ORIFICE AND MOUTH PIECES cont..

EECF 2231 IB
Definitions: area of flow, mean velocity, and rate of flow. Types of flow.
Derivation and application: discharge, continuity equation, Bernoulli’s equation for
steady and incompressible flow. Outline of momentum principle. Impact of jets, flat
plates, moving vanes.
Velocity measurements: Pitot and pitot static tubes.
Methods of measuring discharge: orifices, small and large orifice equations. Time of
emptying tanks of uniform cross-section. Large orifices, derivation of equations, free,
drowned, and partially drowned sharp crested weirs.
Venturimeter: Principle, construction features, and derivation of discharge equation..
Flow though nozzles.
 ORIFICE AND MOUTH PIECES
An orifice is an opening in a fluid container.: this could be a reservoir, tank or any other
container installed on the side of the tank or reservoir or the container.
A mouthpiece is a short tube fitted in place of an orifice. The length of the tube usually 2 to 3
times the diameter of the orifice. It is used to increase the amount of discharge
 ORIFICE AND MOUTH PIECES cont..
Determining the actual velocity of the jet.
Cv - coefficient ofORIFICE
velocity canAND MOUTH
be obtained PIECESthe
by determining cont..
actual velocity of the jet.
The diagram shows the horizontal distance x and vertical distance y both from the vena
contracta;
Cross- sectional area of the orifice A = d2 and the x-sectional area at the vena contracta Ac=
dc2
Cc= = Coefficient of contraction. But for the coefficient of velocity; from the basic
assumptions, we can say
Y = gt2 2……………..(i)
V = x …………….(ii)
Substituting(ii) in (i) Cv = we can also say Cv=
Actual velocity can be obtained by measuring the distance travelled by the jet divide by
time taken as the jet issue through the orifice. While theoretical velocity is given by then
Cv= Cd = Cv x Cc Vactual = Vth x Cv = Vact. = Cv
Qact, for an orifice = Cd a where a is the x – sectional area of the orifice.
 ORIFICE AND MOUTH PIECES cont..
 Discharge through a rectangular mouth piece Q = av = b. ;Integrating between H2 and H1
 Qtheoretical = B()
 Introduce Cd in the equation Qactual = Cd B()
Discharge through an orifice and a large rectangular mouth piece
 Where; Q – discharge in m3/s;
 B – breadth of the orifice (m);
 H1 – Head above orifice before exit and
 H2 – Head below orifice after exit(m). And Cd is the coefficient of
discharge.
MOUTH PIECESORIFICE AND MOUTH PIECES cont..
These are short tubes with lengths not more than two or three times the diameter are
used to increase the amount of discharge by making them run full of water and thus
increase the amount of discharge by making them run full of water and thus increasing
the coefficient of contraction Cc.
They cause considerable friction loss and the coefficient of velocity Cv decreases
appreciably.
Types:-
Short tube or cylindrical mouth piece- Vena contracta occurs at a distance of 𝑫/ 𝟐 from
the inlet.
Convergent mouth piece-
Convergent-Divergent - mouth piece
Divergent mouth piece-
Internal mouth
MOUTH PIECESORIFICE AND MOUTH PIECES cont..
MOUTH PIECESORIFICE AND MOUTH PIECES cont..
Mouth pieces; V = √𝟐𝒈𝑯 and Q = 𝐚√(𝟐𝒈𝑯 ) ( theoretical) but Qactual = Cda√ 𝟐𝒈𝑯 = Cc
Cv a√𝟐𝒈𝑯
 ORIFICE AND MOUTH PIECES cont..
MOUTH PIECES
Mouth pieces; Re-entrant i.e Borda – mouth piece = √𝟐𝒈𝑯 and Q = 𝐚√(𝟐𝒈𝑯 )
( theoretical) but Qactual = Cda√𝟐𝒈𝑯 = Cc x Cv x a√𝟐𝒈𝑯
 ORIFICE AND MOUTH PIECES cont..
MOUTH PIECES An external cylindrical mouth piece of 50mm diameter is fitted to a tank with
a constant head of 2.5m of water. Assuming Cv = 0.82. and Cc = 1.0. Determine ; N.B in actual
practice Cv Cd
(i) The discharge in m3/s
(ii) The pressure at vena contracta
(iii) The maximum head for steady flow, assuming that separation occurs when the pressure
falls by 7.5m of water below atmospheric. Assume Cc = 0.62
The discharge in m/s (i) Q = Cd a Cd = Cc x Cv= 1.0 x 0.82 = 0 = 0.0138m3/s = 13.8lps.
(iv) But V = = = 7.004m/s
(ii) B.T between free water surface and vena contracta
H + 0 + 0 = 0 + + but = = = = 8.571m/s
2.5 = + = -1.244m H2O = H = 1.244 x9.81 x 1000
= 12.206KN/m2
 ORIFICE AND MOUTH PIECES cont..
MOUTH PIECES
(iii) B.T between vena contracta and exit; Cc = 0.62
0 + + = 0 + + + hL
With Cc = 0.62, ; = = = 11.297m/s , then hL =
0 - 0.75 + = 0 + 0 + + 0.375
= 6.17 = Cv2H, V =Cv
Cv = 0.82,and Hmax = = 9.18m
 Flow through pipes.
. an orifice meter .
 Flow through pipes.
Application of an orifice meter. Orifice Meter The primary element of an orifice meter is simply
a flat plate containing a drilled hole located in a pipe perpendicular to the direction of fluid flow
as shown in Figure; For the Sharp edged orifice Vena Contracta is at point 2 and at point 1 is the
entry point . At point 2 in the pipe the fluid attains its maximum velocity. The mean linear
velocity v2 and its smallest cross-sectional flow area A2. This point is known as “the vena
contracta”. It occurs at about one-half to two pipe diameters downstream from the orifice plate.
Because of relatively the large friction losses from the eddies generated by the expanding jet
below vena contracta, the pressure recovery in orifice meter is poor.
- From continuity equation A1v1 = A2v2 ⇒ v1 =; R – is the deflection H = x

