Module 2 (Part 1)

Concepts in Drainage
Design and Analysis
 For Large Watersheds For Small Watersheds

• Let us use PASSINI for Time of • Let us use KIRPICH for Time
Concentration of Concentration

• Applied for large watersheds • Applied for small watersheds

in the forested areas – big dams in the urban areas – paved areas

• Flood Routing Methods • Drainage Design and Analysis

 Vector Results Economic Losses
• Health Impacts • Trade losses
Rainfall • Accidents • Damaged Goods
= 100 year Building Damage Traffic Delays
return period • Cars and Machines • School Suspensions
• Household • Trucking Business

There is Flood since Drainage is Not Adequate

Flood = RT=100 – Qdrainage (T=50)

ground surface inlet

manhole culvert
Qcapacity = 50 year return period
Drainage System Challenges

The Drainage System has to: The Local Problems are:

1. Prevent flood formation in roads 1. There are areas with limited or
or surfaces (ponding of water at blocked inlets to flush the water after
certain desired level) heavy rains

2. Convey the collected storm water 2. The drainage canals are blocked with
to the river or sea garbages

3. Prevent back flow of excess river 3. The river often swell during heavy
flow to the area or community rains (the floodplain near the river is
often used for housing)
Drainage System Components
1. Gutter
2. Inlet
3. Culvert or Canals
4. Access Chamber (Manhole)
5. Outfall or Pump Station
Watershed Delineation … in urban areas
 Quiapo Aviles
Drainage Drainage
Watershed Delineation Block Block

Drainage Blocks
Valencia: 223 hectares
Aviles: 336 hectares
Valencia
Quiapo: 226 hectares Drainage
UST Block

Legend
Valencia Drainage Block

Aviles Drainage Block

Quiapo Drainage Block

Estero/River

Pumping Station

Aviles P/S

Quiapo P/S Uli-Uli P/S

Valencia P/S
Pasig River
illustration by:
Engr. Eldrin Ragasa
Woodfields Consultants Inc.
Road Gutter
• Road is inclined to the
side for an open channel
• The open channel is also
inclined to allow flow
Inlet
• It serves as road openings, the
entrance of storm water
• Usually gated to allow cleaning
works for periodic maintenance
 Inlet
• It serves as road openings, the
entrance of storm water
• Usually gated to allow cleaning
works for periodic maintenance
Types of Inlet Structures

Grated Side Curb

Slotted Drain

Combined
Curb-Grated
Inlet Discharge Capacity (Grated)
Depth of Water (m)

Discharge (m3/s)
 Inlet Discharge Capacity (Grated)
Depth of Water (m)

Source:

Discharge (m3/s)
Inlet Discharge Capacity (Side Curb)

Depth of Water (m)

Source:

Discharge (m3/s)
Culverts • Open channel for collected
stormwater from inlets

• Alignment deflection is
allowable joint constructability

• Joints with high deflection

have junction boxes

• Junctions mean change in

culvert size or huge change in
direction
Culvert Alignment Network
Culvert Profile (StormCad)
Canals – Open Channels

Concrete-lined Rock-lined
Rock-lined Channels
Grass-lined Channels
Permissible Velocities in Lined Channels (m/s)
traction

rolling large stones

saltation

bouncing small stones

suspension

carried along silt sized particles

solution

dissolved materials
Freeboard and Side Slopes

Freeboard should be:

• 15% of the depth of flow
• with a minimum of 100 mm
Seoul, Korea
Tokyo, Japan
• Entry for maintenance
works and cleaning

• Cleaning of debris,
clogging, and trashes

• Repair works and search Access

for robbery hideout
Chamber

Manholes
Outfalls

Stormwater Control: Street and Highway Drainage and Culverts

Four standard inlet types in schematic diagram (Normann et al.,1985)

Outfalls
The Drainage System
Outfall or
Gutter Culvert Pumps
• Inclined road • Proper slope • Above river level
• Sloped also • Cleaned regularly • Enough pit volume

1 2 3 4 5

Inlet Access Chamber

• Enough openings • For cleaning
• Not blocked • Human entry
• Retrieve objects
Construction of Drainage System

