DAMS

PRESENTED BY

DEEPSHIKHA
B.TECH FINAL YEAR
CIVIL ENGG.

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 Content
• Introduction
• Purpose of dam
• Component of dam
• Classification of dam
• Advantages of dam
• Disadvantages of dam
• Famous dams of india
• Conclusion

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 INTRODUCTION

•A dam is a man made barrier

usually built across a river to
hold back water and forming a
lake, or reservoir, behind it.
• It can be constructed from
concrete or natural materials
like earth and rock.

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Purposes of Dam
Some of the major requirements are -

Irrigation

• Water reserved in dams is mostly used for irrigation. By constructing a dam

in a specific water source, the water is directly transported to a crop field

Flood control

• Other than irrigation, the mass of water in dams is also used to control the flood to save
many lives near the river area. The dams built and utilised for flood control hold
floodwaters and then release that water into the lower region of the river or simply store
and use that for other purposes.

Water supply

• Another function of a dam is storing, purifying, and distributing water 4

evenly in various locations through channels and pipelines.

Hydr0power generation
• In addition to the above purposes, the most critical functions of creating a dam are to generate electricity. Nowadays,
power has become an essential factor in living. Most of the electricity comes from freshwater reservoirs by making a
dam where we convert the mechanical energy of water into electrical energy.

Water storage
• For agriculture, municipal and industrial usage, water is stored by constructing a dam, which acts as a
reservoir

Recreation
• By creating a dam, we can provide lots of recreational activities such as skiing, boating, picnic facilities,
camping, etc.

Navigation of flow
• We can also navigate water flow in a particular area by just constructing a dam or lock

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 Components of Dam
• There are different kinds
of dams, but various dam
components remain the
same in each case. Dam
generally has an upstream
slope and a downstream
slope, and both have
different sections. Thus,
several parts of a dam are
given below:-

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 Crest Heel Toe
• The crest • The heel • Like the
is the top is the part heel, the
part of a that toe is a
Dam, used touches structure
for the ground that
providing on the remains in
a walkway upstream contact
above. side of a with the
dam. river-bed
on a
Parapet downstrea
Gallery Spillway
m slope.
walls
• Parapet • The gallery is a • For the
walls are small room like surplus
space that is
the less transverse or water
protecting longitudinal in movement
walls on shape inside from the
each side the dam. The pool, a sort
gallery is
of the required as a of passage
roadway or drilling grout was made
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walkway of holes and known as a
the crest. drainage hole spillway.
and for
 • On either side of the dam wall,
which serves as an abutment for
Abutments the left and right ends of the
dam, the valley slopes .

• Aperture in the structure near the

bottom part arranged for
Sluice way cleaning the silt gathering in the
reservoir .

• The freeboard is the gap

between the uppermost level of
Freeboard water in the reservoir and the
structure’s cap .

Dead • It’s the permanent storage level

Storage below which water won’t be
taken out.
level
• A diversion tunnel is a channel made
to divert the way of water flow to
Diversion bypass it to the construction site.8
Therefore, the river flows through it
Tunnel during the construction of hydraulic
structures.
Classification of Dams

• Dams are classified

into various types
based on multiple
factors like –
✓hydraulic design,
✓functions
✓Rigidity
✓structure
✓Materials of
construction,
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Types Based on Hydraulic Design
1. Overflow dam
✓ In the case of over flow dams, the water may flow over the top.
✓ Spillways and weirs, are the examples of over flow dams.
✓ The dam after storing its designed capacity allows surplus water to flow down stream of the
dam by passing over the top of the dam.
✓ This dam is mostly made of plain concrete or masonry and not of earthfill or rockfill.

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2. Non-overflow dam
✓ In this case top of the dam is kept higher than the maximum expected high flood level.
✓ Water is never allow to over top the dam.
✓ As water is not allow to over top the dam, they may be constructed from any material.
✓ In practically all the river valley projects overflow and non-overflow dam are combined.
✓ The main dam is constructed as non-overflow dam but a part of the dam is kept as overflow
dam to act as spillway.

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Types Based on Various Functions
1. Storage Dam or Impounding
Dam
✓ This dam is constructed mainly to
impound the excess river water on its
upstream side during floods.
✓ The stored water is used when river
runs with deficient supply.
✓ Stored water may be used for
irrigation, water power generation,
water supply schemes, or for multi-
purpose projects.
✓ The dam may be made of concrete,
earth, masonry etc..
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2. Detention Dam
✓These are otherwise known as
flood control dams as their
function is to prevent a flood.
✓During floods, detention dams
store some flooded water to
avoid the downstream area
from being damage by a
surge.
✓Thus, when the situation
improves, it allows the
excessive water in a control
spillage and thus protects the
city.