Qact. = Cd a
Qact. = Cd a
 ORIFICE & VETURIMETER.
Venturimeter.
 ORIFICE AND MOUTH PIECES
 IN VENTURIMETER:
 discharge which Qtheoretical = A1A2 in this case H = or H = x where;
 X – Manometric deflection
 – Density of the manometric liquid in this case Mercury
 – Density of the immiscible liquid e.g. water , oil, petrol etc.
 Qactual we introduce the coefficient of discharge Cd ⇒ = CdA1A2 or = CdA1 in this case m =
()2
 Where;
 Cd = Coefficient of discharge = = Cd
 N.B: The venturi equation can be derived from basic assumptions( Write up the working
principle of the venturimeter)
 ORIFICE AND MOUTH PIECES
 Time of Emptying a Tank:-
In this, a tank is being emptied through an orifice; (Consider an elemental strip); Let the free
distance fall by in time when the head over the orifice is h. If A the cross sectional area of the
tank for the free surface and a is the x-sectional area of the orifce; then we are saying (-)A=
 = (-) ; hence integrating between 0 and T and h1 to h2 then the time required to lower water
level from h1 to h2 can be obtained.,
 Then; T = = (-)
 Therefore : T=
Time of emptying a tank through an orifice at the bottom T =
Where; A – x-sectional area of the tank(m2); H1 and H2 – Levels at the beginning and end of
emptying; a – x-sectional area of the orifice in m2 and Cd – is the coefficient of discharge of the
orifice.
 Orifices and mouth pieces
Example:
1. A cylindrical tank 2m diameter and 4m high has a hemispherical bottom. It is full of
water. Find the time it can take to empty it through a 100mm diameter orifice at the bottom.
Take Cd = 0.62.
Te = Time for emptying the cylindrical tank part t1 + Time for emptying the bottom
Hemispherical portion t2
 Te = for the cylindrical portion + x for the hemispherical portion.
 ⇒ Te = 605.02 + 135.94 = 740.96 seconds = 12.35mins

 Orifices and mouth pieces
Example:
2. In the figure, if the pressure at A and B are the same, determine the diameter ‘D’ and flow
rate. Neglect friction losses.
 A1v1 = A2v2 but zA+ + = zB + + assume a datum either at A or B
 2.5 + + = 0 + + but we know that =
 2.5 + = 0 + ⇒ = And also = 5m/s we only look for
 49.05 + VA2 = 0 + VB2 ⇒74.05 = 0 + VB2 But remember Q = AAvA = ABvB from continuity
⇒Q=
 ⇒ VB = 8.61 m/s
 /s
3

 Then Q = AAvA = ABvB ⇒ 0.157 = 8.61 AB ⇒ = AB = 0.0182 ⇒ dB = 0.152 m = 152mm

 Orifices and mouth pieces
Example:
3. Determine the flow rate of oil of specific gravity 0.85 and the manometer reading ‘h’.
Neglect friction losses.
 H=h
 A1v1 = A2v2 = d12 V1= d22V2 ⇒V2 = =

 z1+ + = z2 + + and since the section is horizontal z1 = z2

 But P1 = 80KN/m2 then we can get P2 ?

 So then = h = x ⇒ h ? In this =13600Kg/m3

 = 850Kg/m3