Video by: Standards Canada

Trends in Drainage Management

Detention Retention Surface sand Infiltration Riparian Constructed

Pond Pond filter Trench Buffer Wetland

Flow Control Underground Rainwater Underground Vegetated Pervious Rain Garden Infiltration
Devices Detention Harvesting sand filter Roof Paving Basin

Oversized Dry Swale Wet Vault Filter Strip Vegetated Tree Box Bioswale
Pipes Wall Filter
References
 Module 2 (Part 2)
Drainage Design and Analysis
Applications
Inlet Flow

Orifice Flow
Q = discharge
Bf = blockage factor
0.67 = orifice coefficient
A = clear opening area
h = water depth

Weir Flow
3ൗ
𝑄 = 𝐵𝑓 1.66 𝐿ℎ 2
Q = discharge
Bf = blockage factor atmospheric non-atmospheric
1.66 = weir coefficient 1ൗ
L = grate perimeter 𝑄 = 𝐵𝑓 𝐴 0.67 2𝑔ℎ 2
h = water depth
Note: on-grade: blockage = 20%
in depressions and low points: blockage = 50%
 Inlet Example

Determine the weir flow discharge for a grated inlet with 3m

perimeter and flood depth of 1.5m. Use blockage factor of 20%.
3ൗ
𝑄 = 𝐵𝑓 1.66 𝐿ℎ 2
3/2
𝑄 = 0.2 1.66 3 1.5
𝑄 = 1.829 𝑚3 /𝑠

Determine orifice flow discharge if blockage factor is 50%.

The clear opening area is 4.5m2 and the flood depth is 0.6m.
1ൗ
𝑄 = 𝐵𝑓 𝐴 0.67 2𝑔ℎ 2
1ൗ
𝑄 = 0.5 4.5 0.67 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.6 2

𝑄 = 5.172 𝑚3 /𝑠
Inlet Example

A long culvert line for flood drainage has a

capacity of 15 m3/s. Each grated inlet has a
design sketch as shown for water depth of 0.5m
during flood in orifice flow. The inlet have 16
openings and perimeter dimension is 1m by 1m.
All bars have 3cm width. If the blockage factor
is 50%, how many inlets are necessary?

1ൗ
𝑄 = 𝐵𝑓 𝐴 0.67 2𝑔ℎ 2
1ൗ
15 = 𝑛 0.5 1 − 0.03 ∗ 2 1 − 0.03 ∗ 17 0.67 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.5 2

𝑛 = 31.03 or 32 inlets are needed

Pump Station

Flood Pump Station

Sump Pit or Storage Volume is

based on difference of Flood
flow and Pump Capacity
Pump Discharge and Sump Pit Volume

Pump
House
Pump
Motor

Influent Channel water level

entrance
Sump water
level
pump

Drainage channel
sump
Pump Discharge and Sump Pit Volume

The hydrograph is
assumed triangular
(isosceles triangle to
be simple)

Total Time = T
Duration of rainfall
Pump Discharge and Sump Pit Volume

Area = Volume of
Note: Basin Pump Basin

Valid only on small Maximum

catchment areas and (Peak)
Discharge
short rainfall (Qm) Derive the Pump
Discharge
duration but useful for expression (Qp)
quick estimation needs for Q and V.
if the hydrograph is
missing.
Total Time = T
Pump Discharge and Sump Pit Volume 𝑉=
1
𝑥 𝑄𝑚 − 𝑄𝑝
2

By triangle ratio and proportion

Area = Volume of
𝑥 𝑄𝑚 − 𝑄𝑝 𝑄𝑚 − 𝑄𝑝
Basin Pump Basin = 𝑥=𝑇
𝑇 𝑄𝑚 𝑄𝑚
1 𝑄𝑚 − 𝑄𝑝
𝑉= 𝑇 𝑄𝑚 − 𝑄𝑝
Maximum 2 𝑄𝑚
(Peak)
Discharge Formula for unknown Volume V:
(Qm) Derive the Pump 1 𝑇 2
Discharge 𝑉= 𝑄𝑚 − 𝑄𝑝
expression (Qp)
2 𝑄𝑚
for Q and V.
Deriving for unknown Q-pump Qp:

2𝑉𝑄𝑚
𝑄𝑝 = 𝑄𝑚 −
Total Time = T 𝑇
Duration of rainfall
Example
A village in Zamboanga City has an area of 20 hectares
were determined with peak flood flow of 6m3/s. The flood
pump station is designed to address flood problems using
a design rainfall duration of 2 hours.

a. If the pump design discharge is half of the

maximum design discharge. What is the
corresponding sump pit volume required?
b. If the pump design discharge is 1/3 of the
maximum design discharge. What is the
corresponding sump pit volume required?
c. If the available land area is 1000m2 with depth
of 5m, what is the needed pump discharge?
Pump and Basin Solution
A = 20 hectares Qm = 6 m3/s T = 2 hours
a. If the pump design discharge is half of the maximum
design discharge. What is the corresponding sump pit
volume required? Therefore Qp = 3 m3/s
1 𝑇 2 1 2 ∗ 3600
𝑉= 𝑄𝑚 − 𝑄𝑝 𝑉= 6−3 2
2 𝑄𝑚 2 6
𝑉 = 5400𝑚3 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 0.027𝑚 (floodplain)
b. If the pump design discharge is 1/3 of the maximum
design discharge. What is the corresponding sump pit
volume required? Therefore Qp = 2 m3/s
1 𝑇 2 1 2 ∗ 3600 2
𝑉= 𝑄𝑚 − 𝑄𝑝 𝑉= 6−2 2 hours
2 𝑄𝑚 2 6

𝑉 = 9600𝑚3 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 0.048𝑚 (floodplain)

Pump and Basin Solution
A = 1000 m2 Qm = 6 m3/s T = 2 hours
c. If the available land area is 1000m2 with depth
of 5m, what is the needed pump discharge?

2𝑉𝑄𝑚
𝑄𝑝 = 𝑄𝑚 − 𝑉 = 1000 ∗ 5
𝑇
𝑇 = 2 ∗ 3600
2 1000 ∗ 5 6
𝑄𝑝 = 6 −
2 ∗ 3600

2 hours
3
𝑚
𝑄𝑝 = 3.1132 ൗ𝑠
Time of Concentration
Kirpich
Time of 0.77
Concentration
𝐿
(sheet)
𝑇𝑐 = 0.02 0.385
𝑆
tc = time of concentration in minutes
L = longest flow path, m
S = watershed gradient in m/m or the difference in elevation
between the outlet and the most remote point of the watershed.

Then for canals (mostly concrete), we will use v =2.5 m/s in

this module. No need to use Kraven’s velocity in Module 3.
Hydraulic Design
2/3
Mannings 𝐴 𝐴
Equation 𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 = 𝑆
𝑛 𝑃

A = canal area P = wetted perimeter

S = canal slope Qp = peak discharge
n = roughness coefficient

Mannings Equation for 2/3 𝑥2 𝑥 2/3

𝑥2 𝑥 2
square canal where 𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 = 𝑆 𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 =
𝑛 3
𝑆
x = side dimension 𝑛 3𝑥
Drainage Design 100m
600m 400m a
Provide the drainage

200m
200m
canal sizes
(square dimension) 96m
e
for segments: ce and df c 98m
d 97m Morayta Road

Use Kirpich and

roughness n=0.02 96m f
C=0.90, T=50yrs

400m
P. Campa St.

400m
Constants:
a = 1200 b = 600
N = 0.666 K = 10
400m 600m b
100m
Drainage Design Solution
References
DDA 100m
500m 300m a
Provide the drainage

200m
200m
canal sizes
(square dimension) 96m
e
for segments: ce c 98m
and df d 97m Morayta Road

Use Kirpich and 96m f

roughness n=0.02

300m
P. Campa St.

300m
C=0.90, T=50yrs
Constants:
a = 1200 b = 600
N = 0.666 K = 10
300m 500m b
100m