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3. Diversion Dam
✓For diversion of water into
different canals, ditches, and
other conveyance systems,
diversion dams are
constructed. In other words, a
diversion dam can also be
called a storage weir, otherwise
used as a compact storage
dam for irrigation.

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4. Coffer Dam
✓Coffer is a temporary dam made for constructing full form in a dry condition that
eases building. However, the cofferdam encloses the construction site during the low
flow of water.

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5. Debris Dam
• A debris dam is made for the
retention of debris such as sand,
driftwood, and debris in the flowing
river water. So, the pure water is
released from the other side,
supplied and used as drinking water
to various regions through canals
and pipelines.

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 Types Based on Rigidity

1. Rigid Dam
• If the dams are constructed with
rigid materials such as stone,
timber, steel, masonry, or
concrete, they are called rigid
dams.

2. Non-rigid Dam
• Unlike the above one, the non-
rigid dam is formed of non-rigid
materials like Earth, rockfill, etc.
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Types Based on Structure
1. Arch Dams
✓For transferring the water
pressure and other forces,
the upstream of some dams
are curved, known as arch
dams.
✓Idukki dam is an example of
an arch dam in India.
✓There are many benefits of
an arch dam as they are
powerful, need less
constructing material hence
cheaper, and are suitable for
narrow regions. 18
2. Gravity Dams
✓Gravity dams are triangular-shaped made up of masonry.
✓Generally, four different kinds of gravity dams are found, such as straight, curved,
hollow, and solid gravity dams.
✓Moreover, these are of massive size for retaining a large quantity of water.
✓The Grand Coulee Dam (USA) is an example of a gravity dam.

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3. Buttress Dams
✓ It is supported by a series of buttresses
(triangular concrete walls) and consists
of sloping membranes (protected
concrete slabs) and decks for water
retention.
✓ It is similar to that of gravity dams in
structure and can be classified under a
gravity dam.
✓ Such dams are of three types; multiple-
1) arch type,
2) deck type, and
3) massive head type.
✓ However, these are sometimes called
hollow dams as they don’t form the
stable wall.
✓ Examples of Buttress dams are Bartlett
dam (USA) and The Daniel-Johnson
Dam (Canada). 20
4. Barrages
✓The particular kind of dam
formed with many gates for
controlled passage of water is
known as barrages.
✓ These are also used at the
lagoon to extract tidal energy,
and such type is known as a
tidal barrage.

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5. Embankment Dams
✓These dams are trapezoidal in
structure and form of the earth
(clay, sand, and gravel),
relatively smaller in size, and
broader at the bottom used for
support in a region where
concrete dams are weakened.
Furthermore, this is a non-rigid
dam.

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Types Based on Material
1. Earth fill dams
✓Earth fill dams are the oldest types
of dams.
✓This dam structure consists of
local soil mainly.
✓ This dam is not 100% impervious.
✓Water percolates through the body
of the dam but rate of percolation
is kept under check and percolation
line of hydraulic gradient line of
percolating water is not allowed to
get exposed anywhere.
✓This dam does not require much of
skill. They also prove economical
as mostly local soil is used in their
construction.
✓The biggest drawback of these
dams is that they cannot be 23

constructed in large heights.

2. Rock Fill Dam
✓These dams mostly comprise
rock boulders. Only boulders
cannot prevent the flow of
water and as such some
impervious layer is laid on the
upstream face of the Dam,
which may be in form of
cement concrete slab or
earth fill covered by rip rap or
any other arrangement.
✓Rock fill provides the stability
whereas impervious layer
provides imperviousness to
the dam to prevent flow of
water through them.
✓These dams are not much in
use.

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3. Concrete Dams
✓ They are made either from plain
cement concrete or reinforced
concrete.
✓ They may be gravity dams or
may be in form of arch, buttress
or any other form of dams.

4. Masonry Dams
✓ They are made from stone
masonry in cement mortar.
✓ They are mostly gravity dams.
Masonry dams and concrete
dams have been discussed in
details in Chapter 13 under
common heading ‘gravity
dams’.
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5. Steel Dams
✓ A steel dam are types of
dams that is made of steel.
✓ They possess good strength
when compared to other
dams.
✓ On the downstream side, the
footing is provided at
frequent intervals.
✓ For construction, it uses steel
trusses and anchors.

