Module 5

Pluvial Flood and Drainage

Inlet
Inlet Flow

Orifice Flow
Q = discharge
Bf = blockage factor
0.67 = orifice coefficient
A = clear opening area
h = water depth

Weir Flow
3ൗ
𝑄 = 𝐵𝑓 1.66 𝐿ℎ 2
Q = discharge
Bf = blockage factor atmospheric non-atmospheric
1.66 = weir coefficient 1ൗ
L = grate perimeter 𝑄 = 𝐵𝑓 𝐴 0.67 2𝑔ℎ 2
h = water depth
Note: on-grade: blockage = 20%
in depressions and low points: blockage = 50%
 Inlet Example

Determine the weir flow discharge for a grated inlet with 3m

perimeter and flood depth of 1.5m. Use blockage factor of 20%.
3ൗ
𝑄 = 𝐵𝑓 1.66 𝐿ℎ 2
3/2
𝑄 = 0.2 1.66 3 1.5
𝑄 = 1.829 𝑚3 /𝑠

Determine orifice flow discharge if blockage factor is 50%.

The clear opening area is 4.5m2 and the flood depth is 0.6m.
1ൗ
𝑄 = 𝐵𝑓 𝐴 0.67 2𝑔ℎ 2
1ൗ
𝑄 = 0.5 4.5 0.67 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.6 2

𝑄 = 5.172 𝑚3 /𝑠
Inlet Example

A long culvert line for flood drainage has a

capacity of 15 m3/s. Each grated inlet has a
design sketch as shown for water depth of 0.5m
during flood in orifice flow. The inlet have 16
openings and perimeter dimension is 1m by 1m.
All bars have 3cm width. If the blockage factor
is 50%, how many inlets are necessary?

1ൗ
𝑄 = 𝐵𝑓 𝐴 0.67 2𝑔ℎ 2
1ൗ
15 = 𝑛 0.5 1 − 0.03 ∗ 2 1 − 0.03 ∗ 17 0.67 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.5 2

𝑛 = 31.03 or 32 inlets are needed

Time of Concentration
Kirpich
Time of 0.77
Concentration
𝐿
(sheet)
𝑇𝑐 = 0.02 0.385
𝑆
tc = time of concentration in minutes
L = longest flow path, m
S = watershed gradient in m/m or the difference in elevation
between the outlet and the most remote point of the watershed.

Then for canals (mostly concrete), we will use v =2.5 m/s in

this module. No need to use Kraven’s velocity in Module 3.
Time of Concentration

Channel flow: … or any design velocity desired

Sheet flow: 𝐿 But in this course, we will use

3 𝑇𝐶 = Kraven’s Formula
𝐴𝐿 𝑉𝑘𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑇𝑐 = 6.48 2
𝑆

Ttotal = Tsheet + Tchannel

Peak Flow Discharge (Using Rational Method)

We use conversion factor

Rational Method Q = CiA of 0.277 or 5ൗ
18
Q = design peak runoff in m3/s for a given recurrence interval (e.g. 10 yrs)
C = runoff coefficient or watershed characteristic factor
i = rainfall intensity for design return period and using the duration =
time of concentration of a watershed
A = watershed area
 Watershed
Flood Routing Flow Chart Catchment
Area
Sheet Flow Rainfall
Time of Intensity
Concentration Peak (Flood) Flow
RIDF Formula
Passini (TC) Rational
• Slope
a b N K Formula
• Path Length
• Area
i C A
D
  1 
a − b ln − ln 1 − 
i=   T  Q = CiA
Q
Pinaka important… na note… (D + K )N • C is given (runoff coefficient)
At any point (for peak flow to happen): • I = rainfall intensity (D= TC)
• Use D = TC (last point of sheet flow) • A = watershed area
• Use D = TC + TR (downstream of river) The computed Q is used for flood design.
• Use D = TC + TR1 + TR2 (downstream of another river) This is the engineering (sizing of channels
• And so on… kung mahaba pa yung river… to carry the flood flow)
Hydraulic Design
2/3
Mannings 𝐴 𝐴
Equation 𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 = 𝑆
𝑛 𝑃

A = canal area P = wetted perimeter

S = canal slope Qp = peak discharge
n = roughness coefficient

Mannings Equation for 2/3 𝑥2 𝑥 2/3

𝑥2 𝑥 2
square canal where 𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 = 𝑆 𝑄𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 =
𝑛 3
𝑆
x = side dimension 𝑛 3𝑥
Drainage Design 100m
600m 400m a
Provide the drainage

200m
200m
canal sizes
(square dimension) 96m
e
for segments: ce and df c 98m
d 97m Morayta Road

Use Kirpich and

roughness n=0.02 96m f
C=0.90, T=50yrs

400m
P. Campa St.

400m
Constants:
a = 1200 b = 600
N = 0.666 K = 10
400m 600m b
100m
Drainage Design Solution
DDA 100m
500m 300m a
Provide the drainage

200m
200m
canal sizes
(square dimension) 96m
e
for segments: ce c 98m
and df d 97m Morayta Road

Use Kirpich and 96m f

roughness n=0.02

300m
P. Campa St.

300m
C=0.90, T=50yrs
Constants:
a = 1200 b = 600
N = 0.666 K = 10
300m 500m b
100m
References