
increase ng head. Kaya ka mag-introduce
ng pump which is another expense.
- To increase the pressure or head, either add
pump kung ayaw mong tanggalin ang
sediments. Or tanggalin na lang yung
sediments
- Delta- kung saan nagsettle down yung mga
heavier particles bago pumasok ng dam.
And yung mga magagaan (suspension),
magsesettle sa ilalim
CONTROL OF SEDIMENTATION
In order to increase the useful life of a reservoir,
it is necessary to control the phenomenon of
sedimentation. The following steps should be
taken to control the deposition of sediment:
a. Selection of a Reservoir Site
The reservoir site should be selected in such a
way that so that load of sediment in the flowing
water from tributaries is considerably low. If it
is found that a tributary carries heavy sediment,
the reservoir site should be shifted towards the
upstream to avoid the tributary.
b. Design of Reservoir
At the beginning the reservoir should not be
constructed to its full capacity. Initially a
reservoir of less capacity is constructed. When
the reservoir gets silted, gradually the capacity
should be increased stage by stage, by
increasing the height of the dam. Sufficient
outlets should be provided in the dam at
different elevations so that the water carrying
heavy sediment may be discharged to the
downstream by opening the outlets.
- Initially a reservoir of less capacity is
constructed to avoid siltation as well as
faster rate of sedimentation
c. Removal of Sediments
The sediment already deposited in the reservoir
may be removed through the scouring sluices
provided at the bottom of the dam by loosening
the sediments by mechanical agitator.
- Example is dredging, removal of debris in
the river
d. Afforestation
New plantations should be planned in the
catchment to extend the forest area which
serves as a vegetal apron to reduce the soil
erosion.
- Introducing vegetation in the upstream
e. Control of Deforestation
The cutting of Trees, i.e. deforestation in the
catchment should be restricted by the
government so that the vegetal cover is not
destroyed. The deforestation may cause soil
erosion and this may cause soil erosion and this
may impart sedimentation load to river water.
f. Control of Cultivation
The intensive cultivation in the catchment
makes the soil loose which may then get easily
carried by the rainwater to the river. So the
cultivation should be done in a planned manner
and necessary measures should be taken to
avoid the loose soil getting carried away by the
rain.
g. Control of Grazing
The grazing of cattle in the catchment should be
restricted and they should not be allowed in the
area where the soil can get easily eroded by
their feet.
h. Construction of Check Dams
If the tributaries of a river are found to carry
heavy sediment load, then check dams of low
height are constructed across the tributaries at
different stages to arrest the sediments just in
the catchment area. Here, the check dams serve
the purpose of detention reservoir where the
heavy sediments get settled down.
- Check dams are installed to minimize the
velocity head para ma-hold yung sediments
carried by the water
i. Construction of Contour Bunds
In hilly area contour bunds are constructed on
the slope of the catchment at different
elevations so that the heavy sediments are
arrested at the base of the bunds and
comparatively less turbid water passes over the
bunds.
j. Stabilization of Slips
Most of the tributaries of a river obtain the
sediments from the land slides which are caused
due to heavy rainfall in the hilly area. It is
generally composed of loose soil or permeable
rock formation. These slips should be stabilized
by suitable methods so that the debris may not
be carried by flowing water.
- To mimize erosion we can stabilise slips
WATER WITHDRAWALS AND USES
Water Use Data - Classification of Uses
According to Gleick, withdrawal should refer to
the act of taking water from a source for storage
use. Gross water use is distinguished from water
withdrawal by the inclusion of recirculated or
reused water. Water consumption or
consumptive use should refer to the use of
water in a manner that prevents its immediate
reuse, such as through evaporation, plant
transpiration, contamination, or incorporation
into a finished product.
Water use is defined from a hydrologic
perspective as all water flows that are a result
of human intervention within the hydrologic
cycle. The USGS uses the following seven water-
use flows.
In between the hydrologic cycle, human tends to
intervene in this cycle for example, in between
evaporation and condensation, we are creating
green house which holds the water and so it
cannot condense naturally
1. Water withdrawals for off stream purposes
2. Water deliveries at point of use or
quantities released after use
3. Consumptive use
4. Conveyance loss, we follow the continuity
principle, nothing is created nor destroyed
5. Reclaimed waste water
 Three types of classification of water
according to its quality
- Blue water – clean and can consume
- Green water – for human activities
- Gray water – must go under treatment
- Black water – toxic
6. Return flow - from groundwater to surface
water
7. Instream flow – water that will enter the
paper system