6. Timber Dams
✓ These are temporary dams
made of wood.
✓ Diversion of water is the
main function of this dam.
✓ They have a short life span
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and limited height.
Advantages of Dam
1. Generation of power: Hydroelectric power is made when water goes through a
dam. The power is made by a gadget called a turbine.
2. Irrigation facility: Dams and streams store and give water to the water system so
ranchers can involve the water for developing harvests. In regions where water and
downpour are not plentiful (like the desert), water system waterways from streams
and dams are utilized to convey water.
3. Water to drink: Since the water put away in dams is new water, it can then be
utilized for savouring water close by towns and urban areas. A few urban
communities get their water from waterways and streams in different states. The
water is shipped through enormous channels and streams.
4. Reservoirs: In building a dam water is put away behind it. This water is known as a
resevoir. Repositories are utilized to store water, particularly during seasons of
overabundance. They give exercises like fishing, sailing, swimming, setting up
camp, and climbing.
5. Means of transportation: Waterways and streams give an incredible open door to
transportation. Barges and ships can explore along a waterway conveying
enormous heaps of food and product.
6. Flood control: During flood season, the progression of water downstream can be27
constrained by a dam. The decrease in the flood will save the harvests and
property from being washed away.
Disadvantages of Dam
Dams also have some negative effects such as:-
1.Submergence Problem: A large area gets submerged due to the rise in the water
levels and turned into a reservoir. The people of those lands have to be relocated,
adequately compensated, and well settled somewhere else.
2.Failure of Dams: Dam failures may be caused either due to many reasons. The
failure of dams can bring enormous hazards to the life of people in that locality.
3.Water wastage: Sometimes water used in excess of evapotranspiration
requirements. This water appears in the system as surface or groundwater. But it
degrades in quality, mainly due to fertilizers and pesticides, besides minerals drawn
from soils. Such waste has to be minimized.
4.Environment impact: Everyday routine patterns of environments experienced in the
water (like fish) get impacted because of the development of dams. Their life cycles
are adjusted to normal stream natural surroundings and stream systems. species
diversity of waterways are often reduced because of the reduction of fresh flow. 28
 Famous dams of India
1. Bhakra Dam
• Concrete gravity dam across the Sutlej
River in Himachal Pradesh.
• Asia's second highest at 226 m high
next to the 261m Tehri Dam.
• The length of the dam is 520m, Crest
width 9.1m Base width 191m
• Installed capacity 1325 MW
• The dam provides irrigation to 10
million acres (40,000 km²) of fields in
Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan
• 1948-63 29
2. Idukki Dam
• The Idukki Dam, located in Kerala,
India, is a 168.91 m tall arch dam.
• The dam stands between the two
mountains -Kuravanmala (839)m
and Kurathimala (925)m.
• It was constructed and is owned by
the Kerala State Electricity Board.
• It supports a 780 MW
hydroelectric power station.
• It is built on the Periyar River, in
the ravine between the Kuravan
and Kurathi Hills in Kerala, India.
• It is the highest arch dams of india.
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3. Tehri Dam
• Rock and earth-fill
embankment dam on the
Bhagirathi River near Tehri in
Uttarakhand, India.
• Maintained by Tehri Hydro
Development Corporation
Ltd.
• Height = 260 metres , Length
= 575 meters, Crest width =
20 metres, Base width=
1,128 metres
• 1978 – 2006

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4. Hirakud Dam
• Hirakud Dam is builtacross the
Mahanadi River, about 15 km
from Sambalpur in the state of
Orissa in India.
• Built in 1957, the dam is the
world's longest Earthen dam.
• Hirakud Dam is the longest man-
made dam in the world, about 16
mi (26 km) in length.
• It is one of the first major
multipurpose river valley project
started after India’s
independence 32
Conclusion

• Dams are renowned both for the positive changes they bring about, such as flood
control, irrigation and hydropower, and for their negative impacts, including
displacement of people, changes in water and sediment flows, and disruption to
environmental services and livelihoods.
• Water is the most crucial aspect of life on earth as air and soil. And with
the increased population, the usage of water also increased.
• Nowadays, we must need electricity to operate all types of electronic gadgets, which
makes our lives easier. For that reason, dams are created in most rivers where
hydroelectric power generation is a significant function. Besides, a large population
needs a vast quantity of food as well, for that also dams are created and used
mostly.
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THANK YOU

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